Hss1100D - Spirochetes

Front 1

Spiral-shaped, gram-negative, microorganisms.

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Spirochetes.

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Treponema, Leptospira, and Borrelia are examples of..

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Spirochetes.

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Cause of syphilis, yaws, and pinta.

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Treponema.

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Cause of leptospirosis.

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Leptospira.

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Cause of relapsing fever (Lyme disease).

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Borrelia.

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Spiral- shaped, non cultivable in vitro, and practically invisible in routine staining procedures.

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Treponema pallidum

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The infection caused by T. pallidum.

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Syphilis

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Infection caused by T, pallidum that is often sexually transmitted with chronic evolution in several stages.

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Syphilis

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Stages of the evolution of Syphilis.

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Primary, Secondary, Latent, Late

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Stage of syphilis characterized by the appearance of a sore or chancre 3-4 weeks after infecting contact.

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Primary syphilis.

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Darkfield examination of secretions from a sore during Primary syphilis will show a presence of..

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treponemes

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The stage of syphilis that occurs about 6 weeks after the appearance of a chancre, with a generalized or localized rash, and mucous lesions abounding with treponemes and generalized lymphadenopathy.

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Secondary syphilis.

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Enlarged or diseased lymph nodes are known as..

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lyphadenopathy

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Spontaneous remission may occur after either of these phases of syphilis.

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Primary or Secondary

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Stage of syphilis in which infected individuals have no manifestations of infection.

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Latent syphilis

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After what amount of time in the latent stage of syphilis is it (generally) no longer communicable?

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4 years

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Pregnant women can transmit syphilis in latent stage to the fetus via this method of infection..

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congenital infection

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This stage of syphilis is generally due to obliterative endarteritis, and can involve skin and muscousae, cardiovascular or nervous system, and all tissues can be involved.

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Late syphilis

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This condition closes the lumen of the arteries and can lead to obstruction.

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obliterative endarteritis

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The main diagnostic tool of syphilis.

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Serology

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Serology will show this result at some point in Primary syphilis.

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positive

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Serology will show almost 100% positivity in these stages of syphilis.

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Secondary and Latent

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Serology will show a slight decline, but still positive result in this stage of syphilis.

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Late

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The two types of syphilis serology are:

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Treponomal and Non-Treponomal

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This type of syphilis serology uses a cardiolipin antigen that is not extracted from treponemes.

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Non-treponemal

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This type of syphilis serology uses whole treponemes or treponemal extracts.

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Treponemal

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Two types of treponemal tests are used in Ontario, they are:

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FTA-ABS and MHA-TP

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FTA-ABS stands for:

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fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

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MHA-TP stands for:

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microhaemagglutination T. pallidum

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These type of tests are used as screening tests, are positive early, and become negative or fall in titer after successful treatment.

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Non-treponemal tests

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This test is the scientific study of blood serum and bodily fluids.

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Serology

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This can be used to identify the organisms from the exudate of the lesions of the patient, but must be done immediately in order for the organisms to remain active.

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darkfield microscopy.

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a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out.

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exudate.

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This infection is caused by the spirochete Borrelis burgdoferi.

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Lyme disease.

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Disease transmitted by an Ixodes tick bite.

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Lyme disease.

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The three stages of the Ixodes tick life cycle are..

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larva, nymph, and adult

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Diagnosis of Lyme disease is usually confirmed by..

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serology.

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Clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease will have either or both of the following..

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erythma migrans, or one late manifestation (musculoskeletal, nervous system, or cardiovascular)

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The name of the rash that is often present in Lyme disease.

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erythma migrans.

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Microscopy is not recommended for diagnosis of Lyme disease, because this is rearely seen in clinical specimens.

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Borrelia burgdoferi

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This is the most common method used for diagnosis of Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme disease).

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Serology

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The two type of serology most commonly used in diagnosis of Lyme disease are..

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ELISA and immunofluorescence

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All serological tests for BOrrelia birgdoferi are fairly insensitive during this time period.

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the first 2-4 weeks of infection

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ELISA is the preferred method for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease because..

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it is better at identifying all stages of the disease.

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Early Lyme disease can be treated with these three drugs.

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Doxyxycline, Amoxicillin, or Cefuroxime.

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Prolonged treatment is necessary for patients with Lyme disease who also have these types of manifestations.

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Neurologic or Musculoskeletal

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The vaccine for Borreliaa burgdoferi is directed against this..

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the ospA antigen of the organism.

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This spirochete can cause sub-clinical infection, mild flu-like illness, or a severe systemic disease (Weil's disease)

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Leptospira interrogans

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Severity of infection with Leptospira interrogans is dependent on these three variables.

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number of infection organisms, the host's immune system, and the virulence of the strain

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These spirochetes are thin and highly motile, and enter the body through small cuts and abrasions, then disseminate into the bloodstream and affect all tissues including the central nervous system.

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Leptospira interrogans

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Treatments for Leptospira interrogans for severe infection are..

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intravenous penicillin or ampicillin.

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Treatments for Leptospira interrogans for milder infections are..

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oral ampmicillin, amoxicillin, or doxycycline.