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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
label skin pic
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on powerpoint
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function of oil gland
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prevents hair from drying out, keeps skin soft, inhibits growth of certain bacteria, connected to hair follicle
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function of sweat gland and location
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located deep in dermis and opens up through pores on skins surface
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function of hair follicle
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protect skin from injury; insulation
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functino of erector pili muscle and location
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attached to hair follicle and contracts to make the hair "stand" if scared or cold
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what makes up the exterior of epidermis
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25-30 layers of dead cells that are continuously shed. the cells contain keratin
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what makes up the interior of epidermis
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livign cells that divide and replace the dead cells; cells contain melanin which gives skin its colo
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what is the name of the pigment that ives the skin tis color and protects it form sun damage
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melanin
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explain the healing process of skin
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-when the dermis is harmed, blood flows and will clot
-a scab forms over the wound to prevent microbes from entering the boyd -white blood cells fight infection and flow to wound site -skin cells under teh scab begin to undergo mitosis and fill in the gap -scab falls off and exposes newly formed skin *a large wound is closed by dense connective tissu and may leae a scar |
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what are the 4 functions of the integumentary system
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-helps regulate internal body temperature
-functiosn as a sense organ (pain, pressure, temperatreure) -produces vitamin d and heps absorb calcium into the bloodstream -protects underlying tissues from physical and chemical damage or microbes |
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what are the 2 main parts of the skeleton
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axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton |
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axial skeleton
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skull, vertebral column, ribs, ad the sternum
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appendicular skeleton
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arm and leg bones, shoulder and hip bones, wrists ankles hands and feet
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label skeleton
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on apper
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red marrow
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produces red and white blood cells and cell fragments; invovled in clotting
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where can you find red marrow
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in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis
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yellow marrow
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consists of fat cells
*in cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow back to re marrow to increase blood cell production |
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osteoblast
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potential bbone cells
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osteocyte
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when the osteoblasts are hardened by calcium an dsalts
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joint
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found hwere 2 ones meet
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ligament
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attach bones to one another
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tendon
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attach muscles to bones
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4 types of joints
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ball and socket
pivot hinge gliding |
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ball and socket
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allow movement in all directions (hips and shoulders)
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pivot
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allow bones to twist around each otehr (radius and ulna)
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hinge
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allow back and forth movement (elbows and knees)
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gliding
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allow bones to slide past each other (wrists and ankles)
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5 function sof skeletal system
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-provies a framework of structure and support
-protects internal organs -provices attachment oints for muscles, allowing for efficient body movement -produces blood cells -stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate |
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what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
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smooth, cardiac, skeletal
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where can you find smooth muscle
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found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
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what is smooth muscle made of
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spindle shaped fibers
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what is the function of smooth muscle
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to squeeze
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is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
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involuntary
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where is cardiac muscle found
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in meart
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what is cardiac muscle made of
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stripes
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what does cardiac muscle do
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conduct electrical impulses
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is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
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involuntary
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where is skeletal msucle found
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attached to bones
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what does skeletal muscle do
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moves bones
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is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
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voluntary
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what does it mean for muscles ot have opposing functions
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while one mucle is contracted the other is relaxed
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label picture
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on packet
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what is the sliding filament theory
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-nerve cells signals the muscle
-actin filaments within each sarcomere slide toward one another, shortening the fibers -muscle contracts -myosin filaments do not move |
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label muscle picture
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on packt
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is mouth mechanical chemical or both
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both
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incisors do what
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cut
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cuspids/canines do what
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tear or shred
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molars do what
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crush and grind
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what does the mouth's saliva do
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it has amylase which breaks down starches into mono or disacharrides
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what does the tongue do in the mouth
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positions food
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what is the epiglottis
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a flap of cartilage that closes the opening fot he respiratory tract as you swallow, preventing food from entering the lungs and sending it to the esophogus
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what is the esophagus
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the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the staomch
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how doe sfood move through the esophagus
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by peristalsis
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what is peristalsis
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involuntary contractiosn of smooth muscle
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what does the tongue do for the esophagus
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shape a ball of food and send it to the back of the throat
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is stomach mechanical chemical or both
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both
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what do the stomach wals have
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3 cross linked layers of involuntary muscle
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what happens when the stomach muscles contract
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they physically break down the food into smaller pieces
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what does the inner linign fo the stomach have
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gastric juices
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what is in the gastric juices
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enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid
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what is the ph of gastric jucie
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2
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what protects the walls from gastric juice
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mucus
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how long doe sfood reamin in the stomach
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2 to four hours
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what is the consiistency of food when ti leaves the stomach
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tomato soup
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where does peristasis force the liquid food
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small intestine
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how many meters is the small intestine in length
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6 meters
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why is it called the small intestine
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because the diameter is 2.5 cm
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what is the small intestine lined with
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villi
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what is villi
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hair like projectsions that help abosorb the digested food and allow it to enter the bloodstream
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what are the 3 sectiions of the small intestien
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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what does the pancrase do
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releases enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, fats
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what does the liver do
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produces bile which helps break downf ats
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what does the gallbladder do
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stores the bile produced by the lier and passes it to the duodenum
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after how many hours does indigestible material go to the large intestine
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3 to 5 hours
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what is the large intestine also calle
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colon
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how long is the colon
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1.5 meters
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how thick in diameter is the colon
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6.5 cm
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what does teh colon have that synthesize B vitamins
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anaerobic bacteria
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what is the appendix
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an extension of the large intestine that currently serves no function
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what is absorbed by the colon leaving a solid material
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water and salts
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after how many hours is feces released through the rectum
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18 to 24
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where does feces leave the rectum through
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the anus
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how long does a meal's journey take
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24 to 33 hours
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what are the 2 main parts of the nervous system
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central and peripheral
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what does the central nervous system contain
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brain spinal cord and coordinates of all yoru bodies activites
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what does the peripheral system consist of
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all the nerves that carry messges to and from teh CNS
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what do the 2 systems do together
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respond to stimuli from teh external environment
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what is the peripheral system split into
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somatic and autonomic
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what does the somatic system do
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relays info between teh CNS and your muscles
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is the stimulus in somatic voluntary or involuntary
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voluntary
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what could the involuntary stimulus of the somatic be
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a reflex
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what is a reflex
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an unconscious response to stimulus
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what does the autonomic system do
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carries impulses form the CNS to yoru internal organs
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are the responses form autnonomic voluntary or involuntary
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involuntary
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what does the sympathetic nervous system do
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controls organs in times of stress
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what does the parasymathetic nervous system do
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controls organs when the body is at rest
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what are the 2 next branches of the peripheral
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somatic and autonomic
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what are the next 2 branches of the autnonmic nervous sytem
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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label brain picture
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on packet
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what is the cerebrum split into
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2 hemispheres
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what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum connected by
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bundle of nerves
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what does the cerebrum control
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all conscious activities
-memory, intelligence, language, senses, and skeletal muscle movement |
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what is the cerebral cortex
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outer surface of the cerebrum
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what is the cerebral cortex made of
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gray matter
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what does the cerebrum contain
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folds
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what do the folds increase
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surface area
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where is the cerebellum located
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back of the brain
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what does the cerebellum control
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balance, posture, and coordination
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what does injury to cerebellum possibly lead to
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restricted muslce movement
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what is the brain stem made outo f
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pons and midbrain
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what does the medulla oblongata control
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involuntary activies (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
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what do the pons and midbran act as
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pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other
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label nerve cell pic
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on paper
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what are the 3 categories of neurons
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sensory
interneurons motor |
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what does a neuron do
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conducts electrical impulses throughout the body
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what are the 3 parts of a neuron
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cell body
dendrites axon |
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what are dendrites
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branchlike extensions tha treceive impulses and carry them toward the cell body
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what is an axon
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an extension of the neuron that carries impulses away from teh cellb ody and toward other neurons
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sensory neurons
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carry implullses fro the body to the spinal cord or brain
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interneurons
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within the brain and spinal cord; pass response impulses to motor neurons
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motor neurons
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carry the response impulses awy from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland
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a nerve cell at rest is said to be what
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polarized
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neuron membranes are more permeable to what
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potassium
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what does the sodium potassium pump do
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uses atp to pump 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium in
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what does the sodium potassium pump do
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make the outside of the cell more positive and the inside is more negative creating a polar cell
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what excites a neuron
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a stimulus
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when the neuron is excited what rushes into the cell leading to a what charge
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sodium rushes in creating a positively charged inside
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that change is a charge called what
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depolarization
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depolarization moves down the what like a wave
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axon
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neurons lie how
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end to end
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what is the gap between neurons called
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synapse
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most axons are covered by what
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myelin sheath
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what is myelin sheath adn what does it do
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it is a white covering and insultes the axona nd prevents movement of inos across the plasma membrrane
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what is white matter
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the mass of axons in teh brain and spinal cord that have myelin sheaths
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what is gray matter
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the mass of axons without the myelin sheath
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what is the negative feedback system like
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a home thermostat
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what does the negative feedback system do/work
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-the body recognizes a need for hormones and their efefcts, and signals the gland to release it
-once the body detects the hormones or their effects, the body no longer stimulates the gland it stops releasing the hormon |
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where is the pituitary gland found and what is one hormone it makes
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main gland of the system; located in the skull just beneath the hypothalamus, produces human growth hormone
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where is the thyroid and list one hormone
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produces thyroxin and is foundbelow the adam's apple
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where is the parathyroid located and list one hormone
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produces parathyroid homrone and 4 glands are located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland
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where is adrenal gland and what is one hormone
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produces aldosterone and is found ontop of the kidneys
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what does the adrenal cortex hormone make
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glucocorticoid and aldosterone
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what does the adrenal medulla secret
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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where are ovaries and one hormone
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estrogen and found in female reproductive system
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whre are testes and oen hormone
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testosterone an found in male reproductuve system
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label respiratory system
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on paper
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how many lobes does each lung have
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right-3
left-2 |
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what is the pathway of air
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-taken through mouth or nose and enters pharynx
-passes apiglottis and enters larynx -travels down trachea where it reaches 2 bronchi which lead to lungs -bronchi branch into bronchioles which turn branch into microsocpic tubules that open into thousands of thinw alled air saces called alveoli -alveoli surrounded by blood vessels (capialries) |
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what are alveoli
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sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between the air and blood
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what ist he diaphragm
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sheet of muscle that rests below the lungs, separating the chest and abdominal cavities
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what is the action of the cilia
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to prevent materials from reaching the lungs and such thae cells secrete mucus; the cilia beat upward tward the throat which can lead the foreign materials to be swallowed or expelled through coughing or sneezing
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how does smoking affect the lungs
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nictoine paralyzes cilia and constricts blood vessels
-the cilia cleans the air we breathe so when they aren't working right tar and other hazardosu chemicals enter the alveoli -blood vessels contstrict, resulting in impaired gas exchange -it can lead to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer |
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what is the action of the diaphragm
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enbales yout o breathe in and out
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what happens when you inhale
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the muscles between yoru ribs contract and the rib cage rises
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what happens to the diaphragm when you inahel
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contracts, becomes flattened and moves lower in chest cavity which leaves more space in chest caity and air rushes into your lungs
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what happens when you exhale
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the rib muscles relax dropping the ribs down in the chest cavity
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what happens to the diaphragm when you exhale
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it relaxes, returning to its resting position
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what is the almost size yof your heart
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the fist
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what is the characteristic soudn the heart makes
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lub dub
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wha tis the lub
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strong push
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what is the dub
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reloading push
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what makes body parts fall asleep
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when your blood vessels and nervosu get squeezed
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what happens when the right side of your heart squeezes
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sends blood to teh lungs where it gets oxygen and turns red
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what happens when the left side of the heart squeezes
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sends blood to all other parts of the body
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what are the 2 main types of blood cells
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red and white
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there is ___ WBC for every _____ RBCs
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1 for every 1,000
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WBC lives for ____ while RBCs live for ___
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2 weeks and 4 mouths
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what are the 3 types of blood vessels
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arteries
veins capilarries |
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what do arteries do
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taek blood from the heart
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what do veins do
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bring blood back to the heart
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what do capilarries do
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connect arteries and veins
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what 3elements is blood composed of
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blood cells
platelets plasma |
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what are platelets
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cell fragemnts that help blood clot
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what is plasma
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the fluid portion of the blood
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how much percent does plasma make up of blood
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55%
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what is hemoglobin
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a protein molecule that ocntains iron which binds to oxygen
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whta do artieres taper into
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arterioles
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what are arterioles
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smaller blood vessels
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capillaries lead to small what
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venules
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what do venules lead to
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larger veins
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mammals have how many chambers in their hearts
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4
2 upper chambers called atria 2 lower chambers called ventricles |
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blood enters the heart through what
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atria
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what oes the right atria recive
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oxygen poor blood from the head and body through 2 vena cavae
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what does the left atrium recieve
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oxygen rich blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins
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what happens when the atria contract
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pushes blood down the 2 ventricles
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where does the right venticle push the oxygen poor blood to
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the lungs through pulmonary artieres
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where does the left ventricule pum oxygen rich blood
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the body tissues through the larges blood vessel in the body- the aorta
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what is the function of a pacemaker
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a bundle of nerves at the top of the right atrium that controls the heart rate by sending impulses for th atria to contract
-triggers another set of neurons at the base of the right atrium that makes the ventricles contract |
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tonsils
what are thye and function |
-lage clusters of lymph tissue located in the back of the throat.
-protect nasal and oral cavities against bacteria and other pathogens |
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spleen
what is it and function |
stores lymphocytes
-filters out and destroys bacteria na dworn out RBCs -doesn ot filter lymph |
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lymph nodes
what are they and function |
small masses of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph
-they're a type of WBC that defends the body against foreign substances |
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lymph veins
what are they and what do they do |
they are veins in which the lymph tissue fluid is circulated thorugh the system
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thymus gland
what is it and what does it do |
-located above the heart
-stores immature lymphocytes until they mature and are released into the immune system |
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label lymphatic system
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on paper
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function of kidneys
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filter blood and remove wastes
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function of ureters
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tubes that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder
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funciton of bladdr
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smooth muscle sakc that stores solution of wastes
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function of urethra
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tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
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label female urinary system
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on paper
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what are som eof the functions of the urinary system
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-rids yoru body of wates, including ammonia and urea which are both toxic
-controls the level of sodium in blood by absorbing and reabosrbing ions -regulates the pH of the blood by filtering out hydrogen ions and lalowing bicarbonate to be reasorbed back into the blood -you can test urine for abnormalities to diagnose diseases or test for drugs |
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label boy parts
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on paper
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label sperm
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on paper
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label boy insid
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paper
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label girl inside
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paper
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label girl part
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paper
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what is ovulation
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during meisosi II, an egg cell ruptures from the ovary ad enters the oviduct
-remainign follicle in ovary develops into corpus luteum -secretes estrogen and progesterone that prepare sthe uterus to recieve a fertilized egg |
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what is the endometrium
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the lining of the uterus
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what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
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flow phase: 5 days; endometrium is shed
fallicular phase: 6-14 days; follicles mature in the ovary luteal phase - about 13 days; corpus lueteum develops, secretes progesterone and the endometrium prepares for a fertilized egg |
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where does the fetus develop
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the uterus
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