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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles Darwin
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Developmental nature of infant behavior
Understanding early development enhanced understanding of species |
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G Stanely Hall
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"Darwin of the mind"
American Psychological Association Adolescence: change from beast to man |
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Lewis Terman
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Translated first IQ test
Longitudinal studies Sterilized Ellis Island people |
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Arnold Gessell
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Maturational readiness
Growth Norms |
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Cara Hillis
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Iowa Child Welfare Research Station (ICWRS)
Evidence based parenting Child and Welfare "40,000 for a hug how much for your child) |
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Dr Beth Welmane
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IQ and scholastic performance depended on quality of intellectual stimulation and social environment
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Periods of Development
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Prenatal (conc-birth)
Infancy (birth-3) Early childhood (3-6) MIddle childhood (6-11) Adolescence (11-20) Young Adulthood (20-40) Middle Adulthood (40-50) Late adulthood (65+) |
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Sigmund Freud
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*Psychoanalitic Theories of Development
Inappropriate sex theories ID: "cualdron" of seething- seek pleasure Ego: reality Super ego: moral aspect, thrive for ideal perfectionist |
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Psychosexual Development
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Sigmund Freud
Oral (birth-12 months) Anal (18-2yrs) potty training Phallic (3-6yrs) attracted to opposite sex parent Latency (6yr-puberty) Genital (puberty - adult) hormones |
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Erik Erickson
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*Psychoanalitic theoryies of development
Role of unconcious over entire lifespan Experiences with parents and society 8 stage theory with developmental task/crisis that must be resolved before moving on |
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Infant
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*Erickson 8 stage
trust/mistrust attachment and bonding |
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Early childhood
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*erickson
Autonomous shame/doubt potty training/self maintenance |
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Early School
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*erickson
initiative vs guild academic success, adding, ABC, friends |
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School Age
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*erickson
industry vs inferiority social competence, friend network |
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Adolescence
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*erickson
industry vs role confusion loyalty and friendship |
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Young Adulthood
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*erickson
intimacy vs isolation falling in love, relationships |
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Maturity
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*erickson
generatively vs stagnation having and nurturing for kids |
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Old Age
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*erickson
integrity vs dispair imparting wisdom upon others |
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Learning Theories of Development
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Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory
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Pavlov Classical Conditioning
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Dogs Drooling
Unconditioned stimulus/Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus/Conditioned response Personality is a result of accumulation of these experiences |
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Skinner Operant Conditioning
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Behavior and Punishment
Reinforcement: increase a behavior Punishment: Decrease a behavior Positive: adds something to the situation Negative: takes something away from the situation |
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Positive Reinforcement
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Adding something to increase a behavior
ex candy when you go potty |
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Positive Punishment
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Adding something to decrease a behavior
ex spanking when you do something bad (adding the spank to top bad behavior) Temporary |
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Negative Reinforcement
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Taking something away to increase a behavior
Ex take away sound of beeping car signal to increase the behavior of putting a seatbelt on |
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Negative punishment
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Taking something away to decrease a behavior
ex taking away free time (grounding) to decrease bad behavior |
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Albert Bandura
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*Social Learning Theory
Bobo doll mimicked aggressive behavior especially if reinforced |
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Piaget
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*Cognitive Developmental Theory
Cognitive abilities develop through an interaction of developing brain and child's experiences |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
Preoperational Period (2-7yrs) Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs) Formal Operational (11-adult) |
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Sensorimotor
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birth-2 yrs
*Object permanence |
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Preoperational Period
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2-7yrs
Development of language *Egocentrism Symbolic thought to learn words and use pictures to represent objects |
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Concrete Operational Period
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7-11 yrs
Piaget's conservation tast *Conservation Increased logical thinking |
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Formal Operational Period
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11-adult
*Abstract thinking Form and test Hypotheses Mentally operate on abstract statements |
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Object Permanance
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Object still exists even if it cannot be seen.
Infants do not have this-develops around 9 months |
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Egocentrism
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Only see world from their perspective
ex they see the tv so they think you can see it too |
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Conservation
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Understanding that something stays in the same quantity even if the appearance changes
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Ethology
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Biology, evolution, critical periods
Conrad Lorenz John Bolby |
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Conrad Lorenz
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*Evolutionary/sociobiological theory of development
*Imprinting-whoever the baby sees first considers that to be the mother |
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John Bowlby
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*Evolutionary/sociobiological theory of development
Ethology applied to social development *Attachment affects social development Infants attachment to caregiver is a mechanism that promoted survival Strange Situation: assessment of child's attachment |
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Secure Attachment
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optimal, early experience of parents as trustworthy and going to be there.
Reunite by being happy, may cry a little, then venture out to play again |
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Insecure Anxious Resistant Attachment
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Parents were inconsistent
Child isnt sure if they will come back or not Reunite: hug then push away, unsettled |
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Insecure Avoidant Attachment
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Been left on their own
reunite: very angry and ignore parent Ex: genie in closet, didnt talk to her, she didnt learn to speak, missed critical period |
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Contextual Theories of Development
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Social context is significant to understanding development
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Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory
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*Contextual Theories of Development
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem |
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Microsystem
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Child and immediate environment
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Mesosystem
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Links between microstystems
Parents and teachers |
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Exosystem
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Link between microsystems, one of which the individual does not have an active role
ex: parents job may affect how they treat their child |
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Macrosystem
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Culture in which person lives
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Chronosystem
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Effects of time, the degree of stability or change in a person's world
ex divorce |
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Qualitative Data
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Interpretive, exploratory, focus groups, case studies
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Quantitative Data
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Objective
Utilizes scientific method |
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Self Report
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Diaries, interviews, questionnaires
ex: mood data |
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Observation Data Collection
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Naturalistic and Laboratory
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Behavioral and Performance Measures
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Testing for ADD
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Case Study Research Design
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in depth look at a single individual or a single program or country
Ex phinease gage |
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Ethnographic Study Research Design
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Understand and describe the cultural process of a particular group
Rooted in anthropology, typically used to examine nonwestern cultures Participant observation, observer bias ex margaret mead |
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Experiment Research Design
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Study causality
Independent variable: manipulate Dependent: outcome Experimental and control groups |
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Correlational Studies
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Covariation of 2 or more variables
Correlation Coefficient ex: -1 dental flossing increases=gum disease decreases |
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Longitudinal Research Design
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individuals studied over time
-pro: info about change and stability in development -con: expensive and time consuming, participants drop out-->subject pool bias |
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Cross Sectional Research Design
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Compare individuals in different age groups
-pro: efficient -con: no information about how individuals change or remain the same, differences can be cofounded by cohort effects |
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Sequential Research Design
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Combine cross sectional and longitudinal
-pro: can avoid drawbacks for both designs -con: requires time Can collect 4 years of data but look at 6 |
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Human Genome
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All genetic material in cells of the human organism
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Chromosomes
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Molecules with linear arrangement of genes
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DNA
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Instructions that direct cell activities
coding and noncoding |
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Genes
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Basic units of heredity
Determine structure of protein Direct cell to make specific proteins and rate they are made 30,000-35,000 code for > 100,000 proteins |
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Allele
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One of two or more forms of gene or genetic locus
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Egg/Sperm
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One Allele for each gene
Sex chromosomes |
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Single Gene Disorders
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X linked hemophelia
autosomal dominant autosomal recessive: tay sachs, systic fibrosis |
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Genomics
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Genetic variants, environmental risk factors, gene-gene interactions, and gene-environment interactions in how we grow and develop throughout our life time and as causes of common disease
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Germ Cells
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Sperm/Ova
Reproduction Meiosis |
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Somatic Cells
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All other cells
structure and function of the human body |
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Fertilization
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Two gametes fuse together to create a new individual
Derived genetically from both parents Zygote with 46 chromosomes |
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Mosaic
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Error or misdivision occurs after fertilization at some point during early cell division
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Trisomy 21
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Error or midsdivision occurs after fertilization
Mosaic DS have two cell lines- one with normal # chromosomes and one with extra |
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Cleavage
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One day after fertilization
Zygote divides to form Blastomere |
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Morula
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16 cell stage
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Blastulation
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Begins when cleavage produces 128 cells-blastula
single layer of cells with fluid filled center |
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Implantation
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5 days after fertilization
Blastocyst is released from zona pellucida and is able to attach to the endometrial lining *Tight attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining |
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Gastulation
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Week 3
Blastula converts to 3 germ layers ectoderm endoderm mesoderm |
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Ectoderm
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nervous system and epidermus
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endoderm
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digestion tube
respiratory track liver and pancreas |
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mesoderm
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bones, cartilage, muscle, connective tissue
circulatory system reproductive/urinary/kidney |
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Differentiate
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Cells multiply and become specialized
Totipotent: any cell type Nullipotent: specific |
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Genetic Determinism
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Notion that genes will determine a persons future
Simplistic idea Ignores interactions ex: height activity with coins |
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Epigenetics
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Study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
Changes may or may not be inherited |
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Ovulation
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~14 days before start of next period of a 28 day cycle
1 egg released from one of two ovaries Estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH (egg burst) |
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Naegels Rule
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Calculate Due Date
LMP - 3 months + 7 days = Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) or Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC) |
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1st Trimester
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Fertilization-13.5 weeks
all organ systems develop Damage or defects from drugs/environment spontaneous abortion 50 g Morning sickness |
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2nd Trimester
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13.5 weeks-26 weeks
Rapid Growth Baby moves at ~20 weeks 50-1200g |
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3rd Trimester
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26 2/3 weeks - 40 weeks
brain development mom has fear and body image prolems |
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Term Pregnancy
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38-41 weeks
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Adolescence
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Identity vs Identity confusion developmental stage
Must determine their own sense of self or experience role confusion |
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Young Adults
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Intimacy vs isolation developmental stage
Stage of seeking commitments to others, if not successful then may suffer isolation and self absorption |
