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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freedmen’s Bureau
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An agency, directed by Oliver O. Howard, established during reconstruction to help newly freed slaves with their transition to freedom, by providing guidance, shelter, and building such things as schools and hospitals.
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13th Amendment
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Formally abolished slavery - passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865.
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14th Amendment
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Gave a broad definition of citizenship, overturned Dred Scot case decision, and had clauses for due process and equal protection. Passed on July 9, 1868
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15th Amendment
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Prohibits the denial of any (male) citizen the right to vote based on color, race, or previous condition of slavery. Ratified on February 3, 1870.
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16th Amendment
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Allows government to levy an income tax. Passed on February 3, 1913.
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17th Amendment
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Allowed for the direct election of senators. Passed on April 8, 1913.
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18th Amendment
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Prohibition amendment. Passed on January 16, 1919. Only amendment to be repealed.
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19th Amendment
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The right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex. Activist women pushed for this amendment to be passed during WWI by helping out by pushing the idea of food conservation, helping in Red Cross, or helping war industrial workers. Some women even lobbied to get the amendment passed. The lobbying didn’t work as planned though as many politicians refused to back them up. Led to a protest outside the white house and hunger strikes, which led Wilson to back up the amendment, and get it passed.
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Black Codes
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after the 13th amendment was passed in 1865 by President Johnson to free any man, woman, etc from slavery or indentured slavery, the people of the south wanted something to keep former slaves to still be subservient. Led to the black codes being enacted in 1865 unto freed men. It was basically slavery in all but name. Restrictions were placed and made legal apprenticeships that was like slavery.
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“Jim Crow” Laws
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Put into place by the south after the 14th amendment was put in place in 1867. It created segregation between white and black Americans. They were legally separated in restaurants, hotels, streetcars, cemeteries, etc. It was later challenged by an African American in the Supreme Court in 1896, Plessey v. Ferguson. 1875-1965
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Carpetbaggers
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a derisive name given by Southerners to Northerners (including Union veterans, reformers, and businessmen) who moved to the South during Reconstruction. “self seeking interlopers who carried all their property in cheap suitcases called carpetbags. Brought capital and skills. Some were Union vets who wanted to move to the South just cause, and others moved to advance the emancipation cause.
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Scalawags
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ex-confederates or southern whites who supported reconstruction were called scalawags. Were diverse compared to the carpetbaggers. Included former slave owners, ex whigs, ex democrats who liked republicanism, but most were from the backcountry who wanted the slave owner aristocracy gone. They were against the confederacy during the war.
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Reconstruction Act of 1867
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The US needed to fix the south after it was left in shambles after the civil war. The reconstruction act divided the South into 5 military districts that was to be commanded by a Union general. The south was forced to allow free men to vote and do away with any southern politicians and such who participated in the confederacy. Elections were supervised in the south by the commanders, and ensured that new constitutions of the states of the south included black suffrage. States were required to adopt the 14th and 15th amendments. Once a state did this, they were included back into the Union again
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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“new” immigrants were coming, especially Chinese. There was a revolt in China in 1866 and many heard about the gold rush and such so many moved, but California had an anti-Chinese sentiment. Thus the Chinese Exclusion act in 1882. A ban was placed on Chinese immigration. Although many other immigrants in the NE sector didn’t receive such harsh laws, because they were liked for cheap labour.
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“wage slavery”
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refers to a situation where a person is dependent for a livelihood on the wages earned, especially if the dependency is total and immediate. The term is used to draw an analogy between slavery and wage labor. Some uses of the term may refer only to an "[un]equal bargaining situation between labor and capital," particularly where workers are paid unreasonably low wages (e.g. sweat shops)
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Dawes Severalty Act
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(1887)- Americans were sympathetic to the Native Americans, President Cleveland gave each Native American family an allotment of 160 acres that agreed to farm it, the land would be held in trust for 25 years, and the Indians would be granted US citizenship, the Sioux Indians were the first victims of this act- the govt. opened the Sioux’s “surplus” land to white settlers but the Indians hadn’t received their allotment of land yet
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Sioux Rebellion, 1876
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By 1876, gold had been discovered in the Black Hills (southwestern South Dakota), a region the Sioux Indians considered sacred and the US government had promised to respect. Although it tried, the US Army count not keep white prospectors out of the area; the Sioux's legitimate grievances against the whites increased. This resulted in the Sioux being ordered to vacate their powder river hunting grounds despite the treaty they had made with government.
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Railroad Strike of 1877
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started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year Baltimore and Ohio Railroad(B&O). Striking workers would not allow any of the stock to roll until this second wage cut was revoked. The governor sent in state militia units to restore train service, but the soldiers refused to use force against the strikers and the governor called for federal troops. Meanwhile, the strike spread to Cumberland, Maryland stopping freight and passenger traffic. When Governor Carroll of Maryland directed the 5th and 6th Regiments of the National Guard to put down the strike, citizens from Baltimore attacked the troops as they marched from their armories towards B&O's Camden Station for the train to Cumberland, causing violent street battles between the striking workers and the Maryland militia. When the outnumbered troops of the 6th Regiment fired on an attacking crowd, they killed 10 and wounded 25.[ The rioters injured several members of the militia, damaged engines and train cars, and burned portions of the train station.[ On July 21-22, the President sent federal troops and Marines to Baltimore to restore order. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began to lose momentum when President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 45 days after it had started, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was over.
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“Redemption”
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Before war white was a good thing, they were justifying slavery because it was in their economic interest, and soon people are starting to believe it. Slavery is a humanitarian reform- they said it's a humanitarian reform because African Americans cannot make it on their own without white guidance. They would be lost whiteout them. The only way to maintain order in the south is to recognize that whites needed to be in charge. And they believed it like it was religion. The goal of KKK terrorism was to intimidate African Americans to not even think of voting. KKK is intimidating African Americans from voting so we have to pass the KKK act- which makes it illegal, and the other thing- we thought that the 14th amendment took care of voting rights, so then maybe the 15th amendment will clarify. Civil rights act 1875- by this time more southern states had been redeemed. The were able to through elections more and more democrats were elected and by the time redemption was complete democrats controlled everything and then northerners- now is our chance to make democrat republicanism a reality. Congress is getting weary and they have a lot of things to worry about. More and more are ready to give up
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Compromise of 1877
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Election between Hayes and Tilden, something went wrong and Hayes won the election, no one knows what compromise was made between democrats and republicans, but Hayes ended up winning based on Fraud.
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Mining Frontier
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The discovery of gold in California in 1848 did more than trigger the migration of tens of thousands of people hoping to make their fortune in the mineral-rich West. It created a body of prospectors willing to go wherever a strike was made. The pattern was the same almost everywhere. With the discovery of gold or silver, prospectors rushed into an area to stake their claims, and small mining camps turned into boomtowns overnight, complete with dance halls, saloons, prostitutes, and astronomical prices for food and equipment
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Chisholm Trail
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trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas’s railheads
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Oregon Trail
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As cities in the east become more populated and the job search became more competitive all due to industrialization, people moved westward since work in the factories wasn?t very appealing for the unskilled laborers. As a result, people were inclined to move westward this and more reasons such as the land grants being given by the government for families who would settle in the west and establish a farm, to escape religious prosecution and to seek much more healthy environments. The Westward Expansion, demanded trials for those were traveling from the east towards states like California or Oregon. Perhaps the most well known of the overland trails to the Far West, the Oregon trail led many settlers to Oregon's Willamette Valley between 1840 and 1848 and was representative of the hardships of overland travel.
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Urban-Industrial Transformation
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was the rise of smokestack America and it occurred during the 19th century when the nation was faced with major changes such as the Industrial Revolution, massive immigration, urbanization, and the shift from small-scale manufacturing and commerce to a large-scale factory production and corporations at national level. In addition, the US economy had become the colossal of the world since there was a push for more innovating business methods (horizontal and vertical growth). The heavy industry of America demanded new sources of power (i.e. electricity) means of transportation (Rail-Road systems) finance capitol (i.e. financial institutions such as banks ) and communication methods. This urban-industrial transformation brought about industrial capitalism followed by a boom & bust cycle which illustrated that despite prosperity, America had an unstable economy which caused a large gap between wealthy businessman and struggling wage-laborer, skilled labor and unskilled labor, and the sector which defended a capitalistic nation and the sector which unionized for government regulation and better working environments.
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Knights of Labor
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As the American economy became more industrialized and mechanized, there was more competition for jobs, companies required a new and different set of job skills, and the labor movement was launched. There were two types of labor unions for the skilled and unkilled labor force known as industrial unionism and craft unionism. Thte Knights of Labor, which survived the depression, were part of the industrial unionism sector where unskilled workers organized with a strong platform of reform. Established as a secret society in 1869, it began as NLU and later turned into the KOL allowing blacks and women to join. The KOL won a series of strikes in their fight against long hours and low wages. They found it difficult to successfully bargain collectively because they were such a diverse group of workers.
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American Federation of Labor
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Created in 1886 by labor leaders, including Samuel Gompers, the AFL was originally a more conservative confederation of craft unions. Eventually, in 1955, it merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations. It grew to form an umbrella organization that coordinated the efforts of several dozen smaller, independent unions. The AFL sought better wages, shorter working days, better working conditions, and the creation of all union workplaces. Unlike the predecessors, the NLU and the KOL, the AFL only represented skilled laborers (as it was part of craft unionism) helping them exert more influence since their skills were in high demand. These skilled laborers were white male craftsmen in the cities and excluded farmers, blacks, women, and unskilled immigrants. The AFL survived the rocky Gilded Age and eventually became one of the most powerful labor unions in the 20th century
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Scientific Management
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With the rise of industrial capitalism in America, large corporation demanded more laborers to sustain their massive production. Nonetheless the majority of laborers were unskilled workers who were obligated to work 12-hour shifts, with low wages, and in dangerous environments. As a way to motivate the laborers to work more efficiently without protesting, businessmen were looking for new methods to reduce overhead, keep prices stable, but, most importantly, to stimulate their workers to keep up with the massive production. Consequently, businessmen turned to what is known as scientific management. For instance, immigrants were unfamiliar to factory labor since their work was task-orientated rather than time-orientated. The working conditions in a factory demanded them to be more disciplined (i.e. avoid a slow process of manufacturing and give few to none breaks) Scientific management broke up the labor into departments in order to become more efficient and imposed longer hours, prohibited using the company?s time (i.e. Time is Money) and compensating them with higher wages as an incentive to obey. Most importantly, the strict emphasis on time (i.e. in 1883-US convert to the 4 time zones) lead to a very inhumane workforce for the semi- or unskilled laborers.
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Haymarket Square Riot
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1886, the workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago began a strike in the hope of gaining a shorter work day. Police protected strikebreakers and 1 person ended up dying. The next day a rally was held against police brutality. When police were sent to disperse crowd a pipe bow was thrown killing 7 police who in turn killed 4 other people. 8 People were convicted, 4 were hung, 1 committed suicide, and 3 were pardoned. This led people to leave the K.O.L. for more moderate groups like the American Federation of Labor. This hurt its purpose of gaining an 8 hour work day, probably delaying it.
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People’s Party, Populist Party
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1892 Farmer alliance not getting any support from major parties so they made their own. The first candidate weaver won 4 states. It was a key challenge to the two-party system. Platform was to connect with the average people. 8hr work days, immigration restriction. Endorsed the income tax and free coinage of silver. Said richer people should have to pay more. For Government of industries such as the railroads. Recommended direct election of senators. They tried to expand their franchise to appeal to the entire working class. They were seen as fringe party. One of the first major grassroots third parties, gave working class a voice
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Homestead Strike, 1892
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Strike at Carnegie’s steel mill. Carnegie bought machines to replace workers; workers protested Carnegie wanted more money by not working with unions. Henry Frick – started the idea of breaking up the union, caused the workers revolt. Ushered in a decade of industrial war where working class was against the corporate industry and government. Industry wanted to end collective bargaining and hire on an individual basis. This causes less wages, threatened the union’s way of life (such as free time and working conditions).
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Pullman Strike, 1894
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Pullman - Inventor of a sleeping car that brought luxury/comfort to rail travel. Cut wages but did not cut rents for company housing during 1893 depression. A workers’ committee tried to speak to him about it in May 1894, but he denied a connection between roles as an employer and as a landlord. Workers belonged to the American Railway Union (ARU). They’d stop trains with Pullman cars. Railroads drew the fed. Government into the dispute. Used the pretense of mail cars – railroads attached cars carrying mail to every train carrying a Pullman. Attorney General Richard Olney, formal railroad layer, sided with RR. Obtained court injunctions prohibiting the ARU leaders from conducting the strike. The strike ended without leadership. Significant because it showed government power over workers
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Ward politics, political machines
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1880s Boss control – people like mayor acted more like a boss of company. Migrants to American cities automatically became wards and were appointed representatives at the city hall. These would get favors their community in exchange for getting these people to vote for a specific party. Significant because it was one of the first instances of welfare and social service provided to the community, also because it corrupted politics via bribes. Example is the tammany hall machine in New York – he was very powerful due to his graft until brought down in 1871 by getting caught accepting bribes.
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Social Darwinism
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Herbert Spencer – made the analysis from Darwin of how human society had advanced through competition and “survival of the fittest”. Championed in America by William Graham Sumner - Sociology professor at Yale. “Competition is a law of nature that can no more be done away with than gravitation”. Considered millionaires the fittest - “they may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society. They get high wages and live in luxury, but the bargain is a good one for society.”Rejected any interference with social processes by Government. Gospel of success - Hard word, thrift, integrity = success. Gave hope to middle classes, who wanted to believe they could be financially successful. Horatio Alger wrote rags to riches stories. Darwinism provided explanation for economic stratification, rationalized why poverty exists
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Women’s Christian Temperance Union
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They represented the American presence in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. They were a “do-everything” program which meant they fought for a number of social reform issues including: labor, prostitution, public health, sanitation and international peace. Eventually their largest focus was Women’s Suffrage. They started sending out emissaries abroad to proselytize among the natives and convey the message that women’s rights were an American cause
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Plessey v. Ferguson, 1896
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Supreme Court upheld racial segregation in public places. On the ground of “separate but equal” didn’t violate the 14th. “Separate but equal” remained doctrine 1896-1954 until Brown decision. After the civil war, southern states pass Jim Crow laws to prohibit blacks from using same public places as whites. 1890 Louisiana segregated railroads, but Plessey contested this in order to test constitutionality of law. Significant in that it justified further segregation, rolling back gains of the Reconstruction Era. Gave states immunity on race issues. Would justify unequal facilities in education and voting
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Vertical integration
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vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or service, and the products combine to satisfy a certain need. This was used to promote better financial wealth and efficiency.
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Horizontal combination
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absorption into a single firm, of several firms involved In the same level of production and sharing those resources at the same level.
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Upton Sinclair & The Jungle
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Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, and it is a story about a man “muckraking” information about the horrible meat packing industry, and He told how dead rats were shoveled into sausage-grinding machines; how bribed inspectors looked the other way when diseased cows were slaughtered for beef, and how filth and guts were swept off the floor and packaged as "potted ham." It awoke the nation, and President Roosevelt was shocked at his discoveries. It led to the passing of the food and drug Administration act, setting up federal inspection of meat.
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Muckraking Journalism/Muckrakers
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a muckraker seeks to expose corruption of business or government. The term originates with the writers of the Progressive movement, who wanted to expose corruption and scandals. They often wrote about the wretchedness of urban life and poverty, and against the established institutions of society such as big business.
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Hull House and Jane Addams
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Hull House is a settlement house in Chicago, it was the model house for settlement houses that sprang up in the nation’s cities, serving as community centers and spark plugs for neighborhood betterment. It was a hallmark for social progressivism-
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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NAWSA, it pushed for a constitutional amendment for women’s rights, and was instrumental in the passing of the19th amendment.
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W.E.B. DuBois
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American civil rights activist: founded NAACP, his main accomplishments were his writings, encouraging African Americans everywhere to fight for their rights, and prove to them that equality was necessary. Organized the first Pan- African Congress, and the Niagra Movement.
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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NAWSA, it pushed for a constitutional amendment for women’s rights, and was instrumental in the passing of the19th amendment.
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Booker T. Washington
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Dominant black leader of the progressive era who in a famous speech in Atlanta in 1895 advocated accommodation with the South. He considered “the agitation of the question of social equality the extremest folly”. His stance became known as the Atlanta Compromise, avoided a direct assault on white supremacy and urged blacks to start by making themselves productive citizens.
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W.E.B. DuBois
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American civil rights activist: founded NAACP, his main accomplishments were his writings, encouraging African Americans everywhere to fight for their rights, and prove to them that equality was necessary. Organized the first Pan- African Congress, and the Niagra Movement.
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Queen Liliuokalani
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The Queen of Hawaii at the time where when Hawaii’s favored access to the American market was abruptly canceled by the McKinley Tariff of 1980. Sugar planters from Hawaii who had duty-free entry into the American market began to plot an American takeover of the islands. They revolted again Queen Liliuokalani and negotiated a treaty of annexation.
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Booker T. Washington
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Dominant black leader of the progressive era who in a famous speech in Atlanta in 1895 advocated accommodation with the South. He considered “the agitation of the question of social equality the extremest folly”. His stance became known as the Atlanta Compromise, avoided a direct assault on white supremacy and urged blacks to start by making themselves productive citizens.
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Spanish-American War
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Ultimately started by William Hearst who wanted to build readership of the New York Journal. He elevated Cuba’s agony on the front page headlines. This stirred up powerful sentiments in the U.S. Anger against Spain rose. The public wanted America to rid to the rescue. President Cleveland looked at this problem differently. He said that the Cuban civil war was disrupting trade and destroying American sugar plantations. American minister in Madrid told Spanish to stop, or the U.S. would step in. Spanish offered Cuba a limited degree of self-rule. Hearst’s intercepted a private letter by Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S. In this letter, he called the U.S. president weak. A week later, the Maine exploded. War fever was ignited. Mckinley, who was in office at the time kept his head. He did not conclude this to be the doing of the Spanish. Our Cuban blockade was tantamount to declaring war. War began in 1898. Ending: Armistice was signed which Spain agreed to liberate Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
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Queen Liliuokalani
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The Queen of Hawaii at the time where when Hawaii’s favored access to the American market was abruptly canceled by the McKinley Tariff of 1980. Sugar planters from Hawaii who had duty-free entry into the American market began to plot an American takeover of the islands. They revolted again Queen Liliuokalani and negotiated a treaty of annexation.
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Philippine-American War
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In 1898, Emilo Aguinaldo who led the Filipino revolutionary force proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from colonial rule of Spain. The declaration was not honored by either the U.S. or Spain. Tension between the Philippines and the American government rose because of the conflicting movement for independence. War was declared in 1899 and lasted till 1902.
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Spanish-American War
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Ultimately started by William Hearst who wanted to build readership of the New York Journal. He elevated Cuba’s agony on the front page headlines. This stirred up powerful sentiments in the U.S. Anger against Spain rose. The public wanted America to rid to the rescue. President Cleveland looked at this problem differently. He said that the Cuban civil war was disrupting trade and destroying American sugar plantations. American minister in Madrid told Spanish to stop, or the U.S. would step in. Spanish offered Cuba a limited degree of self-rule. Hearst’s intercepted a private letter by Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S. In this letter, he called the U.S. president weak. A week later, the Maine exploded. War fever was ignited. Mckinley, who was in office at the time kept his head. He did not conclude this to be the doing of the Spanish. Our Cuban blockade was tantamount to declaring war. War began in 1898. Ending: Armistice was signed which Spain agreed to liberate Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
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Open Door Notes/Policy
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Commercial interest dominated American policy in East Asia, especially the lure of the Chinese market. Many nations had all carved out spheres of influence in China. Afraid of being kept out, The U.S. Secretary John Hay in 1899 sent them an Open Door note claiming the right of equal trade access—an open door—for all nations that wanted to do business in China.
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Philippine-American War
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In 1898, Emilo Aguinaldo who led the Filipino revolutionary force proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from colonial rule of Spain. The declaration was not honored by either the U.S. or Spain. Tension between the Philippines and the American government rose because of the conflicting movement for independence. War was declared in 1899 and lasted till 1902.
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Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
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Roosevelt announced in 1904 that the U.S. would act as “policeman” of the Caribbean region. It was an unrestricted American right to regulate Caribbean affairs. The Monroe doctrine was about European interference in Lain America.
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Open Door Notes/Policy
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Commercial interest dominated American policy in East Asia, especially the lure of the Chinese market. Many nations had all carved out spheres of influence in China. Afraid of being kept out, The U.S. Secretary John Hay in 1899 sent them an Open Door note claiming the right of equal trade access—an open door—for all nations that wanted to do business in China.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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Law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicine.
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Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
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Roosevelt announced in 1904 that the U.S. would act as “policeman” of the Caribbean region. It was an unrestricted American right to regulate Caribbean affairs. The Monroe doctrine was about European interference in Lain America.
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T. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”
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New nationalism was a political theory introduced in the 1912 elections with Roosevelt and Taft. In August of 1910 Roosevelt gave a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas with the central issue being argued was human welfare vs. property rights. In modern society, property had to be controlled “to whatever degree the public welfare may require it.” The government would become “the steward of the public welfare” Roosevelt took up the case of social justice, adding to his program a federal child labor law, regulation of labor relations, and a national minimum wage for women. The most radical case was his attack on the legal system. Insisting that the courts stood in the way of reform, he than proposed sharp curbs on their powers, even raising the possibility of popular recall of court decisions.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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Law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicine.
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T. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”
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New nationalism was a political theory introduced in the 1912 elections with Roosevelt and Taft. In August of 1910 Roosevelt gave a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas with the central issue being argued was human welfare vs. property rights. In modern society, property had to be controlled “to whatever degree the public welfare may require it.” The government would become “the steward of the public welfare” Roosevelt took up the case of social justice, adding to his program a federal child labor law, regulation of labor relations, and a national minimum wage for women. The most radical case was his attack on the legal system. Insisting that the courts stood in the way of reform, he than proposed sharp curbs on their powers, even raising the possibility of popular recall of court decisions.
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Woodrow Wilson and the “New Freedom”
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promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. Wilson said that New Nationalism represented collectivism while new freedom stood for economic liberty from such things as powerful monopolies (trusts). He believed that the federal Government should encourage competition among small companies instead of allowing massive corporations to dominate the economy.
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Harlem Renaissance
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refers to the intellectual life of African Americans during the 1920s and 1930’s it called also be referred to as “ New Negro Movement” and it was centered in Harlem, New York
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Federal Reserve Act
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the Federal Reserve act was a result of Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom,” it occurred in the year of 1913 and gave the nation a banking system that was resistant to financial panic. The act delegated operational functions to twelve district reserve banks funded and controlled by their member banks. The board also imposed public regulation on this regional structure. One important power granted was authority to issue currency which resolved the paralyzing cash shortages during runs on the banks, also the ability to set discount rates (interest’s rates). Mainly this act strengthened the banking system and reined Wall Street.
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Clayton Antitrust Act
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Occurred in the year 1914, and was a to help strengthen the Sherman Anti- trust act. A federal trade commission was established to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against unfair trade practices, and it’s looking to prevent threats or potential threats to competition rather than the Sherman antitrust which could do nothing until the action was acted.
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Lusitania
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torpedoed by a German U boat off the coast of Ireland killing 1,198 people, 128 being Americans this crisis prompted Wilson to reconsider his opposition to military preparedness.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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inflamed anti- German sentiment throughout the nation since the telegraphed was intercepted from the German Foreign secretary that was directed to his minister in Mexico city urging the Mexican Government to join the central powers promising that Germany would help them recover the “lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona” if the United states entered the European War.
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Espionage Act & Sedition Amendment
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Both Acts were invoked due to widespread anti-German hysteria created by WW1. Groups and individuals suffered from these Acts as they defined treason and sedition loosely, and led to the conviction of more than a thousand people. The Sedition Act of 1918 focused on disloyal speech, writing, and behavior that might “incite, provoke, or encourage resistance to the United States, or to promote the cause of its enemies.” The Espionage Act of 1917 imposed stiff penalties for antiwar activities and allowed the federal government to ban treasonous materials from the mail.
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War Industries Board
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The War Industries Board (WIB), established in July 1917 and directed by Bernard Baruch, was the central agency for mobilizing wartime industry. The WIB produced an unparalleled expansion of the federal government’s economic powers: it allocated scarce resources, gathered economic data and statistics, controlled the flow of raw materials, ordered the conversion from peacetime to war production, set prices, imposed efficiency and standardization procedures, and coordinated purchasing. Baruch preferred voluntary cooperation from industry and usually got it (because improving efficiency and production was in the best interest of business also) and despite the increase in taxes cooperate profits soared.
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“Great Migration”
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The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the South northward to actively recruiting northern factories in cities like St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Detroit during the war. The migration and active recruiting of African Americans, and other workers that were traditionally excluded from many industrial jobs, was because there was a shortage of workers due to the war.
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Fourteen Points
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presented in a speech before both houses of Congress, were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both at home and also among allies in Europe. Further, the president hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the populations in enemy nations and generate momentum for ending the war. Distributed as propaganda during the final months of the war, Wilson’s plan (Fourteen Points) proposed to extend the ideals of American democracy, freedom, and peaceful economic expansion to the rest of the world.
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Post WWI Red Scare
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The climate of repression established during World War One continued after the war ended: this time, government interest focused on communists, Bolsheviks and "reds" generally. The climactic phase of this anti communist crusade occurred during the "Palmer Raids" of 1918-1921. A. Mitchell Palmer, Wilson's Attorney General, believed communism was "eating its way into the homes of the American workman."
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100% Americanism
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The end of World War I brought great rejoicing but also many problems. An influenza epidemic from Europe had spread to the U.S., killing more than half a million Americans. Farms and factories that had prospered during war years closed down as demand for products fell. Returning soldiers had trouble finding work. The emotional turmoil had disturbing political effects, as wartime patriotism turned to hatred of Germans. These sentiments gave rise to a movement known as 100 Percent Americanism, which celebrated all things American while attacking all ideas, and people, it viewed as foreign or anti-American.
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National Origins Act
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The National Origins Act of 1924 was a law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Also known as the Technological Revolution in the 1920s. It was an era of when everything was changing. Industrial output doubled, gross domestic product doubled, and Americans were the highest paid. The technological advances were the telephones, restrooms as new innovations, foods, access to education, and more homes having electricity. The automobile was one of the greatest inventions of the era. It increased jobs in the era and overall was an era of great prosperity.
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Charles Lindbergh
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He was one of the heroes of the 1920s, in May of 1927, he flew his small, engine plane, The Sprit of St. Louis, from New York to Paris. He flew a total of 3,620 miles all by himself without stopping, a total of 33 hours. Nobody had done that before, so when he returned he was extremely popular. He became Times magazine first Man of the Year in 1928, he captivated the nation by combining his knowledge in modern technology with virtues of hard work and individual achievement.
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Scopes Trial
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an American legal case that tested the Butler Act- which prohibited to teach anything that had to do with the evolution theory in any Tennessee state funded school or university.
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Great Bull Market of 1920s
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associated with increasing investor confidence, and increased investing in anticipation of future price increases (capital gains). A bullish trend in the stock market often begins before the general economy shows clear signs of recovery. It is a win situation for the investors.
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“Black Thursday” and “Black Tuesday”
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The beginnings of the Great Depression emerged with “Black Thursday,” October 24, and again on “Black Tuesday,” October 29, millions of shares changed hand in panic trading. Practically overnight, stock values fell from a peak $87 billion to $55 billion.
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Margaret Sanger
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Was an American birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League.
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Dust Bowl
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was an era of severe time when dust storms caused major ecological and agricultural damage to American lands from 1930-1936. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops or other techniques to prevent erosion. Deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains had killed the natural grasses that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of drought and high winds.
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Bonus Army
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In the Summer of 1932, about 15,000 unemployed WW2 veterans marched to Washington to demand payment of their Service Certificates. They set up camps near the US capitol. Eventually Hoover called on Douglas MacArthur and his army troops to drive them out of the area. Hoover’s popularity went down drastically after this occurred.
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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Approved by Congress in Jan. 1932. Hoover’s plan was to stimulate economic activity by providing federal loans to railroads, banks, and other businesses. Was meant to increase production, consumer spending, and create new jobs. Didn’t help because he lent too cautiously. Program only lent 20% of its $1.5 billion in funds
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“Pretty Boy” Floyd
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Notorious felon who committed a series of bank robberies in the Midwest in the 1930’s. Also murdered numerous people.
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“The Hundred Days”
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First months of Roosevelt’s administration in which Congress enacted 15 major bills that focused on banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and massive unemployment.
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Glass-Steagall Act, Banking Act, 1933
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Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500.
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Agricultural Adjustment Act
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Set up an allotment system for wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products. Provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut their production. Imposed a tax on businesses that processed these commodities, which they in turn passed on to consumers. Wanted farm prices to rise as production fell, spurring consumer purchases by farmers and assisting a general economic recovery.
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Civilian Conservation Corps
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Public work relief program for unemployed men affected by the Great Depression. Provided vocational training through the performance of useful work related to conservation and development of natural resources in the US.
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration
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Was directed by Harry Hopkins (administrator from New York). Provided federal funds to the states for their relief programs.
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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Goal was to regulate the stock market.Had the power to regulate companies that sold stocks and bonds to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans.
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Senator Huey Long
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"The Kingfish". Democratic governor of Louisiana(1928-1932). Seized dictatorial control of the state government to accomplish helping the US people by increasing taxes on business corporations, decreasing utility bill, and building new highways, bridges, hospitals... Eventually became a senator. He believed in "Share our Wealth Society" which was aimed to redistribute the nation's wealth. Was a political threat to Roosevelt because Long was the people's favorite and the nation expected Long to run up against Roosevelt in the presidential election as a third-party candidate, but Long was accidentally shot.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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(1882- 1945) Became president in March 1933. Launched program of federal activism, THE NEW DEAL, with determination to restore the nation and change the nature of American government. New Deal represented a new form of liberalism. Was a successful politician party because he loved to mix with a crowd. He related easily to those from different occupations, despite his upper class status. Responsible for the "alphabet soup" because of all of the federal agencies created to focus on four major nationwide problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment.
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Liberty League
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An organization composed of right-wing politicians and economic conservatives. These individuals criticized the sweeping reforms Roosevelt began implementing into government (such as the National Recovery Administration). This league lobbied against the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal. Herbert Hoover condemned the NRA as a "state controlled or state-directed social or economic system"; that declared the former president, was "tyranny, not liberalism". Shortly after in 1935, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that that National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutionally delegated Congress's power to make laws to a code-writing agency in the executive branch of the government.
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National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
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Sponsored by Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions; a great advantage for the political left and the labor movement as part of New Deal. Because of the opposition of southern Democrats, who looked out for the interests of planters and landlords, the Wagner Act did not apply to farm workers. The act outlawed many practices used by employers to squelch unions, such as firing workers for organizing activities. It established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion, supervise elections for union representation, and guarantee the process of collective bargaining.
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Social Security Act
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New Deal legislation; a milestone in the creation of an American welfare state. Never before had the federal government assumed such responsibility for the well-being of a substantial majority of the citizenry. In addition to providing pensions and unemployment coverage, the act mandated aid to various categories of Americans: the blind, deaf, and disabled as well as dependent children (the "deserving poor"). Spurred creation of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) as a minor program in the New Deal, but later became one of the pillars of American welfare system.
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Works Progress Administration
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Created by FDR, this was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects instead of giving relief. (roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports)
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
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promoted “industrial unionism”, which meant to organize the workers in an industry, from skilled machinists to broom-pushing janitors, into a single union.
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Neutrality Legislation
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Legislation passed in order to keep the U.S. neutral. Good Neighbor Policy(U.S. renounced use of military force in Latin America), Neutrality Acts of 1930s(a series of acts with restrictions on trading with countries in war.), repealing of Platt Amendment (asserted U.S. right to intervene in Cuba’s affairs)
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Good Neighbor Policy
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Implemented by Secretary of State Cordell Hull, the U.S. renounced the use of military force and armed intervention in Latin America.
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Munich Agreement
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Agreement between Britain, France and Nazi Germany; Germany would annex the Sudetenland, in return for Hitler’s pledge to seek no more territory. (Hitler later invaded Poland)
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Lend-Lease Act
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Act passed in order to allow the U.S. to lend, lease or otherwise dispose of arms/equipment to countries whose defense was considered vital to security of the U.S. (Neutrality Act passed earlier prohibited trading with war countries)
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
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Attack in Hawaii killing more than 2,400 Americans. United Americans to declare war on Japan and three days later on Germany and Italy.
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Atlantic Charter
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published statement between the US and the UK as a blueprint for the world after WWII; and served as the foundation for many international treaties and organizations that currently shape the world, such as the UN and GATT. Drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference and issued on August 14, 1941 (term “Atlantic Charter” was actually coined by the London newspaper, Daily Herald). It detailed the aims of the Allied Powers concerning the war and the post-war world; ideals outlined in 8 points and served as a “changing of the guard” from Britain to the US as the world’s leading power.
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Allied Powers/Axis Powers
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opposing powers during WWII. The Allies were led by “The Big Three” – the United States, the British Empire, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Other Allied Powers included France, Poland, and China, among others. The major Axis powers were Germany, Japan, and Italy. Both powers were fluid and membership increased/decreased regularly throughout the war. The end of the war was the total defeat of the Axis powers.
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Island-hopping campaign
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also known as leapfrogging, it was a military strategy used by the Allied Powers in the Pacific War against Japan and other Axis Powers. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and concentrate limited Allied resources on important islands. It allowed easier (and often surprise) access to the mainland of Japan with the use of submarines and air attacks. An important strategy for the success of the Allies during the war.
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War Production Board
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January 16, 1942 established by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a government agency to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during WWII. Peacetime industries were converted or expanded to meet wartime needs and allocated scare materials vital to war production. It rationed specifically gas, heating oil, metal, rubber, paper, and plastic. It was dissolved after Japan’s defeat in 1945 and was replaced by the Civilian Production Administration.
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War Manpower Commission
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an agency of the US government during WWII. Created by Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 18, 1942, it was charged with planning to balance the labor needs of agriculture, industry and armed forces during the war.
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Fair Employment Practices Commission
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Required that companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion, with the intention of helping African-Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry. Franklin D. Roosevelt created the FEPC on June 25, 1941; “there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin.”
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Japanese Internment
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the forced relocation and internment of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast of the US to camps called “War Relocation Camps” in 1942 after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Authorized by Franklin D. Roosevelt and allowed local military commanders to designate “military areas” as “exclusion zones” declaring all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the Pacific Coast. An example of the wartime hysteria that controlled politics during the immediate entrance into WWII.
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War Refugee Board
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Book: “The War Refugee Board, established by FDR in 1944, following a plea by Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, helped to move 200,000 European Jews to safe havens in various countries.” Pg. 753
Encyclopedia: War Refugee Board an interdepartmental committee established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 22, 1944, at the urging of Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morganthau, Jr. It was formed after two years of reports of Nazi mass murders of Jews and other minorities in Europe. The Board made diplomatic efforts on behalf of refugees in Nazi-occupied countries and helped to rescue and repatriate up to 200,000 Jews during World War II. Jewish organizations criticized the efforts of the War Refugee Board as insufficient. |
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Normandy Invasion
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Book: “The long-promised invasion of France came on “D-Day,” June 6, 1944. The largest Armada ever assembled moved across the Englsih Channel under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. When American, British, and Canadian, soldiers hit the beaches of Normandy, they suffered terrible casualties but secured a beachhead. More than 1.5 million soldiers and thousands of tons of military supplies and equipment flowed into France. This lead to the liberation of Paris in August and by September, the allied troops had driven the Germans out of most of France and Belgium.” Pg. 750
Encyclopedia: Normandy, Invasion of nearly three years in the making, on June 6, 1944, this decisive campaign opened the long-awaited second front in World War II. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the invasion was led by Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower, with ground forces led by British Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery, and air support led by British Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was convinced—by a wood-figure army and inflatable rubber tanks—that the Allies would attack at Calais, the most direct route to Germany. This belief was reinforced by the initial ineffectiveness of the airborne D-Day attack that began early morning on June 6. The seaborne landing at Utah Beach proceeded quickly and with few casualties, while at Omaha Beach, Lt. Gen. Omar N. Bradley's army battled heavy seas and nearly aborted. Still, by the end of the day, 130,000 troops had landed safely, and in the next three weeks, they expanded the beachhead and built airfields to allow roughly 900,000 more men and requisite supplies to reach northern France. Though the aim of rebuilding the nearly annihilated port of Cherbourg was delayed for months, the successful lodgment in Normandy set the stage for the St. Lô breakout in late July and greatly hastened German surrender. |
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Battle of the Bulge
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Book: “In December 1944, the Germans mounted a final offensive in Belgium, the so-called Battle of the Bulge, before being pushed back across the Rhine River into Germany. As American and British troops drove toward Berlin from the West, Soviet troops advanced from the east through Poland. On April 30, 1945, as Russian troops massed outside fo Berlin, Hitler committed suicide; on May 8th Germany formally surrendered.” Pg. 751
Encyclopedia: Battle of the Bulge, popular name in World War II for the German counterattack in the Ardennes, Dec., 1944–Jan., 1945. It is also known as the Battle of the Ardennes. On Dec. 16, 1944, a strong German force, commanded by Marshal von Rundstedt, broke the thinly held American front in the Belgian Ardennes sector. Taking advantage of the foggy weather and of the total surprise of the Allies, the Germans penetrated deep into Belgium, creating a dent, or "bulge," in the Allied lines and threatening to break through to the N Belgian plain and seize Antwerp. An American force held out at Bastogne, even though surrounded and outnumbered. The U.S. 1st and 9th armies, temporarily under Field Marshal Montgomery, attacked the German salient from the north, while the U.S. 3d Army attacked it from the south. Improved flying weather (after Dec. 24) facilitated Allied counterattacks. By Jan. 16, 1945, the German forces were destroyed or routed, but not without some 77,000 Allied casualties. |
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Battle of Iwo Jima
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Book: “On the small island of Iwo Jima, 21,000 Japanese soldiers fought to the death, killing 6,000 American Marines and wounding 14,000 more.” Pg. 755-756
Encyclopedia: Iwo Jima, Battle of (February 1945) a battle during the western Pacific campaign in World War II. When the Allied Forces Pacific Fleet commander was directed to occupy an island, Iwo Jima was the only significant one available. Working against a Japanese force of 21,000 men and 1,000 guns, the Allied advance was slow, and the island was secured on March 26, 1945. By that time, 71,245 Marines had been put ashore, with 5,931 killed and 17,372 wounded. The island then became an important emergency landing site for heavy bombers, with 2,251 of them landing on Iwo Jima. |
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Battle of Okinawa
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Book: “The American toll reached 7,600 dead and 32,000 wounded. On the basis of the fighting on Okinawa and Iwo Jima, American military commanders grimly predicted millions of casualties in the upcoming invasion of Japan.” Pg. 755-756
Encyclopedia: The final land battle of the Pacific War, on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, on the island of Okinawa. Led by Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., the landing force crossed the island almost without enemy contact. Japanese Lt. Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima's plan was to delay his counterattack until much of the supporting U.S. invasion fleet of some 1,200 ships was crippled by combined sea and air action, including kamikaze tactics. Though the battle was a victory for the Americans, Buckner, who was killed by a Japanese shell while watching the action, was criticized for his unimaginative and costly frontal assaults, which resulted in 7,613 killed or missing in action and 31,800 wounded. Estimates of Japanese casualties ran over 142,000, including many Okinawan citizens. |
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Manhattan Project
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Book: “The Manhattan Project cost $2 billion (about $24 billion today), employed 120,000 people and involved the construction of thirty-seven installations in nineteen states—all of this activity hidden from Congress, the American people and even VP Truman. Directed by General Leslie Greaves and scientist Robert Oppenheimer, the nation’s top physicists assembled the first bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and successfully tested it on July 16, 1945.” Pg. 757-758
Encyclopedia: The codename for the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. Warned by Einstein and other scientists about German research into nuclear fission, the USA set up a large research establishment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in August 1942, where scientists from Canada, the USA, and Britain, together with refugee scientists from Italy, Germany, and Austria, worked. These included the Italian Enrico Fermi, who had discovered the atomic chain reaction in 1934, and J. Robert Oppenheimer, who became the project's director. Within the scientific community, the project became legendary for the informality, collegiality, and innovation among its members. An atomic bomb was developed in a surprisingly short time, but the extent of its destructiveness was unknown until it was actually tested over New Mexico, on 17 July 1945. President Truman ordered the dropping of one of these bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which produced a rapid end to World War II. |
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Hiroshima
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Book: “President Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on two Japanese cities: Hiroshima on August 6th and Nagasaki on August 9th. 100,000 people died in Hiroshima and 60,000 at Nagasaki. This lead to the Japanese surrender on August 10th and a formal agreement on September 2, 1945.” Pg. 758
Encyclopedia: Bombing of Hiroshima, a city in southern Honshu, Japan, became the target of the first atomic bomb attack on 6 August 1945, which resulted in the virtual obliteration of the city centre and the deaths of about one-third of the population of 300,000. The atomic bombing by the US of Hiroshima, together with that of NAGASAKI three days later, led directly to Japan's unconditional surrender and the end of World War II |
