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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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health
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a state of complete physical, mental, and emotional well being; not just the absense of disease or infirmity
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wellness
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process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction (based on your actions)
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allopathic
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the process of western medicine that helps with symptoms of disease
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holistic health
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when the whole person is healthy, and no one side causes stress for the others
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self care
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actions taken by individuals on behalf of their own health
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disease prevention
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health protecting behaviors directed toward decreasing the probability of encountering illness
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health promotion
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focuses on actions designed to maintain a current healthy state or advance to a more desirable state
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personal health
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actions and decisions you make that affect your own individual health
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community health
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issues, events, and activities related to the health of a whole population or a community
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What is culture defined by?
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1. a common language
2. similarities in dietary practices 3. common patterns of dress 4. predictable socialization 5. shared values and beliefs |
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ethnicity
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sense of identity individuals draw from a common ancestry
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race
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a term used to describe ethnic groups based on physical characteristics
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acculturation
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the degree to which an individual gives up the traits of one cultural and adopts those of a dominant culture
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bicultural
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functioning in two cultures
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ethnocentrism
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the assumption that the beliefs and practices of ones own culture are true or correct
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ethnosensitivity
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an openness to and respect for cultural and ethnic differences in values customs and practices
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Why are there more health related problems for minoritys in the US?
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due to social and economic conditions,
discrimination, poverty, and limited access to health care |
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Health Belief Model
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developed to figure out why people make unhealthy decisions since they know its bad
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According to the HBM, what are health behaviors influenced by?
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health concern,
perceived threat, perceived barriers concerns |
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Transtheorietical Model
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based on
1. stages of change 2. decision of balance 3. self efficacy 4. situational temptation |
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Name the stages of change in the TM
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precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
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Decision balance ™
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based on a pro's and con's weighing scale
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Self -Efficacy TM
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a person must have confidence that they can complete the task (a person can still do bad behaviors though)
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Situational Temptation TM
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this occurs at every stage, it is important to understand what triggers it
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Name 7 ways to help behavior change
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assessing readiness to change,
framing health messages, signing a behavior change contract, structuring rewards, using social support, developing self efficacy, preventing relapse |
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Framing Health Messages
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messages that are positive that help motivate,gain and scare messages are used as well
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Name factors that limit health
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race and SES
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healthy people 2010
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a health plan used by the government to better individuals lives corresponding with the community
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cohort studies
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a group of people are studied over time
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retrospective studies
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recalling specific behaviors from their past
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prospective studies
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watching people over time to understand a disease
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clinical studies
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studies with a placebo in a lab
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Name the top health concerns of the US
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physical activity, obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, responsible sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, enviornmental equality, immunization, access to health care
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How many chromosomes does a cell contain?
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23 pairs
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What are chromosomes made of?
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DNA
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Genes
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sequence of DNA that encodes a protein ; unit of heredity
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allels
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the varing types of genes - blue green or brown eyes
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autosomes
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chromosomes 1 - 22
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sex chromosomes
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the 23rd pair
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mutations
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occur during meiosis; alterations in base changes in genes
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single gene disorder
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a mutation in one gene
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polygenic disorder
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many genes have mutation
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multi-factorial disorders
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disorders caused by influences in the enviornment
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Name the types of single gene disorders
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autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive disorders, sex linked
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How many copies of the gene need to be present for the autosomal dominant disorder?
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one
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How many copies of the gene needs to be present for the autosomal recessive disorder?
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two
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carrier
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a person who has the gene but does not show physical signs of the disease
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In sex linked disorders, which chromosome has a mutation on it?
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the X - males only need on mutated X and girls need 2 mutated X's
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Which two types of mutations are hard to distinguish between?
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polygenic and mulitfactorial disorders
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chromosomal disorders
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result of a mutation on an entire chromosome
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What group is the most affected by the Sickle cell disease?
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Africans
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What happens to someone with Sickle cell disease?
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their cells do not form circles and get caught easily forming clots and damaging areas of the body
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How many copies of the gene are needed to allow someone to have sickle cell disease?
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2
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What ethnicity does tay sach's disease affect?
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jewish decent
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What happens in tay sachs disease?
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enzymes that break down fat are not present and the fat ends up in the brain
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What is the most common genetic disorders in the United states?
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Name an example of polygenic, multifactorial, and chromosomal disorders
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polygenic - heart disease, cancers, diabetes
Multifactorial - heart disease, cancers, diabetes Chromosomal - down syndrome, Turners syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome |
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What does Cystic Fibrosis do to people?
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it produces a protien that creates a mucus that clogs lungs, pancrease, and digestion
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All of the ethnic disorders have what type of gene disorder?
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autosomal recessive disorder
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What type of gene disorder is schizophrenia?
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multifactorial
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World Health Organization
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state health as having four parts including mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health
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What are the limits to behavioral change in BHM and TM?
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they don't consider poverty, enviornment, genes, racial inequality, cultures
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Name the components of a pedigree
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birth date, major disease, age, cause of death
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Human Genome Project
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an international group of scientists who work together on genetic information
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Flushing Syndrome
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a syndrome that when they drink achohol they feel sick so they don't drink (asians)
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Diagnostic Test
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confirms a self diagnosis
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Predictive Tests
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tests that predict by family history, the problems in the future
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Presymptomatic tests
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tests for mutations that will ensure the disease to appear later on (predictive test)
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Predispositional tests
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a test that will detect a mutation that will increase chances of a disease
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Carrier tests
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a test that studies a recessive gene that has a mutation
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Prenatal Screening Tests
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finding out mutations in the baby before its born
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New Born screening tests
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this is used to find a mutation and then try to cope with it before the child has a problem
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Name some ways to manage or treat genetic disorders
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dietary modification,
medications, envriornmental adaptations, and gene therapy |
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gene therapy
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putting effective genes in the defective ones
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Parental Eugenics
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selective breeding, or controlling a groups reproductive choices
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What have we learned through the Human Genome Project?
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1. the number of genes in humans
2. that there are no genetic differences between races |
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self actualization
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the state at which a person has reached their full potential
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resilience
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the ability to bounce back from adverse events
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Name some characteristics of resilient people
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empathetic,
independent, demonstrate initiative and creativity, secure personal relationships, take responsibility for their behavior, have a sense of humor |
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spiritual intelligences
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attaining connectivness to the rest of the world
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emotional intelligences
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the kind of intelligence that includes an understanding of emotional experience, self awareness, and sensitivity to others
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Name the most common neurotransmitters in mental disorders
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norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA
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When does the growth spurt of the frontal cortex occur?
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in the teenage brain
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What is the link between mental and physical health?
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both require to eat healthy, exercising, getting enough sleep, and being active in challenging stuff
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Diathesis stress model
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a model of mental illness exsists but it needs something to trigger it to occur
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protective factors vs risk factors
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Protective - factors in the diathesis stress model that buffer the person from the illness
Risk - increase the individual's risk for getting an illness |
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Name the characteristics of healthy people
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high self esteem
accept imperfections sense of control over their lives demonstrate social competance comfortable with others not over whelmed by fear/love do not respond to negitivity optimistic altruistic do not fear differences capacity of intimacy appreciate creativity take risks in order to grow resilient |
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theory of psycosocial development
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Ericson's theory that personality develops through 8 stages
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Name the stages of psycosocial development
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trust,
autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativy, integrity |
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Name the types of mental disorders
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Schizophrenia
Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Alzheimer's Disease |
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Name the types of mood disorders
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bipolar disorder
depression unipolar disorder |
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Name the genetic link in Schizophrenia
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there is a genetic link
it may also be caused by environmental surroundings as well |
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Name the role of genetics in mood disorders
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there appears to be a genetic gene, but no one gene contributes to it
may also be cause my environmental surroundings |
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Name the types of anxiety disorders
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panic disorders
OCD generalized panic disorder |
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Name the genetic role in anxiety disorders
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there is a genetic link in them
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Name the genetic role in Alzheimer's Disease
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there is a genetic component but there are also environmental contributions
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What is the role of genetics in personality?
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there is a genetic link in temperament in personality
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Dsythmic Disorder
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chronic depression
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sepcific phobia
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intense fear of an activity situation or object that causes anxiety
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Agoraphobia
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anxiety about being in situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing
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social phobia
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an intense fear of social or performance situations
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generalized anxiety disorder
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a disorder that is characterized general worrying
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name the types of psycotic disorders
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delusional disorder
brief psychotic disorder schizophrenia |
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delusional disorders
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psychotic disorder characterized by one or more bizarre delusions that persist for at least a month
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brief psycotic disorder
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disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms lasting at least a day but less than a month
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schizophrenia
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a severe psychotic disorder in which a person experiences delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior and sometimes a diminishing of normal functioning
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case management
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a group of people who help those with schizophrenia in all aspects of their lives
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Name the personality disorders
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antisocial personality disorder
narcissistic disorder histrionic personality disorder |
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antisocial personality disorders
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people who disreguard others thoughts and have no remose about it
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narcissistic personality disorder
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lack of empathy and unable to identify with others
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histrionic personality disorder
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people who always want to be the center of attention and are excessively emotional and inappropriately seductive
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psycodynamic therapies
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treatments based on the view that psycological problems arise from maladaptive behaviors developed in the client's past
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behavioral therapies
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treatments based on the view that psychological problems arise from faulty learning and that new healthy behaviors can be instilled through behavior modification
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cognitive behavioral therapies
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treatments that incorporate the role of human cognition into the causes of psycological problems focusing on how faulty and illogical thinking can influence emotions
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eustress
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positive stress
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distress
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negative stress
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How does adenosine contribute to sleeping
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it accumulates the cells together and it signals the brain when there are too many used cells to go to sleep
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Name the brain cycles that are in sleep
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Non Rapid eye movement and Rapid Eye Movement
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How much time do you spend in NREM?
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75%
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Name the stages of NREM
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alpha brain waves, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 4
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Stage 1 NREM
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they are half awake, beginning to fall asleep
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Stage 2 NREM
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this is the beginning of sleep, 10 - 20 mins, no more muscle movement
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Stage 3 NREM
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consists of theta and beta brain waves
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Stage 4 NREM
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blood flow drops breathing slows, deep sleep 20-40mins
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REM
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this is 70 - 90 mins after you fall asleep, your brain begins to function as if you were awake, all body parts are paralyzed
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What part of the brain makes the body paralyzed?
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pons
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What does REM do for the brain?
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it allows the brain to store information long term using REM rebound effect
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REM rebound effect
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the idea that you get longer REM periods after sleep deprivation
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How many sleep cycles do you get in a night?
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4 or 5
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Which cycle do you spend the most time in?
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NREM 2 and REM sleep
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What happens to sleep cycles with age?
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less melatonin and growth hormone decline making less deep sleep
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What are differences in men and women's sleeping patterns?
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men have longer REM and women have longer deep sleeps
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dyssomnias
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a type of sleep disorder that the timeing or quality of sleep is disturbed
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Insomnia
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difficulty falling or staying asleep
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central sleep apnea
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a form of apnea that the brain fails to inform the diaphram to move
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obstructive sleep apnea
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this occurs in people who are over weight and have an obstruction in the air way
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narcolepsy
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falling asleep at inconvient times
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Hypersomnia
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getting adequate amounts of sleep but still being tired throughout the day
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circadian rhythm sleep disorder
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their body is not in sync with their enviornment
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parasomnia
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physiological functioning during sleep
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What phase does sleep walking occur in?
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3 and 4
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nocturnal eating disorder
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a person rises from the night to eat and drink
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night eating disorder
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the person is awake and eats in the middle of the night
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nightmare disorder
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experiences nightmares during the REM stage
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REM behavior disorder
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allows person to move around during dreaming
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sleep latency test
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measures how long it takes you to fall asleep
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Multipule sleep latency test
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where you lie in a room and try not to resist sleep during the day
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Name some habits that are helpful to establish
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maintain a regular sleep schedule,create a sleep friendly enviornment, avoid caffeine, get exercise, manage stress, avoid eating, be smart about napping, consider your bed partner
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rebound insomnia
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once a sleep aide is not used anymore one feels even more tired than when they started the sleep aide
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Name alternative ways of sleeping other than pills
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aroma therapy, herbs, melatonin
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stress response
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the flight or fight response that provides a burst of energy to deal with percieved threat or danger
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What is the flight or fight response controlled by?
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the nervous system and the endocrine system
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Name the parts of the nervous system
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somatic and autonomic
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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involuntary unconcious function
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Name the parts of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Sypmathetic
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initiating fight or flight
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parasympathetic
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responsible for turning off the stress response
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hypothalamus
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part of the brain that activated and coordinates the autonomic nervous system
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Corticoids
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homones released by the adrenal cortex by the hypothalamus
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Name the corticoids released
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epinepherine (adrenaline)
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acute stress
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stress that does not happen often or for a long time where our body can recover
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chronic stress
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a problematic kind of stress that occurs often
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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a psycological model used to describe the different responses to stress
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Name the parts of the GAS
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alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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psychoneurommunology
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a field of study that focuses on the immune, endocrine, and nervous system
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Type A Behavior Patterns
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individuals who are goal oriented, need to be in control, have to have a schedule
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hostility
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directly related to heart disease
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Type B Behavior Patterns
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laid back, less driven, relaxed
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Type C Behavior Patterns
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bottle stress up
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hardiness
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a style of coping with stress that thinks of events as challenges rather than threats
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Name sources of stress
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life events, daily hassles, time pressure, overload, technostress, workaholism, burnout, college, family, anger, financial situations, illness, societal issues, truama
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Name some stress reduction stradigies
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time management, social support, maintaining a healthy lifestyle
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Name some relaxation techniques
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deep breathing, progressive relaxation, meditation, visualization, biofeedback
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Name the effects of sleep deprivation
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irritability,performance level lowered, body is more likely to get disease, gain weight
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sleep debt
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the difference between the amount of sleep attainted and the amount of sleep needed, when the amount attainted is less than needed
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circadian rhythms
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daily 24hr cycles of physiological and behavioral functioning
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What are circadian rhythms controlled by?
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suprachiasmatic nuclei
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What does the suprochiasmatic nuclei release?
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melatonin causing sleepyness
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What are suprachiasmatic nuclei sensitive to?
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light
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