Human Development Final

Front 1

Neurological changes, optic nerve

Back 1

myelination is not complete at birth

Front 2

Neurological changes, LGN

Back 2

layers are visible, but not complete at birth.

Front 3

Parvo pathways develops at

Back 3

1 year

Front 4

Magno pathway develops at

Back 4

2 years

Front 5

tracking and neurological development

Back 5

good tracking early showed good neurological development. poor tracking early was a indicator of neurological development problems

Front 6

visual cliff

Back 6

babies 6-9 months old had developed depth perception

Front 7

PEVP

Back 7

pattern evoked visual potential, electrodes on the occipital lobe. Amplitude was adult like by the 6th month

Front 8

OKN

Back 8

optokinetic nygstagmus. directionally appropriate for newborns, better in nasal/downward direction

Front 9

FLP.
birth
1 month
6 months
1 year
3-5 years

Back 9

forced choice preferential looking. measured in octaves.
birth = 20/600 to 20/1000
1 month = 20/400 to 20/600
6 months = 20/200
1 year = 20/50
3-5 years = 20/20

Front 10

Why the difference between vep versus fpl and okn?

Back 10

FPL and OKN require motor responses and good behavior, while VEP doesn't

Front 11

Color vision at birth

Back 11

prefers red, least sensitive on the tritan axis.

Front 12

Rod dominance theory

Back 12

rods better developed at birth, this dominance causes a decreased response to color since little to no cones.

Front 13

Uniform loss theory

Back 13

cones are just not well developed at the rods, which makes them less sensitive.

Front 14

color vision development at 1 month, 2 months and 3 months.

Back 14

1 month, scotopic is much more functional.
2 months, dichromat
3 months, trichromat

Front 15

contrast sensitivity shifts

Back 15

curve shifts vertically and horizontally in early years. will shift up and to the right as we age, finally down to the left in elderly.

Front 16

CFF

Back 16

critical flicker frequency, measured temporal resolution, poor at birth but actually very similar to adults. Adult like at 4 years of age.

Front 17

Accommodation

Back 17

18.5 D at birth, amplitude reduces 1 d every 3 years. reasonably accurate at 75 cm.

Front 18

Verneir acuity

Back 18

infants verneir acuity worse than grating acuity before 11-12 weeks.

Front 19

stereopsis

Back 19

eyes should be aligned by 6 months. stereo emerges at 3.5-6 months, and adult like at 24 months.

Front 20

Interactionist

Back 20

Nature versus nurture, interactionist believes both play a role

Front 21

zygote

Back 21

first 2 weeks after conception, fertilization to implantation of embryo, not susceptible to outside influences

Front 22

embryo

Back 22

2-8 weeks after conception, development of major organ systems, especially vision in the 4-5 week.

Front 23

fetus

Back 23

8 weeks after conception to birth

Front 24

apgar score

Back 24

take 1 and 5 minutes after birth, scores are 0-2.
A = appearance
P = pulse
G = grimance
A = activity level
R = respiratory effort

Front 25

reflexes present at birth

Back 25

1. grasping
2. rooting
3. sucking
4. motor/startle
5. babinski
6. stepping

Front 26

cepahlocaudal

Back 26

growth from heal to tail

Front 27

proximodistance

Back 27

development from the inside out

Front 28

sensitive period of attachment

Back 28

attachment to primary caregiver within the 1st year

Front 29

separation anxiey

Back 29

end of the first year, through second year, secure, insecure - ambivalent and insecure - avoidant

Front 30

Piaget's stages

Back 30

1. sensorimotor 0-2
2. pre-operational 2-7
3. concrete operations 7-11
4. formal operations 11 and up

Front 31

Sensorimotor 0-2

Back 31

child is an active scientist, object permanence is established at the end of this period.

Front 32

Pre-operational 2-7

Back 32

will make logic errors, conversation develops during this time period.

Front 33

Concrete operations 7-11

Back 33

child uses logic, can't yet deal with abstract subjects

Front 34

Formal Operations 11 and up

Back 34

child can now deal with abstract thought.

Front 35

Schema

Back 35

mental represenation of an idea or concept

Front 36

adapatation

Back 36

adapt to a new environment or stimulus

Front 37

assimilation

Back 37

force new stimulus into existing schema

Front 38

accomodation

Back 38

create new schema for new stimulus

Front 39

LGN structure

Back 39

6 major layers
4 dorsal layers - parvo layers
2 ventral layers - magno layers

Front 40

Monocular cortical neurons

Back 40

OD monocular neuron fires only when OD is stimulated

Front 41

Binocular cortical neurons

Back 41

responds when either eye is stimulated or when both stimulated (facilitation)

Front 42

layer 4c only has

Back 42

monocular cells, so only has cells belonging to 1 and 7. It is the first point of contact for information to the lgn

Front 43

each vertical column contains cells

Back 43

having the same degree/extend of binocularity. Binocularity of successive columns change gradually. There is a shift gradually from 1 column to another, spanning 7 columns.

Front 44

each vertical column has cells of similar

Back 44

orientation specificity.

Front 45

hypercolumn

Back 45

small chunk of cortex containing columns of cells spanning the entire ocular dominance column distribution and slabs of orientation distribution.

Front 46

competition

Back 46

right and left eye lgn fibers compete to innervate as many cortical cells as possible

Front 47

inhibition

Back 47

suppressive force actively prevents 1 eye's fibers from innervating

Front 48

Monocular deprivation

Back 48

constant unilateral strab.
affected eye has:
reduced luminance sensitivity
reduced contrast sensitivity
lower CFF

cortical cells are abnormal, primary site affected by MD is visual cortex. Layers recieving input from deprived eye are shrunken. ocular dominance stripes occupied by MD eye are narrower. Parvo layers are more effected.

Front 49

Alternating monocular deprivation

Back 49

most cortical cells belong to 1 or 7. mainly monocular cells, very few binocular cells.

Front 50

for normal binocular vision to develop it's not good enough to just have the 2 eyes open

Back 50

the 2 eyes must be given simultaneous, not alternating, visual experiences

Front 51

4 types of deprivation

Back 51

1. MD 1 bump at 1 or 7
2. Alternating deprivation 2 bumps at 1 and 7.
3. Binocular deprivation
4. Pattern deprivation

Front 52

ageism

Back 52

any situation in which individuals are discriminated against based on age

Front 53

85+

Back 53

fastest growing age group in the US, 1 in 5 americans will be over 65 by 2030.

Front 54

biological theories of aging

Back 54

2 categories:
1. genetically controlled aging
2. non genetic cellular aging
a. stress theory
b. deprivation theory
c. free radical theory

Front 55

genetically controlled aging

Back 55

controlled by our genetic blueprint DNA. DNA code determines sequence of physiological growth and decline.

Front 56

Hayflick limit

Back 56

number of times a cell is able to replicate before ceasing to function is limited

Front 57

non genetic cellular aging

Back 57

views aging as cumulative effect or errors occuring in sequence of transfer of information at a cellular level. Increase in aging results in errors in transferring in genetic code, thus deterioration of code.

Front 58

wear and tear theory

Back 58

human cells wear out over time

Front 59

stress theory

Back 59

accumulation of stressful life events over lifetime impacts on body's ability to adapt.

Front 60

deprivation theory

Back 60

inadequacy of essential nutrients and oxygen to cells linked to arteriosclerosis

Front 61

free radical theory

Back 61

unstable free radicals combine with other cellular molecules, causing damage - impacts on the body's ability to repair itself.

Front 62

process of aging Senescence

Back 62

begins at age 30

Front 63

secondary aging

Back 63

factors that influence the natural process of primary aging, treatable diseases, disorders, or social problems.

Front 64

taste peaks between

Back 64

30-60

Front 65

loss of brain cells after age of 30

Back 65

between 20,000 and 100,000 per day.

Front 66

secondary effects

Back 66

1. increased dependance on others.
2. challenges in ability to accept assistance
3. willingness and availability of family to help
4. financial constraints.

Front 67

integrity

Back 67

comes from the ability to emotionally accept one's life and its limitations with awareness of its shortness and finality

Front 68

despair

Back 68

occurs when one believes life is too short, no further chance of feeling a sense of fulfillment.

Front 69

peck's theory

Back 69

continued psychological growth depends on the outcome of 3 major developmental tasks:
1. occupational retirement: finding personal satisfaction beyond work.
2. physical decline: degree to which one's happiness and well being is dependant on physical dimensions
3. Human mortality: the way in which one faces the realization of impending death

Front 70

cattell-horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence

Back 70

general intelligence conglomeration of up to 100 abilities working together in various ways in different individuals resulting in different levels of intelligence.

Front 71

fluid intelligence

Back 71

abilities enabling one to perceive relationships, draw inferences, interpret abstract information and comprehend implications.

Front 72

Dementia

Back 72

general term for collection of chronic multiple acquired neuro cognitive deficits.

Front 73

Dementia most common causes

Back 73

1. alzheimer's disease
2. multi infarct vascular disease
3. depression
4. frontal lobe disease

Front 74

alzheimer's disease

Back 74

rare before 50. most common form od dementia. progressive and irreversible deterioration of brain tissue primarily in the cerebral cortex.

Front 75

4 phases of alzheimer's

Back 75

1. forgetting names, misplacing objects.
2. short term memory loss, disorientation
3. partial dependency on others for basic needs
4. total dependence.

Front 76

Depression

Back 76

most common treatable psychiatric disorder among adults.

Front 77

Marriage

Back 77

less likely to experience loneliness, lower incidence of mental illness, increased longevity, lower vulnerability to outside stressors.

Front 78

Widowhood

Back 78

greatest emotional and social loss in the normal course of the lifespan. loss of spouse impacts men more significantly than women.

Front 79

Institutionalization

Back 79

only 5% of older adults live in institutions. 33% die within a year of entering facility. 85-90% die in the facility.

Front 80

critical period

Back 80

interval during which it is possible to disrupt or re-establish function that were lost during deprivation period

Front 81

critical period for direction and ocular dominance

Back 81

4-7 weeks

Front 82

development periods in humans

Back 82

1. prestereoptic, 0-4 months
2. onset of stereopsis 4-6 months
3. post stereoptic 6 months - 2 years

Front 83

critical period in regards to magno versus parvo

Back 83

critical period ends earlier for magno than parvo

Front 84

GAP-43

Back 84

growth associated protein, helps axons find their way to target neurons.

Front 85

NMDA receptors

Back 85

activation of NMDA receptors leads to activation of 2nd messengers, enzymes and protein syn. without NMDA receptors free plastic changes are reduced.

Front 86

Total number of NMDA receptor sites is at their highest during

Back 86

the peak of the critical period for ocular dominance.

Front 87

Hebb's synapse hypothesis

Back 87

if pre and post synapse fire together the synapse is strengthened.

Front 88

Activation of NMDA receptors has more

Back 88

specific effect on plasticity

Front 89

norepi modulates the state of

Back 89

depolarization in the brain, this is less specific.

Front 90

Spherical refractive error, premature

Back 90

correlation between birthweight and myopia

Front 91

spherical refractive error, newborns

Back 91

99% are between -6.00 and +10.00

Front 92

Spherical refractive error, early childhood

Back 92

disppearance of extremes during first 2 years of life

Front 93

Spherical refractive error, school age

Back 93

more hyperopia than myopia, +1.25- -0.25, after age 10 it skews towards myopia.

Front 94

5-6 years
> or = +1.50 D
+0.50 to +1.25
plano to +0.49
any minus

Back 94

13-14
hyperopic
emmetropic
myopic
more myopic

Front 95

ATR/WTR/Oblique

Back 95

ATR and WTR decreases, obliques will remain stable.

Front 96

with aging there is a loss in the visual field

Back 96

greater loss in the upper field

Front 97

aging on stereo

Back 97

marked decline in stereo after 60

Front 98

tonic vergences changes with aging

Back 98

increase with age

Front 99

positive fusional vergence changes with aging

Back 99

decrease

Front 100

negative fusional vergence changes with aging

Back 100

no change

Front 101

with age exophoria or esophoria?

Back 101

exophoria at near with age.

Front 102

9 stages of language development

Back 102

1. phonetic expression, babbling
2. phonetic contraction
3. one word sentences
4. two word sentences
5. telegraphic speech
6. denotation of the word, definition of word.
7. connotation of word, how word is used in specific culture.
8. semantics
9. syntax

Front 103

Stage 1

Back 103

0-2 trust versus mistrust

Front 104

Stage 2

Back 104

2-4 autonomy versus shame

Front 105

Stage 3

Back 105

4-7 initiative versus guilt

Front 106

Stage 4

Back 106

7-11 industrious versus inferiority

Front 107

Stage 5

Back 107

11-19 identity versus identity confusion

Front 108

Stage 6

Back 108

20-30s intimacy versus isolation

Front 109

Stage 7

Back 109

40-50s generativity versus stagnation

Front 110

Stage 8

Back 110

old age integrity versus dispair.