Human Anatomy - Module 1 - Smiley - Incomplete

Front 1

Layers of skin

Back 1

Epidermis - superficial layer of cells + deeper, germinal layer
Dermis - layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

Front 2

Where is skin fixed?

Back 2

Soles of feet, palms of hands and several key areas of face.

Front 3

Control of Skeletal muscles

Back 3

May be voluntary or reflexive.
Controlled by somatic nervous system.

Front 4

How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

Back 4

Tendons, deep fascia or intermuscular septa. Most muscles are attached to bones at their ends. One end is called origin, the other insertion. Insertion points are distal or origin points.

Front 5

Control of involuntary smooth muscles

Back 5

Usually by autonomic nervous system or the endocrine system.

Front 6

Myocardium

Back 6

Cardiac striated muscles

Front 7

Control of cardiac muscles

Back 7

Pacemaker cells; can be modified by the autonomic nervous system.

Front 8

Pennate skeletal muscles

Back 8

Characterized by fibers that run obliquely
Unipennate - run from origin to only one side of the tendon of insertion.
Bipennate - fibers attach to both side of tendon of insertion.
Multipennate - fibers passing obliquely between several tendons of origin and insertion.

Front 9

Strap muscles

Back 9

Have long fibers

Front 10

Appendicular skeleton

Back 10

Comprised of upper and lower extremities including the shoulder and pelvic girdle.

Front 11

Axial Skeleton

Back 11

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum.

Front 12

Two components of skeletal system

Back 12

Appendicular and Axial

Front 13

Layers of bones

Back 13

Compact bone - outer, cortical layer
Spongy bone - inner medullary layer

Front 14

Types of bones

Back 14

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatized (air filled)

Front 15

Long bone development

Back 15

Diaphysis ossified before epiphysis. Growth plates separate diaphysis from epiphysis. Growth plates disappear upon full maturity and epiphysis fuses with diaphysis.

Front 16

What joins muscles to periosteal layers of bone?

Back 16

Tendons

Front 17

Where do periosteal vessels and nutrient arteries enter the bone?

Back 17

nutrient foramina

Front 18

Aponeuroses

Back 18

Broad tendon sheets providing broad insertion of muscles e.g. top of the head

Front 19

Retinaculum

Back 19

Broad band of connective tissue holding down tendons that cross joint e.g. in the wrist (flexor retinaculum)

Front 20

Types of Joints

Back 20

Fibrous - joined by fibrous tissue and relatively immobile e.g sutures of skull
Catilagenous - primary cartilagenous have hyaline cartilage e.g. between ribs and sternum; secondary carilagenous has fibrous cartilage e.g. between intervertebral discs.
Synovial - most common type; highly mobile; covered by hyaline cartilage and bones joined by fibrous capsule; lined by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid.

Front 21

Olecranon bursa

Back 21

Bursa are fluid filled sacs found in joints. Olecranon bursa in the elbow that does not communicate with the joint cavity of the elbow

Front 22

Blood supply to joints

Back 22

Blood vessels (collaterals) form extensive anastomoses to ensure adequate blood supply to joints. Joints are also richly innervated

Front 23

Shwann cells

Back 23

Neuroglial cells that produce myelin sheath surrounding most axons; when myelin is compromised, nerve conduction is compromised.

Front 24

Two divisions of nervous system

Back 24

Central - brain + spinal cord
Peripheral - spinal, cranial, autonomic nerves and their associated ganglia

Front 25

How many spinal nerves in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

Back 25

Eight cervical (C1-C8)
Twelve Thoracic (T1-T12)
Five lumbar (L1 - L5)
Five Sacral (S1 - S5)
One or two Coccygeal (Co)

Front 26

How many cranial nerves and general location?

Back 26

12 pairs; mostly in head and neck but vagus nerve innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera.

Front 27

Spinal nerves

Back 27

Arise from specific segments of the spinal cord via ventral and dorsal roots; are paired.

Front 28

Dermatome

Back 28

specific area of the skin supplied by a particular nerve

Front 29

Autonomic nervous system innervated what parts?

Back 29

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Front 30

Two divisions of autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 30

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic