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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulation |
Joint |
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Axial skeleton |
Head, spine, ribs and sternum |
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Endosteum |
Thin membrane of connective tissue Lines the marrow cavity of bone |
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Periosteum |
Thin membrane of tissue Covers bone except at articulation Provides vessels, bone cells and attachments for tendons and ligaments |
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Piezoeletric |
Quality of bones in which they vibrate and deform slightly when electricity passes through them Also produced small electric current when deformed or compressed This determines bone formation (follows piezoelectric current) |
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Sesamoid |
Round bones often embedded in tendons and joint capsules Largest is patella Considered type of irregular bone |
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Trabeculae |
Irregular mesh of small bony plates that make up spongy bone Spaces filled with red marrow |
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Spine |
Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5 fused Coccyx 4 fused |
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How many bones in body |
206 |
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How many facial and cranial bones |
14 facial 8 cranial |
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Appendicular skeleton |
Limbs and their attachments |
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Ossification |
Aka calcification Process of building bone by depositing calcium salts into tissue |
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Chondroblasts |
Cartilage forming cells Create the cartilage model of bones (babies) |
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Osteoblasts |
Bone building cells Develop bone tissue from the cartilage model (babies) |
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Osteogenesis |
Bone development Hardening of cartilage into bone (shortly after birth) Calcium salts are deposited in gel like matrix |
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells built into bone tissue |
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Compact/dense bone |
Hard inorganic matrix Outer layer of bone Osteocytes in concentric rings called lamellae around central haversian canal Blood vessels in canal |
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Spongy/ cancellous bone |
Large spaces in matrix - makes bone lighter Made of trabeculae Found in center of bone and ends of long bones Forms supporting grid that can be altered |
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Red bone marrow |
Makes blood cells In ends of long bones and center of other bones of thorax and pelvis In infants found in cavities of most bones |
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Yellow marrow |
Largely fat In central cavity of long bones |
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Articular cartilage |
Hyaline Only remaining cartilage in bones Massaged by joint movement- aids absorption of synovial fluid, oxygen and nutrition |
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Ligaments |
Dense bundles of parallel connective tissue fibers, mostly collagen Connect bone and stabilize joints |
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Long bones |
Medullary cavity Hollow diaphysis At least 2 epiphyses |
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Short bones |
Cube shaped Mostly cancellous with thin cortex of compact bone, no cavity Carpals and tarsals |
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Flat bones |
More flat than round Ribs, skull |
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Irregular bones |
Have complex shape that form with 2 or more in same structure Vertebrae, scapula |
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Epiphysis |
Bone growth centers at ends of long bones Epiphyseal plate Growth in length |
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Divisions/openings |
Canal Meatus -canal Fissure-slit between 2 bones Foraman-hole Fossa-shallow depression Groove-holds vessel or tendon |
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Processes that form joints |
Head Condyle Process Facet -flat Trochela -pulley shaped |
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Processes where tendons and ligaments attach |
Spine Crest/ridge/line Tuberosity Tubercle Epicondyle Trochanter |
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Fontanelle |
At sutures Soft spots (baby) Found between the cranial bones Formed of very dense connective tissue |
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Supraspinous ligament |
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Bone structure |
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False ribs |
8, 9 & 10 |
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Floating ribs |
11 & 12 |
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Diaphysis |
Compact bone Shaft of long bones |
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Medullary cavity |
Contains yellow marrow Lined by endosteum |
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Osteoclasts |
Consume bone tissue Makes calcium for use in muscles and nerves |
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Osteoblasts |
Makes new bone tissue |
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Synarthrotic |
Immovable joint Joined by thin layer of fibrous connective tissue Eg- cranial sutures |
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Amphiarthrotic |
Slightly movable joint Joined by fibrocartilage Eg- ribs to sternum, sacroiliac, pubic symphysis |
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Synovial and diarthrotic |
Freely moveable joint Ball and socket Hinge Condyloid Pivot Gliding Saddle |
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Kyphosis or kyphotic |
Concave curve of thoracic spine Hyperkyphosis -extreme |
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Lordosis or lordotic |
Convex curve of lumbar spine Hyperlordosis - extreme sway back |
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Scoliosis |
Abnormal lateral bending of spine |
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Bone repair |
Mostly regeneration Hematoma formation Cellular proliferation Callous formation Ossification Remodeling- can continue for 2 years |
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Spina bifida |
Vertebral arches in fetus don't fuse into spinous processes Varying degrees of exposed spinal cord Most common site-lumbosacral region |
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Cleft palate |
Congenital deformity Gap in roof of mouth Usually surgery to correct |
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Clubfoot (talipes) |
Common lower extremity congenital deformity Foot is usually bent down and inverted, sometimes up and everted Splinting as stretching or surgery to correct |
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Spinal curve abnormalities |
Scoliosis-lateral curvature Hyperkyphosis -hunchback Hyperlordosis -swayback |
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Osteoporosis |
Bone protein, calcium and other minerals are lacking Osteogenesis is slow Bones are soft, fragile, more likely to break Causes- nutritional deficiency, hormones, smoking, inactivity |
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Avascular necrosis |
Aka osteonecrosis, ischemic necrosis Bone death due to lack of blood supply Usually following a primary disease |
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Osteochondritis dissecans |
Cartilage and adjacent bone separates from bone Portions of dead tissue break away and can lodge in joint capsule Caused by inflammation and necrosis |
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Growing pains |
Bone grows faster than attached soft tissue Soft tissue pulls on pain sensitive periosteum |
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Osteomyelitis |
Inflammation of bone, marrow or periosteum usually caused by pyogenic bacteria |
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Tuberculosis |
Systemic necrosis Onset insidious, usually vague pain Pott's disease-of the spine, usually in children |
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Rickets |
Usually children Vitamin D deficiency Causes bone deformity |
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Scurvy |
Vitamin c deficiency Loss of bone density |
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Osgood-schlatter |
Tibial tuberosity is ripped off by pulling of patallar tendon Usually boys 10-15 |
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Avulsion fracture |
Fragment of bone tears away from main bone |
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Compound fracture |
Bone protrudes through open skin |
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Simple fracture |
Break doesn't injure or poke through skin |
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Greenstick fracture |
Bone only splits part way through like green stick Most common in children |
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Impacted fracture |
Broken ends of bone jammed into each other |
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Comminuted fracture |
More than one fracture line with several fragments Often with much soft tissue damage |
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Complete fracture |
Goes across entire bone |
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Incomplete fracture |
Not across entire bone |
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Compression fracture |
Bone is squeezed or crushed Usually spine |
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Depressed fracture |
Bone in skull driven inward |
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Stress fracture |
Crack in bone from repeated strain |
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Spiral fracture |
Bone is twisted apart Common in skiing accidents |
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Lamellae |
Concentric rings in compact bone |
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Haversian canal |
Center of the rings in compact bone |
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Osteons |
Cylinder shaped units in compact bone composed of lamellae |
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Lacunae |
Osteocytes are found in these spaces which are located in the layers of lamellea |
