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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Date range: 600-130 kya |
Homo heidelbergensis |
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Which species had the first definite controlled use of fire? |
Homo heidelbergensis |
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Which species show definite evidence for hunting? |
Homo heidelbergensis |
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Which species show evidence for semi-permanent shelter? |
Homo heidelbergensis |
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Date range: 130,000-27,000 years ago |
Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) |
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In which species were the earliest finds interpreted as pathological modern humans? |
Homo neanderthalensis |
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Who was the first species to begin burial of dead? |
Neandertals |
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Which species shows evidence of cannibalism? |
Neandertals |
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Which species shows evidence of ritualistic behavior? |
Neandertals |
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Which species subsisted primarily on meat, hunting of megafauna? |
Neandertals |
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Date range: 150,000-present |
Homo sapiens sapiens |
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Choppers, scrapers, and spheroids are associated with which lower paleolithic tool industry? |
Mode 1: Oldowan |
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Handaxes, cleavers, mental template for toolmaking, and tools for butchery and wood working are associated with which lower paleolithic tool industry? |
Mode 2: Acheulean |
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Mode 3: Prepared CORE Technology |
Core and flake - flakes are end-product, core is source of flakes (associated with neandertals in europe)
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Advantages of Mode 3 |
Provide standardization in flake products, can produce products wit specific shapes (e.g. long narrow, triangular points), produce more flakes per raw meterial |
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Mode 4: Blade Technology |
- Long, narrow flakes, 2x as long as they are wide, appears 45kya (70kya in s. africa) - Associated with anataomically modern humans |
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Mode 5: Microliths |
Microblade core->microblades->microliths (take blade and break it to make specific shape, typically crescent/lunate shapes)->put on composite tool (on a piece of wood for spear/arrow)
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What are some non lithic material culture in the paleolothic era? |
- Raw materials, biodegradable: wood, bark, grass, hair, glues/resins - Containers/cordage
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What does the Archaeological Record show? |
- Artificial shelters - Rare use of bone for making tools - Preparation of hides - No evidence of basketry/rope or string - Some evidence of glues/resins - Wood spears |
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Who were the first hominids in Europe? |
H. erectus and heidelbergensis |
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Ocre, Spain - Venta Micena |
- Cranial fragments (ambiguously hominin bones) - No stone tools |
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Ocre, Spain - Barranco Leon |
- No hominin remains but has stone tools - Dated via 1) Small mammal biochronology 2) Paleomagnetism -Oldest evidence in Europe |
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Atapuerca Hills, Spain |
Archaeologists cut through train, found dolinas, part of a bigger cave cave system - Grandolina layer 6: 100 bones from 6 individuals; used radioelectric (absolute) and paleomagnetism and suggests remains from 800-875 kyo - Layer 4: Stone tools 1mya |
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What is paleomagnetism |
- Flow of electrons - Used to date sites by inspecting the sediment that settles on the ground (which are iron based particles that align with the magnetic pole) and when sediment becomes compacted, their orientation becomes locked in > the particles align with earth poles (n/s) that is positive at the time - Sediments with particle orientated north might be relatively recent since the current condition |
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The mandible from Sima del Elfante Site |
- Well dated - Used Optical Stimulated Luminescene (OSL) to date it |
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Later European Homo Fossils |
- Late homini fossils probably represent new waves of arrivals from Africa - Most researchers put these fossils into the species designated HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS |
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(Europoean homo heidelbergensis) 1) Mauer, Germany |
- Type of H. Heidelbergensis - Massive mandible (lower jaw) with moderate size teeth |
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(European h heidelbergensis) 2) Caune de L'arago, France |
- Near mediterranean coast - Hominin remains: cranium, post depositionally |
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(European homo heidelbergensis) 3) Petralona, Greece |
- cc 1230 - Found 6000km from and 2 continents apart from Kabwe |
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(European homo heidelbergensis) 4) Kabwe Zambia, Africa |
- Similar skull to Petralona |
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(European homo heidelbergensis) Atapeurca, Sima de Los Huesos "Pit of Bones" |
- Hominin remains = clearly the ancestors of the later neandertals; have double-arched browridge and mid-facial pragnathism; typical neandertal feats - most complete # of individuals - Structure is akin to modern humans |
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How can you tell gender from brow ridge? |
- Females = shaper - Males = rounder |
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Can you tell the age of individuals brom bomes? |
- Teeth are moreso in younger ages - Long bones (femur/tibula) for older individuals |
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SH 5 skull |
- Post orbital cibtriction, pentgonal -Least healthiest individual - Died of septicemia (blood poisoning) - Infection in his jaw that spread to his eye |
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(Pit of bones) What did they look like? |
Bone lengths similar to modern humans - Ave heigh for males = 5'9/1.5m - Females - 5'7/1.7m - More robust/musclar |
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(Pit of bones) What was their everyday behaviour like? |
- Right handed - Use teeth as tools - Arthritis of temporomandibular joints - Careful to take care of their teeth |
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(Pit of bones) How healthy were they? |
- Teeth tell us 1/3 of individuals had dental enamel hypoplasia (EH), causing interrupted growth lines due to nutritional stress - Along sima fossils, EH occured at ages 3-4: normal hunter/gatherer earing age |
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(Pit of bones) SH4 "Agamenon" |
Unhealthy individual - Ear canals closed off from otitits (ear infection) |
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(Pit of bones)
Evidence of injuries |
- Many had old impact skulls - Violence was probably the normal product of cave life |
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(Pit of bones) How did the remains get there? |
- Living in the cave? They had poor access to cave, no stone tools, faunal remains not typical of people food - Dragged in by cave bears/lions? carnivore tooth marks on 50% of bones, but this theory doesn't work because ge profile = would eat mostly young/old, rarely primal age - Were they thrown into the pit? Corpse disposal, funerary ritual? - Were they washed through the cave system into the pit? |
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(Homo sapiens) neanderthalensis; earliest discoveries? |
- Engish Cave, Belgium; neandertal child skull - Forbes Quarry, Gibraitar - Feldhofer Cave, Germany - Spy d'Orneau, Belgium; number of similar fossils proved they were memebers of an ancient population, not diseases modern humans
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1890s-1930s |
- Very productive years for discoveries of neandertal remains |
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(Neandertals) Features of the finds fromKrapina, Croatia |
- Fragmented remains, lots of cut marks/burning, which may be the product of cannibalism |
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(Neandertals) Features of the findings from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France |
Complete skeleton - Old man with arthritis - Possible intentional burial |
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(Neandertals) Features of the findings from Le Moustier, France |
Adolescent and neonate (newborns) found - Possible intentional burial |
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(Neandertals) -Features of the findings from La Ferraise, France |
- 6 individuals found - Bodies are freeze dried - Natural deposition of bodies; not intentional burial |
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Features of the findings from Shanidar Cave, Iraq |
Shanider #4 may have been buried with wild flowers intentionally |
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Kebara Cave, Israel |
- Discovered by Dorothy Garrod - 1 individual with complete torso (missing skull/legs) - Intentional burial (obvious pit) |
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Findings at Roc de Marsal, France |
Infant neandertal remains, around 2 - 4 years old |
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Who is the direct ancestor of the Neandertals? |
European H. heidelbergensis |
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(Earliest fossils) Features of the findings in Sima de los Huesos, Spain |
Found a skull, not quite Neandertal but close; likely a direct ancestor |
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Feautres of the findings in Ehringsdorf, Germany |
- Remains of multiple individuals - Lots of small fragments and 2 mandibles - Have typical N. traits of 1) taurodontism in molars 2) Shove-shaped incisors - Plus large part of adult cranium, F, with a large brain (1450cc) |
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Where are the most recent neandertal-linked findings? |
- Mezmaiskaya, Russia: 1-2 week old infant |
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What were the Neandertal Eurasion climatic conditions like? |
For much of their existence, Neandertals were living in cold, dry, harsh conditions - Only about 25kya did they face warm conditions similar to today |
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Earliest use of fire? |
- Claims made for fire use at various African sites 2-1 million years ago; though, almost impossible to distinguish natural fire resides from hominin fire residues - Some in Africa/Middle east around 1m-300k bp; more convincing but still difficult to distinguish natural/hominin fire residues |
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Features of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa |
- Fire residues 9ash, burned bone) 30 metres inside the cave; not common for natural fires to occur so deeply in a cave; possibly created by H. erectus |
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Early hominin use of fire? |
No definitive evidence prior to 300kbp, but there are clear hearths in 2 sites in Israel |
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Neandertal use of fire? |
- There is evidence from Roc de Marsal Cave, France |
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Skeletal features of Neandertals |
- Similar average stature as modern humans (5'7 M, 5'3 F) - More robust than modern humans - Large muscle attachment locations - Slight bowling of the long bones - Ribs are more conically shaped - Shoulders enable them to swing their upper arms more powerfully - Expanded apical tufts (spatulated) - Robust hand bones = stronger than ours - Crucal index (tibia/femur length) is similar to inuit populations-shows adaption to cold climate |
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Bergmann's rule |
Body mass tends to be greater in populations that live in cold environments |
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Allen's rule |
Shorter apendages are adaptive in cold climates |
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Bergmann's/Allen's rule |
Both conditions result in increased body mass to surface area - this is effective at reducing body heat loss |
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Skull's of neandertals |
- Strong browridge - Backward-sloping forehead - Flattening on back of skull - Occipital "bun" - Small mastoid procss - mid-facial proganthism - Long, low cranial vault - Retro-molar gap - no chin - Circular eye orbits - Large nasal aperture - Rear view: oval cranium, widest point@mid way up the sides - Suprainiac fossa: small depression on back of skull |
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Are neanderthals red heads? |
- They seem to have pigmentation gene (MC1R), seen in El Sidron, Spain and Monti Lessini, Italy - MC1R affects production of red/yellow pigment PHEOMELANIN and black/brown pigment EUMELANIN |
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Current view of the neandertals |
1. Evolved in Europe from H. heidelbergensis 2. Are essentially a cold-adapted species (stayed 30d north of latitude) 3. Seem to disappear just after 30kya (maybe due to climate [last glacial maximum] or arrival of modern humans [so we removed them via violence/outcompete them/swamped them with greater numbers of people]) 4. Neandertals are not the ancestors of modern humans-just close cousins 5. Genetic relationship between Neandertal/modern humans; Eurasians have 1-4% Neandertal DNA, Africans don't have any similarities
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Denisova Cave, Siberia |
- 2008: found 50-30kyo bone - 2010: recovered mtDNA from the finger bone and compared it to modern humans/Neandertals -mtDNA differs from modern human DNA by ~100 base-pairs (suggsets time split of c. 500kya) - Denisova mtDNA differs from BOTH modern humans/neandertals by ~400 base-pairs (time split of c. 1mya) |
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Anatomically Modern Human (AMH); what do we know? |
- First appear between 250-150kya - Oldest AMH fossils found in Africa - Everyone alive today is a member of the same subspecies: Homo sapiends sapiens
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Cranium of AMH |
- Tall, rounded cranial vault - More vertical forehead - Little/no browridge - Flat face - prominent chin - rounded occipital - Large mastoid process - Widest point high up on sides - More rectangular orbits - Small nasal aperature - Lack retromolar gap (unlike neandertals) |
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AMH Postcrania |
-Slightly taller than Neandertals/H. heidelbergensis - Narrower build - Less robust than neandertals/archaic homo specias - Cylindrical rib cage - Less spatulated apical tufts |
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(AMH) Finding features of Florisbad, S. Africa |
- Found cranial fragments in a spring - intermediate between H. heidelbergensis/ early AMHs? |
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(AMH) Finding features of Omo Kibis, SW Ethiopia |
- 2 incomplete crania, 4 mandibles and assorted other pieces - Early AMHs - Omo 2 cranial capacity of >1400c |
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(AMH) Finding features of Herto, Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia |
- high cranial vault - greatest breadth high on cranium |
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(AMH) Finding features of Jebel Irhoud, Morocco |
- Long, low valt - Neandertal-like, but more forehead/flatterface/modern chin/large mastoid process |
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(AMH) Finding features of Klasies River Mouth, South Africa |
- Pointy chin - No retromolar gap - Fully modern postcrania - Associated with advanced technology (flaked spearpoints, small blades, bone points) - Evidence of symbolic behaviour |
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Define Phoneme |
Basic unit of language - individual sounds which are combined to form meaningful units (words) - Higher phoneme diversity is related to age of a language |
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(AMH) Grotte de Contrebandiers, Morocco (Smugglers cave) |
- Fully modern child: 8-10 yo - "Bouchra" (good news) - Had shell beads? |
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(AMH) Qafzeh, Israel |
- 5 "buried" individuals, including - Adult female w/child @ feet - Boy with antlers placed over his head - No doubt AMH, have chins, vertical foreheads, no real browridge - Had perforated shells and red ochre--possibly ornamentation? |
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(AMH) Mount Carmel Sites -- Skhul |
- Some individuals are intentionally buried - Some remains are more modern, others are neandertal-like (possible co-existence or alternating use of same site) - Used Mousterian Industry (Neandertal stone tool types) - Some perforated shells for ornamentation |
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(AMH) Wadjak, Java, Indonesia |
- AMH female but a bit robust |
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(AMH) Liujiang, China |
- Well preserved cranium - Oldest example of AMH from East Asia - Had sinodonty: shovel shaped incisors |
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(AMH) Lake Mungo |
- Mungo man/woman - Consists of female cremation - The male burial had red ochre sprinkled all over him |
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(AMH) Cro Magnon, France |
- Buried with blade tools/bone points |
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(AMH) Predmosti, Moravia, Czech |
- "Communal grave covered w/ stone slabs and mammoth bones" - Mixture of AMH/Neandertal traits |
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(AMH) Pesera cu Oase, Romania |
- Robust AMH - Associated with cave bear remains - Not buried, scattered on cave floor - Oldst AMH in Europe |
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How did we, Homo sapiens sapiens, come to be the only hominin species left in the world? |
Two competing hypotheses 1) Complete replacement or "Out of Africa" 2) Regional continuity |
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Complete replacement, aka "Out of Africa" |
1. AMH evolved from Africa 2. After while AMH spread out from Africa 3. AMH replaced all other hominins in the world with little interbreeding - Everyones mtDNA is traced back to a woman who lived in Africa during this time, aka "mitochondrial Eve" 4. Estimated movement of AMH out of Africa into the rest of the world: Africa->Siberia->NA->SA |
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Regional Continuity |
1. AMH evolved in mutiple regions directly from local archiac groups (appeared at the same time in Africa, Asia and Europe) - occurred through constant gene flow between these regions (not parallel evolution) 2. Evolution occured in concert with one another - AMH should carry: ancient genes from our origional common hominin, ancient genes from local indigenous ancestors, recent genetic additions from interbreeding with outside group |
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Evidence to Support "Out of Africa" |
1. Low variability in human mDNA 2. Appears to be low degree of variability in the Y chromosones among modern males (strongly suggest that we went through a recent genetic bottle neck) 3. Among mdern humans, African groups have the greatest genetic degree of variability in their mtDNA and y chromosomes (strong suggests Africa was place of origin prior to the bottleneck) |
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Dating our mtDNA (Point of Coalescence) |
- As time passes, more variability steadily increases - Nuclear DNA: recombination/random mutations - mtDNA: Random mutation is the only source of variability - Over long period of time, the mutations should occur at a constant rate > if we can determine the rate, we can compare dates of coalescene |
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Changes in Material Culture |
- In South Africa there was an advance in material culture, earlier than most of the world; it consisted of blade tools (appear first in Africa -> Middle East -> E. Europe -> W Europe), bifacial points and bone pointsEv |
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Evidence supporting Regional Continuity |
1. Visible morphological continuity between premodern & AMH remains in Europe/Asia - fossil record in each region should look continuous 2. Persistence of nonadaptive traits across the transition from neandertals to AMH in Europe - should not expect early AMH to share any traits with Neandertals that are not adaptive, if they did, this would suggest strong genetic relationship: horizontal vs. round mandibular foramen 3. Not all genetic date show signs of a recent bottleneck - blood groups of the Major Histocompatibility complex 9MHC) show non-africans have a genetic diversity comparable to/greater than Africans; so degree of variabiliity among some might suggest bottlenecks, while others appear to be very old 4. The existence of Neandertal AMH hybrids - Lagar Velho (Portugal) child leg bones |
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Problems with the "Out of Africa" Hypothesis |
1. Computng mtDNA mutation rates; researches use 2-4% change/million years but data suggest 1.8-9.4 change/million years 2. Observed mutation rates; rate of mtDNA change are much higher than those estimated based on fossil studies 3. Constructing mtDNA genetic tree |
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Weak Garden of Eden Hypothesis (third potential explanation) |
Movement out of Africa was the diffusion of a successful genetic package - not necessarily actual movement of people - This occurred through small random movements of groups out of Africa, along with constant natural selection favoring this modern genotype - this hypothesis supports regional continuity |
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C. Linnaeus |
- First to try to classify modern humans systematically - homo sapiens Europeus Albescens: white ppl from Europe - Africanus negreus: black people from Africa - Asiaticus fucus: dark people from Asia - Americanus rubescens: red people from Americas |
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Johann Friedrich Blumenbach |
- 5 major racial groups based on cranial shape - Mongolian: Asians - American: Indigenous Americans - Caucasian: White people - African: Sub-saharan African poplations - Malayan: Indigenous SE Asians |
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Anders Retzius |
- Developed cephalic index; breadth/length*100 =CI - Less than 75 = DOLICOCEPHALIC - 25-29.9 = MESOCEPHALIC - 80-84.9 = BRACHYCEPHALIC -85+ = HYPERBRACHYCEPHALIC |
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A. Kroeber |
- Family tree of human races - Skull from Grimaldi = Negroid - Skull from Cro-magnon = Caucasian - Skull from Wajak = Mongoloid |
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Carleton Coon |
- 5 Races - Caucasoid = white - Mongoloid = Asians - Australoid = Australian/SE Asians - Negroid = Sub-saharan African populations - Capoid = South African "bushman" |
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Social evolution |
(Reflected in Carletoon Coon's work) the misconception that cultures evolve like organisms and that this evolution is moving towards more advanced forms |
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Biological determinism |
Cultural variability being seen as biologically determined and, therefore, inherited in the same way that physical characteristics are |
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Racism |
The idea that people of visibly different geographic origin have intrinsic, biologically determined differences in behaviour/intelligence |
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Eugenics |
Belief in superiority/inferiority among humans (common movement of Western countries) |
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Race and Intelligence |
Most damaging misconception that has accompanied racial views is that "races" differ in cognitive abilities - No evidence to suggest intelligence varies with skin color/geographic origins at all |
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The concept of "race" today |
- European race = geographic region? - Irish race = culture/nationality? - Jewish race = religious affiliation? - In a biological sense: race = visible physical distinctions associated with broad geographic regions |
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The problem with the "normative view" |
- Normative view = items/members of different groups are presumed to be characterized by discrte traits and can only be easily divided into discrete categories - Anthropologists were seeing continuous (not discrete) distributions of traits across "racial" boundaries/geographic regions - All traits we can see (as the genetic traits not viible) have been used to differentiated "races" have a CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION |
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Polygenic |
- What most traits consists of - Traits that are controlled by multiple genes |
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Polymorphic |
- Also what most traits consist of - There more than 2 different genotypes - Most traits have multiple phenotypic expressons e.g. eye color = brown, blue, green, hazel, etc |
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DNA and Race |
There is more variability WITHIN any one geographic population than there is betwen any of them |
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Practical applications of geographic variability |
Forensic anthropologists use broad geographic ancestry of individuals when trying to indentify remains |
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Culture |
Extrasomatic means of adaptation - modifications to our environment have brought about conditions to which we have had to adapt physiologically e.g. slash/burn agriculture and malaria |
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Lactose Intolerance |
-Humans typically lose the ability to digest milk (lactose) after adolescence - However a number of societies developed the abilty to continue to digest lactose into adulthood |
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Evoution vs. Acclimatization 1. Very short term |
Increased perspiration/vasolidation when exposed to head, vasoconstriction when exposed to cold, eyes adjusting to dark
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Evoution vs. Acclimatization 2. Short term adaptation |
No permanent, acclimatization, increased melanin production when exposed to increased UV light (tanning), increased hemoglobin production/lung capacity @ high altitudes |
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Evoution vs. Acclimatization 3. Long term adaptation (evolution) |
Humans undergo major physiological changes in response to changes in environmental conditions e.g. darker skin in high UV exposure envronments, shorter bodies in colder environments to improve body heat retention (Bergman/Allen's rule) - These adaptations are the result of long term selection of advantageous traits |
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(Humans/disease) Move from hunting-gathering to food production |
Involved settling in permanent villages, practicing agriculture, living in large groups, and thus exposure to new disease vectors |
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(Humans/disease) New disease vectors |
- More people - human waste - Refuse - Dogs - Rats/mice - Insects |
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Head lice/body lice |
- 2 separate species - split into 2 separate species 1.2-1.8mya or 70-40kya |
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Historic diseases |
HIV/AIDS and Bubonic Plague |
