Human Development

Front 1

What are the 8 characteristics of Life Span Perspective?

Back 1

Lifelong;;; Multidimensional;;; Multidirectional;;; Plastic;;; Multidisciplinary;;; Involves growth, maintenance and regulation;;; Is a co-construction of Biology, Culture, and the Individual;;; Contextual

Front 2

What are the three types of Influences that affect an individual throughout development?

Back 2

Normative Age-Graded Influences -- Similar for individuals in a particular age group /// Normative History Graded -- Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances /// Non-Normative Life Events -- Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individuals life,,, these events can either be negative or positive.

Front 3

What is the average life expectancy for Males and Females in Canada? What is the overall average?

Back 3

Males = 79 /// Females = 84 /// Overall = 82

Front 4

What are the Periods of Development?

Back 4

Prenatal period -- From Conception to Birth /// Infancy -- From Birth to (18-24) months /// Early Childhood -- 2-5 years /// Middle and late childhood -- 6-11 years /// Adolescence -- (10-12) years to (18-21) years /// Early Adulthood -- 20-30 years /// Middle Adult -- 40-50 years /// Late adult -- 50 - (70 and on)

Front 5

What is the major Milestone achieved in the Prenatal period?

Back 5

Tremendous growth, from a single cell to an organism, complete with a brain and behaviour capabilities

Front 6

What is the major milestone achieved in the Infancy period?

Back 6

Psychological activities are just beginning, language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, social learning *and Object Permanence*

Front 7

What is the major milestone achieved during the Early childhood phase?

Back 7

The child learns to dress and feed themselves

Front 8

What is the major milestone for the Middle and Late Childhood phase?

Back 8

This is during the elementary school years, the child will learn the following Fundamental skills: reading, writing, and basic arithmetic.

Front 9

What is the major milestone achieved during Adolesence?

Back 9

Rapid physical changes (Puberty): Weight, Height, and other Body changes. AND Improved Executive Thinking

Front 10

What is the difference between "Young-Old" and "Oldest-Old"?

Back 10

"Young-Old" is when a person is 65 years old or older, but they still have good cognitive and physical skills, but some things may be starting to deteriorate. /// "Oldest-Old" doesn't have a for sure age, but is approximately 80+, this is when a person is reaching the limits of functional capactiy.

Front 11

What are the 5 different types of Age?

Back 11

Chronological age -- Number of years since birth /// Biological Age -- Age in terms of overall health (how old do you *feel*) /// Mental age -- Similar to Biological age, but all about mental status /// Psychological age /// Social Age

Front 12

What is 'Person', in the PEO Model?

Back 12

When filling in the 'Person' component of the PEO model, you will need: Age, Ethnicity, Medical History, Skills, Hobbies, Physical Fitness, Spirtual preference, Family, Passions, Where they live (apartment, house, condo, etc.), Gender, Language.

Front 13

What does 'Environment', mean in the PEO Model?

Back 13

When filling in 'Environment' in the PEO model, you will need: Physical environment (both Artificial and Natural), Position, Cultural, Place in a Family Hierarchy, Social, Economic

Front 14

What is the 'Occupation' portion of the PEO Model?

Back 14

When filling in 'Occupation' in the PEO Model, you'll need: Self Care, Toileting, Ability to walk to and from the toilet, ability to feed, dress, wash themself, sleep, Work, Awareness, Leisure activities

Front 15

Who was John Bowlby?

Back 15

John Bowlby (aka The Father of Attachment Theory) theorized that Securty of Attachement during the critical period of the first two years of a child's life contributes to the child's ability to develop a sense of self.

Front 16

Explain the Bioecological Theory?

Back 16

The Bioecological Theory theorizes that there are different systems or layers that identify a person. Starting with: Individual -- Sex, Age, Health, etc. /// Microsystem -- Immediate Family, Peers, School, Church, Health Services, Neighborhood /// Mesosystem -- Home, School, Neighborhood, Work /// Exosystem -- Parent's workplace, Child's school, Community services, Mass Media /// Macrosystem -- Widely shared culural values, beliefs, customs, and laws.

Front 17

Who came up with the Bioecological Model/Theory?

Back 17

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Front 18

What is Epigenetics?

Back 18

When the effects of Environmental factors are passed down biologically to the next generation. (Abusive relationship, Trauma, etc.)

Front 19

What are the Three Prenatal Periods?

Back 19

GERMINAL - First 2 weeks after conception - Blastocyst and Trophoblast formation /// EMBRYONIC - From the end of 1st 2 weeks, to the end of the 1st 2 months - Embryo, Amnion, Placenta, Organogenesis, and Umbilical cord develop /// FETAL - Begins at start of third month and goes till birth - Mother can feel baby's movement at 17-20 weeks - Viable birth is once fetus has reached 7th month in utero.

Front 20

How does the Brain develop in Utero?

Back 20

The brain develops during the first two trimesters. During the third trimester, the baby gains weight and neurons become more specialized. When the baby is born, he will have 100 billion neurons.

Front 21

When does the Neural Tube form during prenatal development?

Back 21

The neural tube forms at about 18-24 days after conception

Front 22

What are two birth defects that affect the closing of the neural tube?

Back 22

Anencephaly, and Spina Bifida

Front 23

What affect does Caffiene have on a growing fetus?

Back 23

When 200mg+ of Caffiene is consumed daily, the chance of miscarriage is increased.

Front 24

What affect does Nicotine have on a growing fetus?

Back 24

Can cause Premature birth, and babies being born underweight; higher risk of SIDS; increased chance of ADHD

Front 25

How does Cocaine affect growing a growing Fetus?

Back 25

Babies will be born with everything smaller

Front 26

How do Opioids affect a growing Fetus?

Back 26

Babies are born in withdrawal; Methadone may be required for mom during gestation period, if mom has an opioid addiciton.

Front 27

What are two methods for data collection when researching something?

Back 27

Lab environment observation, or Natural envionment observation

Front 28

What are the drawbacks of performing observations in a lab setting?

Back 28

People will generally behave abnormally (they know they're being watched) /// The setting is unnatural /// Participants may not represent a diverse cultural background (potentially skewing the results) /// People may feel intimidated (or pressured to perform in a certain way)

Front 29

What are the Three Types of Research Designs?

Back 29

DESCRIPTIVE - Observational, uses standardized tests, life history records, case study /// CORRELATIONAL - Observing links between relationships, describing the strength of a relationship between two events or characteristics, uses statistics, *Think = Cause and Effect* /// EXPERIMENTAL - Always random (no Bias), participants are randomly separated into two groups: Experimental Group and Control Group

Front 30

What are the 2 Types of Approaches for Research?

Back 30

Cross Sectional Approach - Example: Looking at a 5y/o, 8y/o, and 11y/o at the same time, comparing the differences. (In essence, the researched doesn't have to wait for one subject to grow up and hit every researched age) /// Longitudinal Approach - Individuals are studied over time, (always the same subject) (Stronger results, but costs more $ and takes longer) (Also, particpants may unintentially skew the results or they may drop out of the research)

Front 31

What are the Three types of Malnutrition in Infants?

Back 31

MARASMUS - Wasting away of body tissued in the first year, caused by lack of protein and calories /// KWASHIORKOR - Caused by a dificiency of protein in which the child's abdomen and feet swell with water /// NON-ORGANIC FAILURE TO THRIVE - Symptoms are similar to Marasmus, but this is not biological

Front 32

What are 6 Infant Reflexes?

Back 32

Suckling, Root Reflex (stroke the cheek and they turn, in search of the nipple), Grasp Reflex, Tonic Neck Reflex, Step Reflex, Crawl Reflex

Front 33

Before Infants develop Fine Motor Control, how do they grasp an object?

Back 33

From the Ulnar side. Once Fine Motor Control begins, the grasp gravitates to the Radial side

Front 34

When does a Child's Visual Accuity reach that of an Adult's?

Back 34

Around their first birthday

Front 35

At what age can an Infant sense the edge of something? (Like stairs)

Back 35

Around 9 months

Front 36

At what time during Penatal development can a Fetus start to hear sounds?

Back 36

The last 2 months

Front 37

Until what age should infants completely avoid Screen Time?

Back 37

Till the age of 2

Front 38

What is Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?

Back 38

From Birth to 2 Years old -- Piaget believes children make schemes in their head, then enact them -- Equilibrium - Repetitive action (like, hammering with something) -- Assimilation -- Same action, but changing the parameters (like, hammering with a different object) -- Accomodation -- Same action, but with an object that provides a consequence (like, hammering with an egg)

Front 39

What is Equilibrium and Disequilibrium, in terms of a child's growth?

Back 39

Equilibrium = Not much change /// Disequilibrium = Change is occuring.

Front 40

When does a child develop Object Permanence?

Back 40

Typically arount 8-10 months, but can be as early as 6 months

Front 41

What is Habituation?

Back 41

A decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of that stimulus

Front 42

What is Dishabituation?

Back 42

If Habituation has occured, and an infant is bored of a certain stimulus, and you change something about the stimulus, it will renew their interest / Response

Front 43

When does an infant learn Formation and Categorization?

Back 43

Within the first year

Front 44

What is the Fagan test?

Back 44

Infant Intelligence test -- Babies are introduced to two objects, one new and one familiar, and depending on how long they spend looking at each object determines their intelligence--apparently.

Front 45

How many words can the average 18 month old speak? Average 2 year old?

Back 45

18 month old can speak about 50 words, and a 2 year old can typically speak around 200

Front 46

What is Overextension and Underextension?

Back 46

Overextension - When a child uses a word appropriately, but also inappropriatly (example: Dada for their Father, but also Dada for any other man) /// Underextension - When a child uses a word only sometimes appropriately (example: they call a 5 year old boy 'boy' but a 10 year old boy they don't call 'boy'.

Front 47

When does an infant typically speak their first words? How about 2 word utterances?

Back 47

First words around first birthday, and two word utterance around 18-24 months.

Front 48

What happens if there is damage to Broca's Area? How about Wernicke's Area?

Back 48

Broca's = Cannot speak /// Wernicke's = Cannot understand Speech

Front 49

What is Child-Directed speech?

Back 49

They type of speech adults use when talking to babies (or even pets) *This type of speech is more engaging for the babies*

Front 50

What are 4 strategies that parents can use to help their child learn language?

Back 50

Recasting = Rephrasing /// Echoing = Repeating the infants phrase back to them, but adding in neccessary words /// Expanding = Restating an infants phrase properly /// Labelling = Identifying the names of objects

Front 51

When does an Infant develop the emotions: Jealousy, Joy, Anger, Fear?

Back 51

Joy = 6-10 weeks /// Jealousy = Around 3 months /// Anger = 4-6 months /// Fear = 6-12 months ///

Front 52

What are the three main types of Infant cries?

Back 52

Basic, Anger, Pain

Front 53

When does an infant develop Emotional Self-Regulation / Coping?

Back 53

During their first year since birth, but it is a gradual ability, that starts as minimizing, before eventually becoming inhibiting.

Front 54

What is the breakdown for the Temperament for Average Children?

Back 54

40% have easy temerapment /// 10% are difficult /// 15% are slow to warm up /// and 35% are unclassified

Front 55

When does a child learn how to categorize themself and others into social categories?

Back 55

Around 18-30 months

Front 56

When do children develop Joint Attention (Inviting the parents into their play)?

Back 56

Around their first birthday

Front 57

How is that babies are able to perform Mimicry?

Back 57

They have Mirror Neurons

Front 58

What is Social Referencing?

Back 58

When children are able to read emotional / social cues of others (particularly their parents) and that determines how they act in a given situation.

Front 59

What is Erik's first stage? Why is it important?

Back 59

The first stage is called 'Trust vs. Mistrust', and it spans the first year of a child's life. In this stage they will learn how to trust their parents, which is important because it leads to attachement, which is critical for health.

Front 60

What is Reciprocal Association?

Back 60

If the parents are happy, the child is happy.

Front 61

At what age are Children Approximately HALF of their Full Adult Height?

Back 61

Girls = 2 Years old /// Boys = 2.5 Years old

Front 62

What's the difference between Adaptive Relfexes, Primitive Reflexes, and Abnormal Persistance Reflexes?

Back 62

Adaptive = Help Newborns Survive, Some persist throughout life (which is good) /// Primitive = These reflexes are mostly for Survival, but should disappear around 6 months of age /// Abnormal Persistance = Any Reflex that should've disapeared, remaining beyound 12 months of age (this results in hindered development

Front 63

What's the Difference between Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Developments?

Back 63

Cephalocaudal = Head to Toe development (early years) /// Proximodistal = From center out (later years )

Front 64

What is the Asymmetrical Tonic Reflex? (ATNR)

Back 64

Also known as the Fencing Reflex. When a baby turns their head (to the right for example) the hand on that side (right) will extend out, and their other hand (left) will bend at the elbow. Should disappear around age 3-6 months. This reflex is a precursor for Voluntary Movement

Front 65

What is the Rooting Reflex?

Back 65

Stroking the Infant's cheek will cause them to turn their head and open their mouth, looking for a nipple or food. Usually disappears around 11 months

Front 66

What is the Sucking Reflex?

Back 66

If the lips, gums, mouth, or hard palate are touched, the response is sucking. Begins fully at 4 weeks old, disappears around 3-4 months and becomes a voluntary action.

Front 67

What is the Palmar Grasp Reflex?

Back 67

If you place a finger or an object into the palm, this initiates a grasp reflex. For survival. Disappears around 4-6 months

Front 68

What is the Plantar Grasp Reflex?

Back 68

If you press on the balls of the feet, the toes curl. For survival. Disappears around 9-10 months.

Front 69

What is the Gallant Reflex?

Back 69

If you hold the baby in a Prone position, but suspended above the ground (completely), the stroke just beside their spine, their hips will sway in that direction. Should disappear around 3-6 months.

Front 70

What is the Moro Reflex?

Back 70

Part of the Startle Reflex. If you drop the infant backwards suddenly (but not letting them actually fall) will startle them. Contains 3 parts: 1 = Drop the baby backwards /// 2 = Infant's arms extend outward, then back toward center /// 3 = The infant cries. ***Important*** Watch to see if the baby can self regulate, and how long it takes for them to do so. This reflex should disappear around 3-6 months, but the startle component of this reflex remains throughout life.

Front 71

What is the Stepping Reflex?

Back 71

If you hold an infant under the axillas, and allow their feet to touch a flat surface, they may try to take a step out of reflex. This reflex will disappear around 2 months, but returns around 8-12 months when the infant begins to learn how to walk

Front 72

What is the Babinski Reflex?

Back 72

If you stroke the Sole of the infant's foot from the heel to the toe, this causes the toes to fan out. This test is done on a victim of a brain injury, regardless of age, to determine the extent of the brain damage -- if the toes fan out, this indicates severe brain damage.

Front 73

What is the Crawling reflex?

Back 73

Newborn is placed on its abdomen, and if you press gently on the soles of their feet, this will cause their legs to flex under their body, initiating a crawl. This should disappear around 3-4 months.

Front 74

What is the Parachute Reflex?

Back 74

Hold a baby up right, then flip them forward, into an upside down position, this will cause their arms to extend forward, as if to break their fall. This reflex never really goes away.

Front 75

What is the Propping Reflex?

Back 75

The infant in a sitting position, and if they start to tip in one direction, they prop themselves up with their hand. Occurs in three phases. 1st Phase = Anterior Propping, to prevent falling forward. /// 2nd Phase = Lateral Propping, to prevent falling to the left or right. /// 3rd Phase = Posterior Propping, to prevent falling backward.

Front 76

What is the LEAST developed sense a baby has at birth?

Back 76

Vision. They have limited Accuity, and quite blurry vision.

Front 77

What do babies look for when their vision hasn't fully developed?

Back 77

Initially they look for light/dark contrasts. At 2 months old, babies start to scan entire objects in order to identify them.

Front 78

What is the MOST developed sense a baby has at birth?

Back 78

Sense of Touch. Highly sensitive on mouth, palms, soles, and genitals. Also, highly sensitive to pain.

Front 79

How do the senses of Smell and Taste work for an Infant?

Back 79

They prefer sweet tastes at birth, but can quickly learn to like new tastes. They also prefer sweet smells. Also, they can identify their mother by smell alone.

Front 80

What skills should an Infant have in SUPINE from earliest learned to latest learned?

Back 80

Turns head to both sides /// Bring hands to Midline /// Hands to knees /// Hands to feet /// Rolls WITHOUT Rotation (Complete Log Roll) /// Rolls WITH Rotation (Rolling segmentally)

Front 81

What skills should an Infant have in PRONE from earliest learned to latest learned?

Back 81

Lifts head in Prone /// Pushes up on Elbows /// Lift head 90 degrees /// Push up on hands /// rolls prone to supine WITHOUT rotation /// Rolls prone to suping WITH rotation /// Crawls

Front 82

What skills should an Infant have in SITTING from earliest learned to latest learned?

Back 82

Sits with parent support /// Sits propped up on hands /// Pulls to sit /// Sits independently /// Reaches for toys from sitting

Front 83

What skills should an Infant have in STANDING from earliest learned to latest learned?

Back 83

Pulls at furniture to stand /// Stands alone /// Walks with help /// Walks with arms up /// Walks with arms down

Front 84

What is the FSCD?

Back 84

Family Supports for Children with Disabilities in Alberta. They are a team of health care providers of various disciplines that provide financial support for specialized services for children requiring more support, so families can raise their child at home and participate in community life.

Front 85

What is the PHYSICAL Development of a child after they hit 2 years old?

Back 85

Body growth - Proximodistal /// Body growth slows when compared to the first 2 years. /// Skeletal growth continues; children will lose their baby teeth. /// Brain growth increases; hemispheres begin to lateralize.

Front 86

What are some Important Neurological Milestones for children during the ages of 2-6?

Back 86

Lateralization = Left hemisphere is especially active (develops language skills and handedness) /// Frontal lobe develops for Executive Thinking (Planning, organizing, inhibiting impulses) /// Links within areas of the brain develop (Cerebellum, Corpus Callosum, Hippocampus [Important for Memory, spatial understanding, and orientaiton])

Front 87

What is the Brain's size at age 3? 5? and 6?

Back 87

Age 3 = The brain is 3/4 of the adult size. /// Age 5 = brain has reached 95% of its adult volume /// Age 6 = The size of the brain is nearly that of an adults, but within, the develop is nowhere near an adults.

Front 88

Which Organ is the last to reach its adult size?

Back 88

The Prefrontal Cortex of the Brain

Front 89

What are the Average Fine and Gross Motor Milestones of a child at 18-24 months?

Back 89

Fine motor = Stacks 4-6 blocks, and can turn pages one at a time. /// Gross motor = Walks well by 24 months, climbs stairs with both feet on each step.

Front 90

What are the Average Fine and Gross motor milestons of a child at 2-3 years old?

Back 90

Fine motor = Picks up small objects, throws small ball while standing. /// Gross motor = Runs easily, climbs on furniture unaided, hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles

Front 91

What are the Average Fine and Gross Motor Milestones of a child at 3-4 years old?

Back 91

Fine motor = Catches large ball between outstretched arms, cuts paper with scissors. /// Gross motor = Walks upstairs one foot per step, skips on 2 feet, walks on tiptoe

Front 92

What are the Average Fine and Gross Motor Milestones for a child aged 4-5?

Back 92

Fine Motor = Strikes ball with bat, kicks and catches a ball. /// Gross Motor = Walks up and down stairs one foot per step

Front 93

What are the Average Fine and Gross Motor Milestones for a child aged 5-6?

Back 93

Fine Motor = Plays ball games well, lacing, tripod grasp /// Gross motor = Walks on a line, skips on alternate feet.

Front 94

When is a child's handedness established?

Back 94

Between ages 2-6

Front 95

How does the progession of a child's drawing typically develop? What is a sign that child may be delayed?

Back 95

Vertical lines --> Horizontal lines --> Circles --> Squares/Rectangles --> Triangles (If a child cannot draw triangles by age 6, they are delayed.

Front 96

What is Piaget's Preoperational Theory?

Back 96

Second stage of a child's life -- 2-7 y/o. Children do not yet think in an operational way. They can add and subtract by using physical objects, but not in their head.

Front 97

What is Egocentric thinking in a child during Preoperational Phase?

Back 97

A child during this phase will assume that people can see what they see. They cannot comprehend that another person actually can see something else.

Front 98

What is Animisitic Thinking? When does it present a Red Flag?

Back 98

Animisitic thinking is when a child believes an inanimate object has life (make-believe play). /// It is a Red Flag when the child is not incorporating Make-Believe play by the age of 2-3

Front 99

What is the Difference between Centration and Conservation?

Back 99

Centration = When a child thinks two glasses of water have different amounts of water within them based on the size of the glasses alone (even if they are presented with two glasses of the same size first) ////// Conservation = When a child can distinguish that two differently sized glasses contain the same amount of water

Front 100

What is Vygotsky's Theory, when compared to Piaget's theory of The Preoperational Phase?

Back 100

Vygotsky believed that children are social creatures, who develop their way of thinking and understanding primarily through social interaction, but also through the use of Private Speech (talking to themselves, which they also use for Self Regulation and Guidance (talking themself through an activity.)

Front 101

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Back 101

When a task is too difficult for a child to master alone, they reach out for guidance of an adult.

Front 102

What is Emergent Literacy?

Back 102

When a child knows the words to a book, without being able to read them, purely because of repitition of an adult having read it to them.

Front 103

How does a child learn that other people have thoughts of their own?

Back 103

Three Stages (Called 'Orders') /// First Order = No perception of one's own or other's thoughts. /// Second Order = Perception of own thoughts, but no perceptions of others. /// Third Order = Perception of not only their thoughts, and other's thoughts, but also perception that other people may be thinking about them

Front 104

What should exist in a home for a child, to be considered a High Quality Home Environment?

Back 104

Stimulation /// Organization /// Pride, Affection, Warmth /// Social Modeling /// Variety /// No Physical Punishment

Front 105

What does a child experience when going through the "Initiative vs. Guilt" Phase?

Back 105

Initiative = New Sense of Purpose /// Eagerness to try new tasks; join activities /// Play permits trying out new skills /// Strides in consience development /// *Governor of initiate is conscience* /////// Guilt = Develop of conscience dictates boundaries /// May feel guilt for disobeying society standards /// Excessive guilt interferes with initiative

Front 106

At what age do children learn to categorize objects based on observable characteristics, such as Appearance, Possessions, and Behaviour?

Back 106

Age 2-6

Front 107

When does a child start to learn Emotional Self Regulation?

Back 107

Around 6 months of age; however, boys have more difficulty with it than do girls.

Front 108

What is Categorical Self, and does a child learn it?

Back 108

Ability to categorize self and others into social categories /// Emerges around 18-30 months

Front 109

What is Erikson's Second Stage of Developement?

Back 109

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt /// Autonomy builds on the infants developing mental and motor abilities

Front 110

When does a child develop Language to describe Emotions and Understanding of Emotion?

Back 110

Between 2-4 years. They learn multiple terms to describe emotions, and they learn about causes and consequences of feelings.

Front 111

What is the difference between Emotion Coaching Parents and Emotion Dismissing Parents?

Back 111

Coaching = Respond to their childs emotions, by telling them "I see you're feeling sad/angry/happy" Whereas Dismissing parents notice when a child is feeling angry/sad for example, and will not acknowledge the emotion, but will instead try to change the childs emotion. "Here is a toy"

Front 112

What are the 6 Speech Stages that a baby/child goes through?

Back 112

Phonation stage = Birth - 2 months /// Goo Stage = 2-4 months /// Sound awareness stage = 4-6 months /// Canonical stage = 7-10 months (they start to recognize words for certain objects) /// Variegated Babble stage = 11-12 months (like they're speaking a different language /// First words = Around first birthday

Front 113

What three things are required for a baby to develop Cognition and Speech?

Back 113

Vision + Hearing + Attention (if one of these are lacking, speech and cognition will still develop, but they will be delayed.

Front 114

What is Ring Sitting?

Back 114

When a baby sits on the floor with their feet soles together, forming a ring with their legs. This is when the baby cannot control their trunk well enough to put legs straight out, which is more advanced

Front 115

What could you try when helping a baby learn to extend their arms while laying prone?

Back 115

Place a toy above their head /// Place a pillow beneath the chest /// Place baby on your chest /// Place a toy in front of them, trying to get them to reach for it

Front 116

What could you try when helping a baby learn to crawl?

Back 116

Go to the park, if there's sand /// Encouragement, with short distances at first /// Pushing on their soles /// Using a ball beneath them

Front 117

What is Heteronomous Morality and when does a child learn it?

Back 117

Age 4-7 /// Everything is black and white, They believe if you break the rules there will be immediate consequences

Front 118

What is Autonomous Morality, and when does a child learn it?

Back 118

Age 10+ /// Children know the reason behind rules, and why they exist. They also understand what consequences go with what rules if they were to be broken

Front 119

What is the difference between Sex and Gender?

Back 119

Sex is the biological dimension of being male or female (how were you born?) /// Gender is the social and psychological demensions of being male or female (how do you identify?)

Front 120

At what age do children begin to realize that boys and girls are different, and at the same time, realize that they would rather play with their same sex?

Back 120

Around age 3/4, from there to age 12, they tend to spend time with same sex.

Front 121

What are Baumrind's 4 Parenting Styles, and how are they different? Which is the worst and which is the best?

Back 121

Authoritative - High acceptance, High involvement, Adaptive Control, Appropriate Autonomy (The best style) /// Authoritarian - Low Acceptance, Low involvement, High Control, Low Autonomy /// Permissive - High Acceptance, Too low or Too High involvement, Low control, High autonomy /// Uninvolved - Low Acceptance, Low involvement, Low Control, Indifferent Autonomy

Front 122

What are the four types of Child Maltreatment? Which is the most common for baby/toddler aged children?

Back 122

Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Neglect, Emotional Abuse /// Neglect is the most common for babies/toddlers

Front 123

What are the 6 Types of Play?

Back 123

Sensorimotor (Babies) /// Practice play (Preschool) /// Pretence / Symbolic play (Between 9-30 months) /// Social play (interaction with peers - school age) /// Constructive play (combination of all others) /// Games

Front 124

What is Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Back 124

From 7-11 /// Can use operations, mentally reversing actions, shows conservation skills. /// Can classify things into sets and subsets, and reason their interrelations /// No abstract thinking - cannot imagine steps in an algebraic equation for example /// Logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning, but only in concrete circumstances

Front 125

What are 9 strategies that children use in order to commit things to memory?

Back 125

Rehearsal (Early grade school) /// Organization (Early grade school) /// Elaboration (Early Childhood) /// Fuzzy Trace Theory (Verbatism or Gist memory - Gist = remembering just the Gist of something, Verabtism = remembering word for word and every detail) /// Association /// Reading out loud /// Drawing a picture /// Writing it out /// Labeling

Front 126

What are 4 different types of thinking?

Back 126

Critical thinking - Thinking reflectively and productively /// Creative thinking - Unique solutions to problems /// Convergent thinking = knowing that there is one "best" solution to a problem, and being able to determine it /// Divergent thinking - Multiple answers to the same question (multiple possibilities / options)

Front 127

What is Metacognition? If it is not apparent, what could it indicate?

Back 127

Metacognition is knowing about knowing (Thinking about what might be going on in other's heads, as well as knowing that you yourself are thinking about others, and the thoughts they may be having) //////////////// This is a red flag if it isn't apparent, and may be a sign of Autism

Front 128

How is a person's Intelligence Quotient (IQ) determined?

Back 128

Mental age / chronological age x 100

Front 129

What are 3 different types of intelligence?

Back 129

Analytical Intelligence - Conformist /// Creative Intelligence - Non-Conformist /// Practical Intelligence - "Street Smarts"

Front 130

What is the Flynn Effect?

Back 130

From Dr. James Flynn -- the effect of a person born into a family of poverty, but then given the same opportunities (being able to go to school, all essential needs met, nurturing) can develop a high intelligence. Alternately, if that same person born into a family of poverty were to be given up for adoption, and adopted by a family of wealth, they would also be more likley to develop a high intelligence.

Front 131

Once a child has learned how to talk, approximately how many words do they add to their vocabulary per year?

Back 131

Between 5000 and 10000 words per year

Front 132

What is Erik Erikson's 4th Stage of Development?

Back 132

Industry versus Inferiority -- Occurs during middle and late childhood -- Children become interested in how things are made and how they work

Front 133

Is it possible to have too much Positivity with a child who is growing? If so, what are the possible ill-effects?

Back 133

YES. If you always "catch them when they fall" instead of allowing them to Fail Forward, they will not be able to learn the essential skill of Trial-and-Error. Because of this, the child can develop Self-Esteem Issues

Front 134

What is the Difference between High Self Efficacy and Low Self Efficacy?

Back 134

Self Efficacy is the belief that they themself can master a situation and produce favourable outcomes, even if not right away ////////////////////////////////////////////// Low Self Efficacy = Avoiding challenging tasks ////////////////////////////////////////////// High Self Efficacy = More focused on long term / challenging tasks

Front 135

Who is Kohlberg? What did he come up with?

Back 135

Kohlberg came up with the Heinz Dilemma = which is a moral dilemma of a man (Heinz) who is faced with a pharmacist who has the key drug that will cure his wife's disease, but Heinz cannot afford it, and the pharmacist is not willing to provide it for free or a payment plan. Therefore, Heinz has to make a decision: Watch his wife die, or steal the drug.

Front 136

What are the "4 To Treat 4?"

Back 136

Heavy Muscle Work /// Deep Pressure Touch /// Joint Movement /// Movement

Front 137

What is the typical Gross Motor growth progress of an infant? (Hint: Cephalocaucal)

Back 137

Head control --> Trunk Stability --> Crawling --> Standing up --> Walking

Front 138

What is the difference between Hypertonia and Hypotonia?

Back 138

High muscle tone vs. Low muscle tone /// A person with Hypertonia will have spasticity (Cerebral Palsy) /// A person with Hypotonia will have low muscle tone and somehwat "lazy" muscles

Front 139

What is important when considering the maintenance of Postural Stability?

Back 139

Maintaining Midline

Front 140

What is Androgyny?

Back 140

The presence of both masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.

Front 141

How does having Regular Family Meals affect a child?

Back 141

Increases the possibility of successful outcomes in Academics, Behaviour, and Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Front 142

What are the 3 Rs for dealing with Bullies?

Back 142

Restitution = The Bully and the Bystanders must admit to wrongdoing, and recognize and acnkowledge the harm they caused. //////////////////////////////////////////Revolution = The Bully and the Bystanders then must state what they will do, and what they won't do, in an attempt to make it right. /////////////////////////////////////////////Reconciliation = The Bully and the Bystanders apologize, and the Bullied person makes the decision of accepting apology, when and if they're ready. *Although, the ultimate goal is for the perpetraters to never repeat the offense, as well as the perpetrated to forgive and move on--for their own sake*

Front 143

What is the difference between Puberty and Adolescence?

Back 143

Puberty is the Marker for the beginning of Adolescence, but is not adolescence in itself.

Front 144

What does the Adolescent brain lack in their Prefrontal Cortex?

Back 144

Metaphorical brakes to slow down their emotions.

Front 145

How does BMI work? What is considered normal? Obese? Overweight? Underweight?

Back 145

Height and Weight are the determinants. Normal is between 18-24 BMI. /// Obese = 30+ /// Overweight = 25-29 /// Underweight = <18

Front 146

What is the leading cause of teen death? What is the second leading cause?

Back 146

Automobile accidents is #1, and Suicide is #2

Front 147

What is the average % of Students aged 11-18 that have used Alcohol? Marijuana?

Back 147

46-62% for Alcohol /// 17-32% for Marijuana

Front 148

What is the Piaget Stage in regards to Adolescence?

Back 148

Formal Operational Thought = More abstract thinking, more scientific thinking, devising plans to solve problems, more logical thinking (Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning) /// On the flip side, they have Idealistic thinking which makes them feel as though they are invincible ("it won't happent to me") which leads to risk taking.

Front 149

Explain Adolescent Egocentrism

Back 149

2 components /// #1 = Imaginary Audience = They believe that everyone notices everything about them (in terms of physical appearance, and perhaps the way they express themselve... leads to self concious thinking) /////////////////////////////#2 = Personal Fable = They believe NO ONE can possibly understand what they are feeling on the inside. AND they feel invincible ("it won't happen to me")

Front 150

What is the most important change in information processing during Adolescence?

Back 150

Improvement in Executive Functioning

Front 151

What is Service Learning?

Back 151

A form of education where an individual takes an active part in service to the community. This promotes Social Responsibility

Front 152

What is Erik Erikson's name for Adolescence stage?

Back 152

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Front 153

What is a MAMA cycle, and who are more likley to live within it?

Back 153

M = Moratorium (Which I believe is a fancy word meaning: To Fail) /// A = Achievement /// MAMAMAMAMA cycle /// Mostly likley individuals with Positive Identities will follow this cycle

Front 154

What did Freud and Erikson believe was Critical within the Adolescent Period?

Back 154

A transition to a better understanding of their own Sexual Orientation and Identity

Front 155

What was Erikson's view on Delinquency?

Back 155

He believed that Adolescents whose development has restricted them from acceptable social roles or made them feel inadequate to the demands placed on them, may choose a delinquent identity.

Front 156

What is iHuman?

Back 156

iHuman is a program to help kids who are on the street (not necessarily living on the street, just those who are involved with those who do, or participate in more delinquent activities) to create art and display their art in exhibitions

Front 157

What are Erikson's 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development?

Back 157

(1) = Trust vs. Mistrust = Birth to 1 year = Resolution is Hope //////////////////////////// (2) = Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt = 1-3 years = Resolution is Will ///////////////////// (3) = Initiative vs. Guilt = 3-4/5 years = Resolution is Purpose ///////////////////////// (4) = Industry vs. Inferiority = Kindergarten to Grade 6 (5-11) = Resolution is Competence //////////////////////////////////// (5) = Identity vs. Identity Confusion = Adolescence = Resolution is Fidelity //////// (6) = Intimacy vs. Isolation = Early Adulthood = Resolution is Love ////////////// (7) = Generativity vs. Stagnation = Middle Adulthood = Resolution is Care ////////////// (8) = Integrity vs. Despair = Late Adulthood = Resolution is Wisdom

Front 158

What are the 5 Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Back 158

(1) = Persistent Deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts /// (2) = Restriced, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least TWO of the following === A. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech ... B. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behaviour ... C. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensisity or focus ... D. Hyper or Hypo reactivitiy to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment /// (3) = Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period /// (4) = Symptoms cause clinically significant impariment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning /// (5) = These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delays

Front 159

What are the 9 characteristics of a Successful Treatment Approach for Autism?

Back 159

(1) = Maximize joint attention - repitition, predictability /// (2) = Low staff to child ratio /// (3) Grade the Environment /// (4) = Gradually fade support /// (5) = Need for predictability and routine /// (6) = Functional approach to behaviour problems /// (7) = Family involvment /// (8) = High levels of participation /// (9) = Assess sensory needs, modify their sensory environment and participation in sensory rich activitities