Ht11 Dialektologi

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abjad

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writing system where each symbol usually represents a consonant and the reader supplies the appropriate vowel

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affix

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morpheme attached to a word stem to form a new word

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agreement

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cross-reference between different parts of a sentence of phrase

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allomorph

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variant form of morpheme which occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound without changing meaning

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allophone

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one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme

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alphabet

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writing system where each written symbol represents a phoneme in spoken language

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alveolar

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(consonant) articulated with the tounge against or close to the alveolar ridge: t, n

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aspect

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for verbs, defines the temporal flow of a given action, event or state

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assimilation

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phonological process where a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound

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back vowel

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vowels formed with the tongue as far back in the mouth as possible: [u], [o]

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bilabial

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consonant articulated with both lips: [p], [b], [m]

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borrowing

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use of loanwords; where a word is borrowed from one language to another

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broadening

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semantic change in which a word aquires a broader meaning than initially

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case

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inflectional form of a noun, pronoun or adjective that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase or sentence

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central vowel

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vowel formed with the tongue positioned halfway between a front vowel and back vowel: [ə]

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compound

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a lexeme/word consisting of more than one stem

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conjugation

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modification of a verb from its basic form according to person, number, tense or other grammatical categories

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continuum

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dialect continuum; a range of dialects spoken across geographical area that differ only slightly

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coordination

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a syntactic structure that links together two or more elements (known as conjuncts); ‘and’, ‘or’

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cuneiform

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writing system that emerged in Smer around the 30th century BC, one of the earliest known forms of written expression, initially pictographical (any script made of wedge-shaped signs)

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deletion

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removal of sound from a word, often for easier pronuncation

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diacritic

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a glyph added to a letter/glyph to change its sound value (Latin alphabet) or perform other functions (vowel diacritics in Arabic)

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dialect

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language variant

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diglossia

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when two dialects or languages are used by a single language community: everday vernacular language and a highly codified, formal variety

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diphthong

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two adjacent vowel sounds occuring within the same syllable; a vowel with two different targets

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dissimilation

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similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar

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distinctive feature

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the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory; class features, manner features etc

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dual

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grammatical number that refers to two of the entities indicated by the noun or verb

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epiglottis

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flap made of elastic cartilage tissue attached to the entrance of the larynx. epiglottal: consonant articulated with the larynx against the epiglottis

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geminate

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when a spoken consonant is pronounced for a longer period of time than a short consonant (Arabic: shadda)

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gender

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a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words

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glottal stop

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type of consonantal sound produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract, [ʔ]. (MSA: hamza)

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grapheme

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smallest semantically distinguishing unit in a written language, does not carry meaning by itself; letters, punctuation marks, etc

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hard palate

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thin plate of the skull located in the roof of the mouth. essential in forming sounds such as [t], [d]

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hieroglyphics

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high vowel

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close vowel, vowel formed with the tongue position as close as possible to the roof of the mouth: [i], [u], [y]

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ideolect

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a variety of language unique to an individual

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imala

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vowel shift found in many dialects of Arabic where [æ] is raised and becomes [e] or [ɛ] in certain contexts

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imperative

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grammatical mood of verbs which commands or urges the audience to act a certain way

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indicative

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grammatical mood of verbs used for factual statements and positive beliefs

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inflection

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modification of a word to express different grammatical categories (tense, case, number etc)

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intelligibility

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[mutual intelligibility] a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort

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interrogative

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function word used for the item interrupted in an information statement; who, what

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irregular

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word that falls outside the standard pattern of inflection

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isogloss

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geographical boundary of a linguistic feature

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jargon

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terms associated with a particular sphere of activity, profession or group

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laryngeal

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glottal consonant, articulated with the glottis.

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lexeme

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abstract unit of morphological analysis that corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word

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lexical category

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linguistic category of words/lexical items generally defined by syntactic or morphological behaviour

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lexicon

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a language’s vocabulary, inventory of lexemes

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liquids

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class of consonants consisiting of lateral consonants together with rhotics

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loan words

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words borrowed from one word to another

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logogram

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grapheme which represents a word or morpheme

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low vowel

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open vowel, vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth; [a]

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manner of articulation

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how the tongue, lips, jaw and other speech organs are involved in making a sound

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metathesis

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a sound change that alters the order of phonemes in a word; nuclear --> nucular

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metathesis

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a sound change that alters the order of phonemes in a word; nuclear --> nucular

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mid vowel

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vowel produced with the tongue position midway between an open and closed vowel, [ə]

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minimal pair

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pairs of words or phrases in a language, which differ in only one phonological element and have distinct meaning

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mood

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morphological feature of verbs to signal modality, expressing how the verb’s containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality

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morpheme

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smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language

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morphology

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the study (identification, analysis and description) of morphemes and other linguistics units such as words, affixes etc

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narrowing

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semantic change from superordinate to subordinate level, meaning of a word becomes narrower

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nasal

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sound produced with air escaping both through the mouth and the nose

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number

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grammatical category that expresses count distinctions

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official language

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language that is given special legal statues in a country or other jurisdiction; typically the language used in the jurisdiction’s courts and administration

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oral language

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spoken language which has no standard written form

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palatal

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consonant articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate

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person

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reference to a participant in an event, the speaker, the addressee or other; affects verbs and possessive relationships

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phonetic alphabet

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an alphabet/system for transcribing the precise sounds of human speech into writing

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phonogram

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a grapheme which represents a phoneme or combination of phonemes

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phonology

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study of the sounds of language, the function, behaviour and organization of sounds as linguistic items

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pictogram

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ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to an object

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place of articulation

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the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (tongue) and a passive location (roof of the mouth)

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plural

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concept of quantity representing a value of more than one

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predicate

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one of the two main parts of a sentence, modifies the subject

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pronoun

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type of noun that refers anaphorically to another noun or noun phrase

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root

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primary lexical unit of a word which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents

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schwa

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unstressed and tonal neutral vowel; mid-central vowel [ə]

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semantics

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the study of meaning of human language, the relation between signifiers such as words, phrases and their denotata, what they stand for

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sibilant

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manner of articulation of fricative and affricate consonant by directing stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth held close together; [s]

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sociolect

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variety of language associated with a social group; socioeconomic class, ethnic group, age group etc

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sonorant

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speech sound produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract, ie vowels

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standard language

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language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse

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state

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construct state; semantically definite nouns modified by another noun in a genitive construction. OR political unit with control over an area and the people residing in the area

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stop

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consonant produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract

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stress

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relative emphasis given to certain syllables in a word or word in a phrase; phonetic prominence inside syllables

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subject

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one of two main constituents of a clause; noun or noun phrase which governs agreement on a verb

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suffix

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affix placed after the stem of a word

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syllabary

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set of written symbols that represent syllables

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syntax

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the study of principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in languages; the rules ad principles that govern sentence structure of a language

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tense

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grammatical category that locates a situation in time to indicate when the situation takes place

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transcription

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systematic representation of language in written form

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transliteration

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the practice of converting a text from one script into another

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voiced

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speech sound pronounced with vocal cord vibration

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voiceless

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speech sound pronounced without vocal cord vibration

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corpus

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collection of texts that are a representative sample of a language for linguistic analysis

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derivative

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process which creates new lexemes from existing ones, such as through affixes (politics - politician)

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dialect

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any variety of a language, including the standard

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distinctive feature

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the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory

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feature

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grammatical contrasts added to lexemes in inflection, such as singular vs. plural, first person vs. second

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fricative

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consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators closed together: lower lip against upper teeth ([f]), back of the tongue against the soft palate ([x]), etc

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front vowel

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vowel sound produced with the tongue positioned as far in front as possible: [i], [a]

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glide

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sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel but functions as a syllable boundary rather than nuckeus

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hieroglyphics

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ideographic writing system, where the symbols represent an idea or concept

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idiom

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phrase which does not get its meaning exclusively from its parts but rather metaphorical interpretations etc

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pharynx

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part of the throat situated under the mouth and nasal cavity, anterior to the esophagus and larynx. pharyngeal consonant is [ʕ]

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phoneme

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the smallest segmental unit of sound in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning, group of sounds that are perceived by the speaker to be the same sound

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regular

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word that behaves according to the standard pattern of inflection

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round

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vowel formed with the lips rounded. usually back vowels

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script

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a writing system, symbolic system used to represent elements or statements in a language

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shared trait

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traits shared between related or unrelated languages, used to define linguistic areas

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singular

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concept of quantity representing a value of one

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soft palate

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soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth, does not contain bone

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unround

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vowel formed with the lips relaxed, without rounding the lips. usually front vowels

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uvula

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tissue projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate. uvulars, consonants articulated with the back of the tounge against/near the uvula.

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velar

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consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate. [g], [k]

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word

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smalles independent unit of language, one that can be seperated from other such units in an utterance

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written language

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representantion of a language using a writing system, often divergent from spoken language

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dental

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consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, [t], [d]