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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four main types of tissue in the human body? |
-Epithelium -Connective -Muscle -Nervous |
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What is a tissue? |
A group of cells that work together |
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How does the structure of epithelial tissue lend this form of tissue to its function? |
Epithelial tissue is made up of cells that are packed tightly together to form continuous sheets. Forms linings, coverings, and glandular tissue of the body. |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
-Skeletal Muscle -Smooth Muscle -Cardiac Muscle |
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Skeletal Muscle |
Voluntary These muscles are attached to bone and consist of long fibers and is striated |
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Cardiac |
Muscle found in heart Involuntary Striated and contracts |
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Smooth |
Involuntary Found in organs Not Striated |
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Give examples of connective tissue? |
-Bone -Cartilage -Adipose tissue (fat) -Blood |
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What type of tissue is bone classified as? |
Connective Tissue |
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Function of connective tissue is? |
Join bodily structures like bone ans muscles to one another and hold tissues in the proper place. |
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Why is the pelvis the first bone anthropologist look to in determining the sex from a skeleton? |
The female pelvis is more wide because of child birth, males have more thinner and smaller pelvis's. |
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What are other clues a forensic anthropologist may be able to use to determine age if the bone belongs to a person over age 25? |
Microscopic observations of bones can show bone remodeling that has taken place in older adults. Wear and tear on the spine and joints can show a range in age. |
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Qualitative |
Observation that does not use numbers but only words to give a description. |
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Quantitative |
Observation that does use numbers for a description. |
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What key bones would a forensic anthropologist use to establish ethnic background? |
-Nasal index -Nasal spine -Shape of orbital opening |
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Which type of bones are best for height determination? |
-Femur -Tibia -Humerus |
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What is the structure and function of DNA? |
-Double helix -Carries genetic information Bases- Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine A-T C-G |
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What factors determine the speed by which DNA fragments will move through an gel electrophoresis? |
Smaller DNA fragments move faster and farther than larger DNA fragments. |
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What are restriction enzymes and how are they named? |
-Catalyze reaction of breaking DNA into smaller fragments. -Name comes from bacteria |
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Why is it important to use more than one restriction enzyme? |
It gives two different known to match the unknown. Using one van make many possible answers. |
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Describe the direction DNA moves through a gel electrophoresis chamber? |
DNA has a negative charge, so the top of the electrophoresis is negative and the bottom is positive. DNA moves down to the positive end. |
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Blunt ends |
Cut straight down |
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Sticky Ends |
Has an over hang because it doesn't cut straight down |
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What is PCR and what is its role in DNA analysis? |
- Polymerse Chain Reaction -Makes many copies off DNA in a short amount of time |
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How does DNA differ from person to person? |
Each person has a different sequence of nucleotides. |
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What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms? |
DNA fragments after being cut from restriction enzymes. |
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Frontal Lobe |
-Happiness -Language understanding -Movement -Smell -Reasoning -Long-term memory -Problem solving |
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Parietal Lobe |
- Bodily sensations -Taste |
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Occupital Lobe |
- vision |
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Temporal Lobe |
-Hearing |
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Cerebellum |
-Muscle Coordination -Balance |
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Medulla Oblongnata |
-Breathing -Blood Pressure |
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Pons |
-Sleeping and walking |
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Hypothalamus |
-Hunger and Thirst |
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What is myelin sheath and what is its purpose? |
- An insulating coat that is interrupted by the nodes of ranvier. -Increases the speed of signals down the axon. |
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What are the three types of neurons in the correct order? |
-Sensory -Association -Motor |
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Sensory Neuron |
Responds to stimuli from sense organs |
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Association Neurons |
Found in brain and spinal cord |
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Motor Neurons |
Carry message from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and tendons |
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What is another name for sensory and motor neurons? |
Sensory- Afferent Motor- Efferent |
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What is the charge on the outside and inside of a cell during membrane potential? |
Outside- Positive Inside - Negative |
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Resting Potential |
-More potassium in cell (-) -More sodium outside cell (+) |
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Depolarization |
-Inside positive; potassium channel closed -Outside negative; Sodium channel open |
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Repolarization |
-Potassium channel open -Sodium channel closed |
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Hyperpolarization |
- Pump will restore back to resting potential |
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Passive Transport |
Movement with out energy |
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Active Transport |
Movement that requires energy |
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What is a neurotransmitteer and give two examples? |
-Chemical that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another. -dopine and ceratolin |
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What is the purpose of a dendrite? |
Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical signals. |
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What is the purpose of an axon? |
Axons conduct electrical impulses away from the neuron cell body. |
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Voluntary Action |
Control over your actions (signal goes to brain) |
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Involuntary Action |
Dont have control over reaction (signal goes to spine) |
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What is the difference between the speed of a reflex and voluntary action? |
Reflex is faster because the signal just goes to the spinal cord and a voluntary action goes all the way to the brain. |
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How does a hormone imbalance lead to disease? |
If there is too much or too little, homeostasis is not reduced. |
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Myopia |
-Nearsighted -Light hits in froint of retina -needs concave lens (-) |
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Hyperopia |
- Farsighted -Light hits behind retina -Needs convergent lens (+) |
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What is the path food takes through the organs? |
-Mouth -Esophagus -stomach -Small intestine -large intestine -rectum -anus |
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How do enzymes assist in the process of digestion? |
Digestive enzymes break down protein, carbs, and fats into progressively smaller components. |
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Carbohydrates |
Amylase -Saliva and small intestine |
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Fats |
Lipase -Small intestine |
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Protein |
Protease - Stomach and small intestine |
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How does temperature and PH affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions ? |
Temperature- The higher the temperature the faster the rate of reaction Ph- If change in PH, it will corrupt the changes so no enzyme substrate complex can be formed. |
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Explain gas exchange in the lungs |
Air goes through the walls of the alveoli or air sacs into the hemoglobin of red blood cells which transports oxygen. |
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Filtration |
Water and small molecules are taken out of blood -Glomeruius |
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Reabsoprtion |
Solutes are placed back into blood because they are needed in the body -Proximal and distal tubule -loop of henle |
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Secreation |
Extra solutes are released as wastes -Collecting duct |
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What is GFR |
Glomerular filtration rate is a test used to check how well the kidneys are work and estimates how much blood passes through the kidneys each minute. |
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What is the purpose of reabsorption in the nephron? |
Giving back key nutrients and ions back to the body to use |
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What direction are substances moving during the process of secretion? What are the substances |
-Substances move towards the end of the nephrons collecting duct. -Water -Hydrogen ions -sodium -urea |
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Cartilage |
A firm tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone. |
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Tendons |
Muscle to bone |
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Ligaments |
Bone to bone |
