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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal Na+ conc. in ECF |
135 - 145 mmol/L |
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Normal K+ conc. in ECF |
3.5 - 5 mmol/L |
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Normal Ca+ conc. in ECF |
2.1 - 2.6 mmol/L |
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Normal glucose conc. in ECF (Fasting) |
3.5 - 6 mmol/L |
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Normal glucose conc. in ECF (Non-fasting) |
3.5 - 8 mmol/L |
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Most abundant intracellular cation, main determinant of the resting membrane potential (RMP). |
K+ |
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Used to produce ATP, neurons particularly affected by low levels of this substance |
Glucose |
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Involved in neurotransmission and muscle contraction, essential for coagulation, regulates enzyme function. |
Ca+ |
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Main extracellular cation, largely determines ECF fluid volume and hence influences blood pressure, important in action potential generation in nerve and muscle tissue. |
Na+ |
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Normal "core" body temperature which allows for optimal metabolic and physiological functioning |
Around 37 degrees |
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Symptoms include over-excitability of nerve and muscle (pins and needles, muscle spasms, convulsions) |
Alkalosis |
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Symptoms include lowered neuronal function, unconsciousness |
Acidosis |
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Normal pH of body. |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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Definition of homeostasis |
The maintenance of the internal environment of the body opposing environmental change |
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Definition of tissue |
A collection of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function. |
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Definition of organelle |
A membrane bound compartment or structure in a cell that performs a special function. |
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Definition of cell |
The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. |
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Definition of organ |
A group of tissues that perform a specific function. |
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Definition of organ system |
A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task. |
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Name two functions of connective tissues |
Structure and support |
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Name four functions of epithelial tissues |
Protection, lining, secretion, absorption |
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Name two functions of muscle tissues |
Movement and heat |
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Name two functions of nervous tissues |
Communication and co-ordination |
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Definition of osmolality |
The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram |
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Definition of osmolarity |
The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre |
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Definition of tonicity |
The state of a solution in respect of osmotic pressure (as in the cells would swell or shrink depending on the tonicity of the environment) |
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Definition of the RMP |
The state of nerve fibres at rest in which there is an electrical potential difference between the outside (+), and the inside (-), of the axon membrane |
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Definition of controlled variable |
In homeostasis, any one of the many factors or substances in the body whose level is kept within a certain range. |
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Definition of set point |
The target value for a controlled variable. |
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Definition of reference range |
The values of the controlled variable within acceptable limits |
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Define negative feedback system |
This system opposes the change in the controlled variable and moves it back towards the set point |
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Name the four key parts of the negative feedback system |
Sensor Integrator/control centre Effector Communication pathway/feedback |
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Definition of sensor |
Biological devices capable of detecting changes in the condition of a controlled variable |
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Function of integrator / control centre |
1. Compares actual and set point values 2. Determines and controls the response |
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Function of effectors |
Produces responses which restores the controlled variable to its set point |
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Function of communication pathways / feedback |
Carries signals between components |
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Name two examples of communication pathways |
Nervous and hormonal |
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Definition of positive feedback |
A response to a stimulus that moves the controlled variable even further away from the set point ie. it reinforces the initial change |
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Give two examples of positive feedback |
1. Childbirth 2. Blood clotting |
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Describe 3 symptoms of diabetes mellitus |
Polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger) |
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Name the two types of feed forward mechanisms |
Physiological, behavioural |
