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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the beliefs during the Stone Age? |
-trepanation to cure head injuries such as migraines -believed people were ill due to supernatural occurrences |
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How did trepanation work? |
surgically boring holes into the skull |
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What was it like in Ancient Egypt? |
-channels within the body transported thing -identified important organs but didn't know what they did |
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Individuals during Ancient Greece? |
Aristotle: observation was important - heart was important organ -connected blood vessels to heart -influenced other scientists about blood circulation |
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Where was an important place in Ancient Greece? |
Alexandria: -Herophilos : understanding the pulse -Erasistratoe: studied anatomy, discovered parts of the brain, held public viewings of dissections |
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What was surgery like in the Roman Army? |
-carried out amputations -they had to: >know what to do >steady hands >young and skilful >handle pressure |
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What instruments did the Roman Army use? |
-iron blades -scalpels -forceps -spatulas -bronze instruments |
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Anatomy in Rome : |
-no human dissections so Galen dissected apes and pigs as they closely resembled humans -Galen proved the brain controlled the body |
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What were Galen's mistakes in anatomy? |
-thought the brain was linked to a network of nerves and vessels -incorrectly made a connection between the liver and the stomach -thought blood flowed from right to left via invisible pores -the jaw was in 2 parts, when it's actually 1 |
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Surgery and Anatomy in the Medieval Period? |
-hardly any anaesthetic except opium -wider focus on surgery as the war led to more opportunities -suffered from blood loss |
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Renaissance: who was Ambroise Pare? |
-put an ointment of his own on the gunshot wounds -methods worked in comparison to cauterising -idea of "ligatures" >tied cut veins and arteries to stop bleeding |
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What opposition did Pare face? |
-people were jealous -snobbery among doctors -critisiced him bc he wasn't a doctor -people don't like change |
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what were Pare's limits? |
-no anaesthetic; agonising operations -no complex internal operations -surgery was painful and dangerous -blood loss -ligatures could get infected |
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Who was William Harvey? |
-focused on the blood and heart -critisiced Galen's ideas -did experiments |
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What were Harvey's ideas? |
-blood circulates around the body -used info to show how much blood was pumped and how it could not be absorbed by the body -insisted on small channels connecting the veins and arteries -blood flows in one direction |
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How did Harvey criticise Galen? |
-Galen thought septum had invisible popes but Harvey said it was too thick -G said veins carried both blood and air but Harvey pointed veins only carried blood -rejected the idea of Galen's idea of blood being "burnt up" |
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Who opposed Harvey? |
-doctors and scientists found it hard to come to terms with his discoveries |
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What were Harvey's limits? |
-couldn't prove his theories -couldn't see connection to veins and arteries -not advanced |
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Why was Harvey important? |
-showed blood flows around body -heart acts as a pump -no other organ is needed to manufacture new blood -helped with future developments in surgery |
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Who was Andreas Vesalius? |
-based his work on Galen but started to see mistakes in his work -proved Galen's work to be incorrect by doing human dissections -wrote a detailed observational book called the Fabrica |
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How did Vesalius disprove Galen? |
-the jaw bone is 1 bone not 2 -sternum has 3 not 7 parts -liver does not have 5 parts or lobes -septum of the heart is not porous |
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Why was Vesalius important? |
-helped doctors improve their own work by his dissections -split drawings into sections to help improve understanding -generalist, others were specialists |
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Problems during 19th Century |
•pain •infection •blood loss |
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How was the problem of pain solved? |
James Simpson >1847 used chloroform to ease child birth -preferred it to ether as ether irritated the lungs |
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What was the opposition against James Simpson? |
-against chloroform as uncertainty about quantities -others thought it was unnatural to ease child birth |
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How was the problem with antiseptics solved? |
Joseph Lister -realised infections killed patients -in 1867 applied germ theory to own work -used carbolic acid to kill germs off surgeons hands |
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What opposition did Lister face? |
-many surgeons opposed Lister's methods -Carbolic spray seemed extreme -Lister always changed his techniques |
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How did the problem of aseptic surgery get solved? |
William Halsted -focused on keeping germs away -aseptic led to procedures such as washing hands and wearing rubber gloves |
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How was the problem of blood loss overcome? |
Lister improved on Pare's ligatures by using sterilised instruments |
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Role of war in Modern World: |
-health of soldiers improved -William Rontgen discovered X-Rays(1895) -D.H.Robertson used sodium citrate to stop blood from clotting -Archibald McIndoe rehabilitated badly burned aircrew -penicillin was used on mass scale |
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Role of Science and Technology: |
-1908: blood transplant -1903: William Einthoven invented cardiograph -1914: WH Howell first to use microscope with u.v light -1931: electron microscope 1957: first pace maker |
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Science and Technology cont: |
-expensive equipment finically critical -1954: first kidney transplant >further research found rejection should be prevented by radiation -1958: discovered imuran which stopped rejection |
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Role of Individuals: |
-McIndoe: qualified doctor and specialised plastic surgeon -William Rontgen: x-Rays, led to Marie Curie getting 30 radiology machines -Christian Bernard: performed first heart transplant in Sourh Africa |
