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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the negative feedback loop in the endocrine system |
1. Hormone release Triggered by stimulus 2. Hormones reach target cells 3. Response 4. Increased hormone levels in blood inhibits further hormone release 5. Negative feedback prevents chemical imbalance in the body |
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Characteristics of hormones |
-they speed up or slow down body processes by regulating the metabolic function of other body cells -The circulate in blood and bind to specific proteins on target cells -they are found in low concentrations in the blood |
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True or false some glands produce more than one hormone |
True |
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True or false? if you take out one gland another May compensates in releasing hormones |
True |
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What are the two types of hormones |
Steroid hormones and the protein hormones |
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What are steroid hormones made of |
Cholesterol and lipids solubles. This means that they can diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. |
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What are some examples of steroid hormones |
Testosterone ,estrogen and cortisol |
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Protein hormones are made of what |
They’re made of amino acids and water soluble material. this means that they cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. only through active transport can they diffuse |
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What are some examples of protein hormones |
Epinephrin, hGH, thyroxin and insulin |
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What does the pituitary gland do |
Controls the action of many other glands in the body. it is located in the sella Turcica of the sphenoid bone. Is approximately the size of a pea |
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Some characteristics of the pituitary lobes are |
-it is made up of the posterior and anterior lobe’s -it is made up of nervous tissue -it stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
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What is the anterior pituitary lobe and what does it produce |
It is part of the pituitary gland made up of endocrine tissue and it produces its own hormones. four of them are tropic (ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH) Target and stimulate endocrine glands there another two that are non-tropic and target non endocrine tissue (hGH, PRL) |
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Insulin response to what |
High blood glucose levels |
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What cell releases insulin |
The beta cells |
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During the release of insulin from the pancreas what does the liver do |
Converts glucose to glycogen |
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The release of insulin causes what to the body cells |
Causes them to become more permeable to glucose |
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The trigger for negative feedback in insulin is what |
Lowering in blood glucose level |
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The body cells most affected by the insulin’s effect is |
The liver and muscles |
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Hypersecretion of insulin results in |
Hypoglycaemia |
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Hyposecretion of insulin results in |
Diabetes mellitus or hyperglycaemia |
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Diabetes mellitus type one is |
Juvenile diabetes which results in no insulin being released usually occurs in children and is characterized by extreme thirst, glucose in urine, and high blood pressure |
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Diabetes type two is |
Usually coming with older age and causes the body to have no response to insulin. it has the same characteristics as type one diabetes with glucose in the urine, extreme thirst and high blood pressure |
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What is glucagon |
It is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood |
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What type of cells release glucagon into the blood from the pancreas |
Alpha cells |
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The release of glucagon affects what parts of the body |
Muscles, the liver and body cells |
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With the release of glucagon what organ converts glycogen to glucose |
The liver |
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Hypersecretion of glucagon causes what |
Diabetes because of the excess glucose produced |
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Hyposecretion of the glucagon hormone causes what |
More fat being stored in the liver |
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Epinephrin does what |
It is first secreted by the adrenal Medulla and it causes sympathetic nervous system’s to trigger. it is for short term stress and it increases breathing rate, heart rate, blood glucose, metabolism, and blood flow to the heart and muscles |
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What is cortisol |
Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is a response to stress recovery. it stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver to recover from stress. the release of cortisol triggers fats to be broken down into fatty acids and amino acids not used for protein synthesis. blood glucose uptake is inhibited and the brain is not affected. the amino acids convert to glucose and the negative feedback is triggered by cortisol in blood and cell recovery. |
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Aldosterone is |
Secreted by the adrenal cortex it targets the kidney tubules to increase blood volume and regulate water balance but increasing reabsorption of sodium from urine it is triggered by low-water volume and low sodium in the blood. the increase of sodium causes water to follow. |
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Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes what |
Hyperaldosteronism |
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Hyposecretion of aldosterone is |
Addison’s disease |
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What is ADH |
It is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is an anti-diuretic hormone. It increases reabsorption of water from urine to bloodstream in response to dehydration |
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Hyposecretion of ADH is |
Diabetes insipidus which is characterized by constant thirst and constant urination caused by hypothalamic trauma |
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HGH is the human growth hormone and is |
Secreted by the anterior pituitary. it causes mitosis in order to simulate growth and promotes breakdown of fats into fatty acids in the blood. it raises blood glucose and uses fat as an energy source |
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Hypersecretion of HGH causes |
Gigantism |
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Hypo secretion of HGH causes |
Dwarfism |
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The male hormones are |
Secreted by the anterior pituitary and start with the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus this hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH |
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What does FSH do in males |
Increases sperm production in males |
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What does LH do in males |
Regulates the production of testosterone |
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What is GnRH |
It is a chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary |
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What does testosterone do |
it increases muscle, bone and hair growth |
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What do the female hormones do |
The hypothalamus releases GnRH to the pituitary which releases FSH and LH |
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What does FSH in females do |
Causes growth in ovarian follicles. these follicles secrete oestrogen which causes the endometrium to thicken and causes LH release midcycle. |
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In females what does LH do |
It causes ovulation mid cycle and it causes development of the corpus luteum. it also secretes oestrogen and progesterone and a drop in oestrogen and progesterone stimulate FSH production for a new cycle |
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In the negative feedback loop high oestrogen inhibits what |
FSH production |
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Oxytocin is |
Released from the posterior pituitary and it causes uterine contractions during labour |
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Prolactin is |
Secreted by the pituitary in response to baby suckling and causes the reflex to secrete milk from milk ducts |
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Calcitonin does what |
It is secreted from the thyroid and lowers calcium levels in the blood in acts on the bone cells to increase uptake of calcium |
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PTH is |
Secreted by the parathyroid and increases calcium levels in the blood. it causes kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium and promotes calcium release from bone and inhibits the release of calcitonin |
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Thyroxin is |
Secreted by the thyroid and regulates body metabolism and growth and differentiation of tissue. approximately 65% of thyroid secretion a thyroxine |
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Hypersecretion of PTH causes |
Hypercalcaemia or hyperparathyroidism |
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Hypo secretion of PTH causes |
Hypoparathyroidism or hyperphosphatemia |
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Hypersecretion of thyroxin causes |
Thyrotoxicosis or graves disease |
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Hyposecretion Of thyroxin causes |
Hypothyroidism or cretinism |
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Gonado glands release |
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone |
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Gonado glands release |
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone |
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Adrenal medulla releases |
Epinephrine, (norepinephrine, adrenaline) |
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Gonado glands release |
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone |
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Adrenal medulla releases |
Epinephrine, (norepinephrine, adrenaline) |
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Adrenal cortex releases |
Cortisol, aldosterone |
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Pancreas releases |
Insulin, glucagon |
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Pancreas releases |
Insulin, glucagon |
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Posterior pituitary releases |
Oxytocin, ADH |
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Pancreas releases |
Insulin, glucagon |
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Posterior pituitary releases |
Oxytocin, ADH |
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Hypothalamus releases |
All hormones ending in RH |
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Where are the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids produced |
In the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid (raises blood sugar in response to stress) and aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid (raises blood pressure in response to stress) |
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What are affects of chronic stress (long term stress) |
1.high aldosterone ( high blood pressure leading to heart damage) 2.high cortisol ( leads to diabetes and makes the body more susceptible to infection) 3.fats used as energy source (impaired thinking) |
