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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compact bone |
stong, good at transmitting force in one direction |
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cancellous bone |
light and spongey and shock absorbing, good at resisting and channelling forces from multiple directions |
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Bones in arm and thigh |
Humerus and femur |
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Bones in shin and forearm |
Forearm- ulna and radius Shin- Fibula and Tibia |
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Bones in hand |
Carpals (8) metacarpals (5) phalanges (14- only two in thumb) |
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bones in foot |
Tarsals (7) metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14) |
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What are the extracellular components of bone |
Organic and inorganic |
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What percent of bone is organic and what is it |
33% is organic and it is collagen this is to resist tension |
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What percent of bone is inorganic and what is it |
67% is inorganic and it is calcium makes bone hard to resist compression |
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What do the Osteogenic cells do |
Stem cells that produce osteoblasts |
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what do the Osteoblasts cells do |
MAKERS - Produce new bone matrix |
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what do the Osteocytes cells do |
MAINTAINERS & COMMUNICATORS -Recycle protein and minerals from matrix |
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what do the Osteoclasts cells do |
DESTROYERS - remove bone matrix |
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What is the macroscopically part of the compact bone |
outer surfaces are dense and inpenetrable holes for blood supply |
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what is the microscopically part of the compact bone |
made up of circumferential lamalle and units called osteons |
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what is an osteon |
longitudinal (lengthwise)unit within compact bone that provides a pathway for nutrients toget to cells in the ECM |
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what is the central canal in an osteon |
contains bloodvessel and nerves |
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what is the lamalle in an osteon |
a series of cylindersformed of ECM around the centralcanal. Form the shape of the osteon Collagen fibres within lamellaeresist forces |
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what is the lacunae in an osteon |
lakes for osteocytes |
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what is the Canalicul in an osteon |
channels for nutrientsthrough ECM |
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how do bones grow width wise |
osteoblasts add bone matrix in the lamellae to bone surface |
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what are the Primary Centres of Ossification |
Diaphyses (shafts) areprimary ossification centres |
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How do bones grow |
Enabled buy epiphyseal plates formed of cartilage starting from puberty epiphyseal plates Start fuse with diaphyses. |
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what are the two types of cartilage |
hyaline and fibrocartilage |
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What is hyaline cartilage |
Collagen fibres are barelyvisible• High water content inmatrix• Function = resistcompression• Smooth, frictionlesssurface |
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what is fibrocartilage |
Collagen fibresform bundlesthroughout matrix• Orientation offibres aligns withstresses• Function = resistcompression ANDtension |
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what are ligaments and tendons made of and function |
Dense fibrous connectivetissue Collagen, Elastin (more stretchy), Fibroblasts (cytes), Function = resist tension Some vascularity butminimal compared withbone Very slow healingfollowing injury |
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what are ligaments purpose |
connect bone to bone |
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what are tendons purpose |
connect bone to muscle |
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what are Cartilaginous Joints |
Some movement• Tissue = fibrocartilage |
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what is a fibrous joint |
ligament with limited movement |
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what is a cartilaginous joint |
made of fibrocartilage with some movement |
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what are synovial joints |
free moving limb joints |
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6 features of synovial joints |
Bone ends Articular cartilage Joint capsule Joint cavity Synovial membrane Ligaments |
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what is a capsular ligament |
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) |
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what are the intracapsular ligament |
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
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what are fibrocartilaginous pads |
menisci in the knee |
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what is range of motion determined by |
• Bone-end shape• Ligament location and length• Body surface contact |
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7 synovial joint shapes |
Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Ellipsoid Saddle Ball & Socket |
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what is the plane joint |
uniaxial sliding and gliding flat articular surfaces |
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what is the hinge joint |
uniaxial flexion and extension movements |
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what is the pivot joint |
uniaxial movement is rotation |
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what is the condylar joint |
biaxial flexion and extension rotation when flexed |
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what is the ellipsoid joint |
biaxial flexion and extension abduction and adduction therefore circumduction no rotation |
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what is the saddle joint |
biaxial + flexion and extension abduction and adduction therefore circumduction obligatory rotation eg thumb |
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what is the ball and socket joint |
multi axial flexion and extension adduction and abduction therefore circumduction rotation |
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which bone is the tibia |
tibia is inside of shin larger one |
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which bone is the fibula |
fibula is the outside of shin fibula is the smaller one |
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which bone is the radius |
outside bone when in anatomical position smaller top but larger bottom |
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which bone is the ulna |
inside bone when in anatomical position larger top but smaller bottom |
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how many carpals and how many tarsals |
8 carpals and 7 tarsals |
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what bone is the humerus |
the bone in your arm |
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what is an isotonic solution |
the ECF and ICF are balanced |
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what is hypertonic |
when the water level of ECF is lower in relation to the ICF |
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what is hypotonic |
when the ECF water level rises way above the ICF |
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Depolarisation |
when stimulus moves above membrane potential |
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Repolarisation |
when stimulus is corrected back to membrane potential |
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how are muscles formed |
Muscle fibres are gathered into bundles called fascicles. Fascicles are gathered into bundles calledmuscles |
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how are muscle fibres formed |
a muscle fibre is comprised of bundles of myofibrils myofibrils are made of repeating units of sarcomeres |
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what are Transverse tubules |
tubular extensions ofthe surface membrane |
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what is the job of transverse tubules |
conduct electricalsignals (action potentials) deep into the core of the fibre |
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what is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
extensive membranous tubular networkassociated precisely with the T tubules atregular intervals. |
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job of the SR |
take up and storeCalcium, then to release Ca2+ into thecytoplasm |
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actin fibres |
the globules of actin assemble to form filamentous protein stands each thin filament is a strand of 2 rows of f-actin |
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myosin fibres |
the thick filament formed from arrays of pairs of myosin molecules with their tails pointed towards the mline forming a complex structure |
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what are the tissues of the body |
epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue |
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what is epithelial tissue |
covers exposed tissue lines internal passageways and chambers forms secretory glands |
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what is the connective tissue |
fills internal spaces provides structure support stores energy |
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muscle tension |
release of ca2+ from the SR |
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what does muscle form depend on |
length of muscle fibre number of muscle fibre arrangement of muscle fibres |
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what are the anatomical levers |
bones= levers joint= pivot muscle contraction= pull/applied force load= external or internal |
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types of levers with muscle attatchements |
First= stabilised joint position Second= Effective at overcoming loads Third= Large range of movement and speed |
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types of muscle contraction |
Concentric isometric eccentric |
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concentric muscle contraction |
muscle is active, develops tension muscle shortens change in joint position |
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isometric muscle contraction |
muscle is active, develops tension muslce has no change in length or joint position |
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eccentric muscle contractoin |
muscle is active, develops tension muscle lengthens change in joint position |
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types of muscle rolls |
agonist antagonist stabaliser neutraliser |
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agonist muscle roll |
shortens muscle |
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antagonist muscle roll |
lengthens muscle |
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stabalisers muscle roll |
when a muscle is active to hold a joint |
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neutralisers muscle roll |
eliminates unwanted movement caused by another muscle |
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shoulder muscles to remember |
biceps brachii triceps brachii deltoid |
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elbow muscles to remember |
biceps brachii triceps brachii |
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hip muscles to remember |
lliopsoas gluteus maximus hamstrings rectus femoris |
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knee muscles to remember |
quadraceps femoris hamstrings gastrocnemius |
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ankle muscles to remember |
tibialis anterior triceps surae |
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capsular ligaments of the hip joint |
pubofemoral lliotemoral ischiofemoral |
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sections of the vertebral collum |
cervial (7) thoratic (12) lumbar (5) |
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3 types of muscle tissue |
skeletal cardiac smooth |
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what is the muscle tissue |
ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts |
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what is the nervous tissue |
sensory input over cranial nerves (brain) sensory input over spinal nerves made of neurons supported by gila |
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primary centres of ossification |
diaphysis |
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ion charges in icf and ecf |
ecf= low k high na icf low na high k |
