History Of Western Music And More!

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Prehistoric Music

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From 50,000 BCE to 4000 BCE (when humans began to record their history in writing.

-First: hummed, whistled, clicked, grunted

-Percussion was probably first instrument; hollowed out log or animal skin over bones perhaps

-Probably evolved from sounds made by primitive tool usage, as they "got into a groove"

-Then were bone flutes, oldest one found in Slovenian cave, 45,000 years old, made from the hollowed femur of a cave bear

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Ancient Egyptian Music

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-Music regarded as a gift from the gods

-Simple scale consisting of 5 tones, both male and female voices used

-Used some of earliest known instruments besides flute: stringed harps and lutes, then lyres and double clarinets, then drums added, finally nearby Hittites used tambourine, guitar, lyre and trumpet.

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What Greek argued that music has the power of forming character?

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Aristotle in "Politics"

-Greek Music was primarily monophonic, duplicating the rhythms of the text

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Plainsong or Plainchant

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_________ is a body of chants used in the liturgies of the Catholic Church.

It is monophonic, consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line.

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Gregorian Chant

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_______________ is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic liturgical music within Western Christianity that accompanied the celebration of Mass and other ritual services. It is named after Pope Gregory I, Bishop of Rome from 590 to 604, who is traditionally credited for having ordered the simplification and cataloging of music assigned to specific celebrations in the church calendar. The resulting body of music is the first to be notated in a system ancestral to modern musical notation. In general, the chants were learned by the viva voce method, that is, by following the given example orally, which took many years of experience in the Schola Cantorum. It originated in monastic life, in which celebrating the 'Divine Office' eight times a day at the proper hours was upheld according to the Rule of St. Benedict.

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Organum

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_________, in general, is a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages.

The Ars Antigua of the Notre Dame School is an example. There were earlier examples, but the names of those composers are not known.

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Notre Dame School

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The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with the music they produced.

The only composers whose names have come down to us from this time are Léonin and Pérotin.

The were "the best composers of organum," and compiled the big book of organum known as the Magnus Liber Organi.

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Ars Antigua

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Also called ars veterum or ars vetus, refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately 1170 and 1310, covering the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the subsequent years which saw the early development of the motet. Usually the term is restricted to sacred music, excluding the secular song of the troubadours and trouvères; however sometimes the term is used more loosely to mean all European music of the thirteenth century and slightly before. The term is used in opposition to ars nova, which refers to the period of musical activity between approximately 1310 and 1375.

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Léonin (also Leoninus, Leonius, Leo) (fl. 1150s — d. ? 1201)

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He was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was probably French, probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre Dame Cathedral.

He was the composer of the Magnus Liber, the "great book" of organum. Much of the Magnus Liber is devoted to clausulae—melismatic portions of Gregorian chant which were extracted into separate pieces where the original note values of the chant were greatly slowed down and a fast-moving upper part is superimposed. Léonin might have been the first composer to use the rhythmic modes, and he may have invented a notation for them.

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Pérotin (fl. c. 1200)

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He was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century. He was the most famous member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style.

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The works of Perotin

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His works include the four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes;

the three-voice Alleluia, Posui adiutorium, Alleluia, Nativitas, and nine others attributed to him by contemporary scholars on stylistic grounds, all in the organum style;

the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris;

and the monophonic Beata viscera in the conductus style.

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The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229)

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This was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French and promptly took on a political flavour, resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practicing Cathars but also a realignment of Occitania, bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of Aragonese influence.

Also destroyed culture of troubadours, courtly poets, and itinerant musicians.

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Troubadour

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This was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word "__________" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.

The school or tradition began in the 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy, Spain, and even Greece. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his De vulgari eloquentia defined the troubadour lyric as fictio rethorica musicaque poita: rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the ____________ declined in the 14th century and eventually died out around the time of the Black Death (1348).

The texts of their songs deal mainly with themes of chivalry and courtly love. Most were metaphysical, intellectual, and formulaic. Many were humorous or vulgar satires.

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Motet

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A polyphonic composition based on a sacred text and usually sung without accompaniment.

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early Medieval motets

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The earliest arose in the thirteenth century (Bent, 1997), out of the organum tradition exemplified in the Notre Dame school of Léonin and Pérotin. The motet probably arose from clausula sections, usually strophic interludes, in a longer sequence of organum, to which upper voices were added. Usually the clausula represented a strophic sequence in Latin which was sung as a discant over a cantus firmus, which typically was a plainchant fragment with different words from the discant. They took a definite rhythm from the words of the verse, and as such appeared as a brief rhythmic interlude in the middle of the longer, more chantlike organum.

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medieval secular motets

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These were two or three part compositions in which several different texts, sometimes in different vernacular languages, were sung simultaneously over a Latin cantus firmus that once again was usually adapted from a passage of Gregorian chant. It is suspected that, for the sake of intelligibility, in performance the cantus firmus and one or another of the vocal lines were performed on instruments. Among the trouvères, Robert de Reins La Chievre and Richart de Fournival composed motets.

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Isorhythmic motets

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Increasingly in the 14th and 15th centuries, motets tended to be isorhythmic; that is, they employed repeated rhythmic patterns in all voices—not just the cantus firmus—which did not necessarily coincide with repeating melodic patterns. Philippe de Vitry was one of the earliest composers to use this technique, and his work evidently had an influence on that of Guillaume de Machaut, one of the most famous named composers of late medieval motets.

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Conductus

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a type of sacred, but non-liturgical vocal composition for one or more voices. The word derives from Latin conducere (to escort), and the conductus was most likely sung while the lectionary was carried from its place of safekeeping to the place from which it was to be read. The conductus was one of the principal types of vocal composition of the ars antiqua period of medieval music history.

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Discant

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a style of liturgical setting in the Middle Ages, associated with the development of the Notre Dame school of polyphony. It is a style of organum that includes a plainchant tenor part, with a "note against note" upper voice, moving in contrary motion. It is not a musical form, but rather a technique.

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Clausulae

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a newly composed polyphonic section for two or more voices sung in discant style ("note against note") over a cantus firmus. Clausulae eventually became used as substitutes for passages of original plainchant.

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Mellisma

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the singing of a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession

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harmonic cadence

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a progression of (at least) two chords that concludes a phrase, section, or piece of music

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rhythmic cadence

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a characteristic rhythmic pattern indicating the end of a phrase

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Ars nova

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a stylistic period in music of the Late Middle Ages, centered in France and Burgundian Low Countries (Belgium Wallonia, Flanders), which encompassed the period roughly from the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel (1310 and 1314) until the death of Machaut (1377)

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Characteristics of the Ars Nova

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Controversial in the Roman Catholic Church, the music was starkly rejected by Pope John XXII, but embraced by Pope Clement VI. The monophonic chant, already harmonized with simple organum, was becoming altered, fragmented, and hidden beneath secular tunes. The lyrics of love poems might be sung above sacred texts, or the sacred text might be placed within a familiar secular melody. It was not merely polyphony that offended the medieval ears, but the notion of secular music merging with the sacred and making its way into the liturgy.

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Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300 – April 1377)

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a Medieval French poet and composer

-part of the musical movement known as the ars nova

-helped develop the motet and secular song forms

-wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer

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Works of Guillaume de Machaut

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His works include La Messe De Notre Dame, one of the earliest masses, probably composed in 1364, several motets and many songs

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Guillaume de Machaut

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the leading exponent of the Ars Nova movement that flourished in France during the fourteenth century. He was one of the earliest known users of syncopated rhythm, and was at the forefront of rhythmic experimentation in both his religious and his secular music. His Hoquetus David is one of the first pieces of purely instrumental music in modern Western times

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La Messe de Notre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut

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The best-known composition of the entire age. The principal components of the Mass polyphonically rather than in the customary plainchant. It is also one of the first Masses to have been written as a whole by a single composer; previously the different components of the Mass were assembled from different composers. This, together with its innovative rhythmical techniques, makes it a milestone in the evolution of the Mass as a musical form in its own right

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Guillaume de Machaut

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Though the Mass is his most famous work, his heart is really in his secular music, in which he brought the world of the trouvères into the polyphonic age

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Renaissance Music

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-began in northern Europe, specifically in the area currently comprising central and northern France, the Netherlands, and Belgium

-was at first a reaction against the excessive complexity and mannered style of the late 14th century and contained clear, singable melody and balanced polyphony in all voices

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The spread of Renaissance Music

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By the middle of the 15th century, composers and singers from the Low Countries and adjacent areas began to spread across Europe, especially into Italy, where they were employed by the papal chapel and the aristocratic patrons of the arts (such as the Medici, the Este, and the Sforza families). They carried their style with them: smooth polyphony which could be adapted for sacred or secular use as appropriate. Principal forms of sacred musical composition at the time were the mass, the motet, and the laude; secular forms included the chanson, the frottola, and later the madrigal.

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Guillaume Dufay (August 5, 1397? – November 27, 1474)

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-a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance. As the central figure in the Burgundian School, he was the most famous and influential composer in Europe in the mid-15th century. He was the first composer to use a folk song in mass and also wrote music for instruments.

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Johannes Ockeghem (1410–1425, Saint-Ghislain, Belgium – February 6, 1497, Tours, France)

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was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School in the last half of the 15th century, and is often considered the most influential composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez

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Guillaume Dufay

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among the most influential composers of the 15th century, and his music was copied, distributed and sung everywhere that polyphony had taken root. Almost all composers of the succeeding generations absorbed some elements of his style

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the works of Guillaume Dufay

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His most famous Cantus Firmus Masses were:

* "Se la face ay pale"
* "Ecce ancilla Domini"
* "L'homme arme"
* "Ave regina caelorum"


Dufay wrote eighty-seven motets, which were sacred vocal compositions in sontrapuntal style, without instrumental accompaniment. He also wrote fifty-nine chansons, which were songs, (originally ballad-like) most being French love songs. Seven Italian chansons were written as well. He made seven complete masses as well as thirty-five mass selections.

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the works of Johannes Ockeghem

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Some of his major works are 14 masses including Missa Quinti Toni, Missa l'homme armé, and Missa prolationum; 10 motets, 20 chansons, 1 canon and other ensemble pieces.

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Josquin des Prez (c. 1450 to 1455 – 27 August 1521)

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was the most famous European composer between Guillaume Dufay and Palestrina, and is usually considered to be the central figure of the Franco-Flemish School. He is widely considered by music scholars to be the first master of the high Renaissance style of polyphonic vocal music that was emerging during his lifetime.

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The major works of Josquin Des Prez

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Mass "Hercules Dux Ferrariae" Miserere mei Deus
Paul Hillier/Hilliard Ensemble
Mass "Ave Maris Stella"
Masses "Pange Lingua" and "la Sol Fa Re Mi"
Mass "de Beata Virgine"
Mass "Mater Patris"

Motets: "Berzerette savoyenne" & "Domine, non secundum peccata nostra"

Motets and Chansons

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late Renaissance music

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By the middle of the 16th century, the international style began to break down, and several highly diverse stylistic trends became evident: a trend towards simplicity in sacred music, as directed by the Counter-Reformation Council of Trent, exemplified in the music of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina; a trend towards complexity and chromaticism in the madrigal, which reached its extreme expression in the avant-garde style of the Ferrara School of Luzzaschi and the late century madrigalist Carlo Gesualdo; and the grandiose, sonorous music of the Venetian school, which used the architecture of the Basilica San Marco di Venezia to create antiphonal contrasts. The music of the Venetian school included the development of orchestration, ornamented instrumental parts, and continuo bass parts, all of which occurred within a span of several decades around 1600. Famous composers in Venice included the Gabrielis, Andrea and Giovanni, as well as Claudio Monteverdi, one of the most significant innovators at the end of the era.

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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525/6 – 2 February 1594)

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-an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition.[2] He had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony

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Missa Papae Marcelli (Pope Marcellus Mass) by Palestrina

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-according to legend was composed in order to persuade the Council of Trent that a draconian ban on the polyphonic treatment of text in sacred music (as opposed, that is, to a more directly intelligible homophonic treatment) was unnecessary.

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the works of Palestrina

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* Sacred music, including 104 Masses, more than 250 motets, some 200 liturgical pieces (psalms, Magnificats, hymns, etc.) and 50 spiritual madrigals
* Secular music, comprising nearly 100 madrigals

Most famous mass is the Missa Papae Marcelli

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The Madrigal

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- a type of secular vocal music composition, written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Throughout most of its history it was polyphonic and unaccompanied by instruments, with the number of voices varying from two to eight. The earliest examples of the genre date from Italy in the 1520s, and while the center of madrigal production remained in Italy, they were also written in England and Germany.

Most are through-composed, with music being written to best express the sentiment of each line of a poetic text.

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Who was Hildegard von Bingen?

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(1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard, and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, German Benedictine abbess, visionary, and polymath. Elected a magistra by her fellow nuns in 1136, she founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165.

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What are the major works of Hildegard von Bingen?

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She wrote music and texts to her songs, mostly liturgical plainchant honoring saints and Virgin Mary for the holidays and feast days, and antiphons. There is some evidence that her music and moral play Ordo Virtutum ("Play of Virtues") were performed in her own convent.

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What is an antiphon?

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in Christian music and ritual, it is a "responsory" by a choir or congregation, usually in Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work.

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What does the musical term "mass" mean?

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a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy (principally that of the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and the Lutheran Church) to music. Most Masses are settings of the liturgy in Latin.

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What sections constitute the "ordinary of the Eucharist"? (the invariable portions of the mass)

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I. Kyrie
II. Gloria
III. Credo
IV. Sanctus
V. Benedictus
VI. Agnus Dei

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Describe Baroque Music.

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describes a style of European classical music approximately extending from 1600 to 1750.

- saw the development of functional tonality

- During the period, composers and performers used more elaborate musical ornamentation, made changes in musical notation, and developed new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established opera as a musical genre.

Hint 50

Though some Baroque composers continued to produce masses, the emphasis was on developing counterpoint, with stronger rhythmic elements than music of the previous period, and greater stress on emotional content. The fugue, based on a central theme with gradual additions is most characteristic of the Baroque period.

The most easily identifiable of the Baroque composers is Bach. Bach’s works are mathematical masteries of point and counterpoint, and they are frequently studied for their sound mathematical principals. Bach is actually one of the later Baroque artists, preceded nearly a full century by the early Baroque composers.

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What is tonality?

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a system of music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center", or tonic.

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Who is Claudio Monteverdi?

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born in Cremona, 15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer.

His work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period.

He developed two individual styles of composition: the new basso continuo technique of the Baroque and the heritage of Renaissance polyphony.

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What is basso continuo?

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is the practice of creating (called "realizing" by specialists) an accompaniment from a composed bass part by playing the bass notes and improvising harmony above them. The term also refers to the composed part itself.

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What are the major works of Claudio Monteverdi?

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- Fifth Book of Madrigals, 1605, which described two different styles.

- L'Orfeo, 1607, one of the earliest operas, and 17 more operas.

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Who is Henry Purcell?

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1659 (?) – 1695), was an English organist and Baroque composer of secular and sacred music. Although Purcell incorporated Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, his legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music.

- considered greatest English composer before Sir Edward Elgar

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- considered greatest English composer before Sir Edward Elgar

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works of Henry Purcell

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He is best-known for his opera Dido and Aeneas, "The Golden Sonata," and his 1692 Ode for St Cecilia's Day, "Hail, Bright Cecilia."

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Who is Antonio Vivaldi?

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1678 – July 28, 1741), nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest"), was an Italian Baroque composer, priest, and virtuoso violinist, born in Venice. Vivaldi is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, and his influence during his lifetime was widespread over Europe.

Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well as sacred choral works and over 40 operas. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. ('Le Quattro Stagione')

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Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well as sacred choral works and over 40 operas. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. ('Le Quattro Stagione')

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What is a concerto?

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a piece of music made for a solo instrument and an orchestra. When an orchestra plays at a concert they might play a symphony (a piece for orchestra) and they might play a concerto (with a soloist). If the solo instrument is a violin the piece is called a “violin concerto”, if it is a piano it is called a “piano concerto”, etc. The orchestra accompanies the soloist.

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Who was George Frideric Handel?

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(1685 – 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer, famous for his operas, oratorios, and concertos. Handel was born in Germany in the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti. He received critical musical training in Italy before settling in London and becoming a naturalised British subject.

He is famous for the oratorio "Messiah," anthem "Zadok the Priest," and "Water Music Suite" & "Music for the Royal Fireworks."

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He is famous for the oratorio "Messiah," anthem "Zadok the Priest," and "Water Music Suite" & "Music for the Royal Fireworks."

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What is an oratorio?

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a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and soloists. Like an opera, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias. However, opera is musical theatre, while oratorio is strictly a concert piece—though oratorios are sometimes staged as operas, and operas are sometimes presented in concert form. In an oratorio there is generally little or no interaction between the characters, and no props or elaborate costumes. A particularly important difference is in the typical subject matter of the text. Opera tends to deal with history and mythology, including age-old devices of romance, deception, and murder, whereas the plot of an oratorio often deals with sacred topics, making it appropriate for performance in the church.

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Who was Johann Sebastian Bach?

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(1685 – 1750) was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity.

Major Works:
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, 1707
Brandenburg Concertos, 1721
Die Wohltemperierte Klavier
Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D Major
St. John Passion
St. Matthew Passion
Concerto in D Minor for Two Violins
Cantata No. 140 (Wachet auf)
Goldberg Variations
Die Kunst der Fuge (The art of the Fugue)
Mass in B Minor

Although he did not introduce new forms, he enriched the prevailing German style with a robust contrapuntal technique, an unrivalled control of harmonic and motivic organisation, and the adaptation of rhythms, forms and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France.

Hint 61

Major Works:
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, 1707
Brandenburg Concertos, 1721
Die Wohltemperierte Klavier
Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D Major
St. John Passion
St. Matthew Passion
Concerto in D Minor for Two Violins
Cantata No. 140 (Wachet auf)
Goldberg Variations
Die Kunst der Fuge (The art of the Fugue)
Mass in B Minor

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What is a Suite?

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an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral pieces normally performed in a concert setting rather than as accompaniment; they may be extracts from an opera, ballet, (Nutcracker Suite) or incidental music to a play (L'Arlésienne Suites) or film (Lieutenant Kije Suite), or they may be entirely original movements (Holberg Suite, The Planets).

In the Baroque era the suite was more precisely defined, with the pieces unified by key, and consisting of dances usually preceded by a prelude or overture. The suite was also known as Suite de danses, Ordre (the term favored by François Couperin) or Partita. In the eighteenth century, the term ouverture or overture may refer to the entire suite, as it does with the orchestral suites of Bach.

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In the Baroque era the suite was more precisely defined, with the pieces unified by key, and consisting of dances usually preceded by a prelude or overture. The suite was also known as Suite de danses, Ordre (the term favored by François Couperin) or Partita. In the eighteenth century, the term ouverture or overture may refer to the entire suite, as it does with the orchestral suites of Bach.

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What is a Fugue?

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a contrapuntal composition in two or more voices, built on a subject (theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation and recurs frequently in the course of the composition.

In addition to this broad general contrapuntal design, certain formal characteristics are well established. A fugue usually has three sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation containing the return of the subject in the fugue's tonic key, though not all fugues have a recapitulation.

Hint 63

In addition to this broad general contrapuntal design, certain formal characteristics are well established. A fugue usually has three sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation containing the return of the subject in the fugue's tonic key, though not all fugues have a recapitulation.

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What is a Cantata?

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a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir.

Bach's cantatas were like short oratorios.

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Bach's cantatas were like short oratorios.

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What is a sonata?

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is the name for an instrumental genre that usually has several movements and is either performed by a soloist or by a chamber ensemble. If multiple instruments are used, one is often a keyboard instrument. Sonata is also a common name for the form that became the underpinning of that genre’s first movement’s organization, sometimes referred to as “sonata form” or “first-movement form.

Hint 65

A Sonata is formal structure primarily used in Classical era that consists of three basic sections

I: The exposition usually contains 2 melodies linked by a transition that lead to a conclusive cadence. At some point you modulate away from tonic, usually to the dominant. (i.e from C to G)
II: Development, there are no rules to the development, the composer plays around with the thematic material in ways not usually associated with the exposition or recap.
III: Recapitulation, the first section is repeated, though the key changes so that at some point so you end up on tonic.
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The sonata as generally accepted today is a way of organizing a piece of played music and usually follows the pattern of four movements.

Allegro - a lively, sparkling opening piece.

Andante, Allegro, or Largo - a slower movement.

Minuet, or Scherzo - a light, dance type movement.

Finale - Rondo, or some other lively piece, sometimes a repeat of the Allegro.

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What is the sonata structure?

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A Sonata is formal structure primarily used in Classical era that consists of three basic sections

I: The exposition usually contains 2 melodies linked by a transition that lead to a conclusive cadence. At some point you modulate away from tonic, usually to the dominant. (i.e from C to G)
II: Development, there are no rules to the development, the composer plays around with the thematic material in ways not usually associated with the exposition or recap.
III: Recapitulation, the first section is repeated, though the key changes so that at some point so you end up on tonic.
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The sonata as generally accepted today is a way of organizing a piece of played music and usually follows the pattern of four movements.

Allegro - a lively, sparkling opening piece.

Andante, Allegro, or Largo - a slower movement.

Minuet, or Scherzo - a light, dance type movement.

Finale - Rondo, or some other lively piece, sometimes a repeat of the Allegro.

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Listening List for American Popular Music Pre-1900

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American Dreamer: Songs of Stephen foster

Billings: Early American Choral Music

Classic Mountain Songs from Smithsonian Folkways

Early American Roots (Hesperus)

Sousa Marches: Stars and Stripes Forever

The Civil War: Traditional American Songs and Instrumental Music Featured in the Film by Ken Burns

The Early Minstrel Shows

The Greatest Ragtime of the Century

Wade in the Water, Vol. 1: African American Spirituals: The Concert Tradition

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Name three traditional English folk songs, probably influenced by the troubadours, which migrated to the new world with the immigrants?

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"Barbara Allen"

"Chevy Chase"

"Greensleeves"

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Name three more popular songs of the colonial era?

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"The Devil's Curst Wife"

"The Nightengale"

"The Willow Tree"

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Name 6 popular songs of the Civil War era?

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"Dixie" "The Battle Hymn of the Republic"

"The Bonnie Blue Flag"

"John Brown's Body"

"Oh Shenandoah"

"The Johnny Comes Marching Home"

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Who was John Phillip Sousa?

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(1854 – 1932) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known particularly for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of march composition, he is known as "The March King"

He wrote "The Stars and Stripes Forever" in 1896

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What was ragtime music?

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an original musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged," rhythm.[2] It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. It was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music

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What was minstrel music?

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was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface.

By the turn of the century, the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville.

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Who was Stephen Foster?

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(1826 – 1864), known as the "father of American music", was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of the 19th century.

His songs — such as "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River"), "Hard Times Come Again No More", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Old Black Joe", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", and "Beautiful Dreamer" — remain popular over 150 years after their composition.

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Who was Dan Emmett?

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(October 29, 1815 – June 28, 1904) was an American songwriter and entertainer, founder of the first troupe of the blackface minstrel tradition.

Of Irish ancestry, he was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio, then a frontier region.

Notable songs written by Dan Emmett include:

* "The Blue Tail Fly" - [although he didn't write the "Jimmy Crack Corn" chorus] - Abraham Lincoln called it the "buzzing song" and it was his favorite song.
* "Old Dan Tucker"
* "The Boatman's Dance"
* "The Road to Richmond"
* "Walk Along, John"
* "Early in the Mornin'"

He is also sometimes credited with the composition of "Turkey in the Straw"[4][5], but the authorship of this song is still contested by music historians.

Dan Emmett is traditionally credited with writing the famous song "Dixie". The story that he related about its composition varied each time he told it, but the main points were that he composed the song in New York City while a member of Bryant's Minstrels. The song was first performed by Emmett and the Bryants at Mechanics' Hall in New York City on April 4, 1859.

The song became a runaway hit, especially in the South, and the piece for which Emmett was most well known. Emmett himself reportedly told a fellow minstrel that "If I had known to what use they [Southerners] were going to put my song, I will be damned if I'd have written it."

After the South began using his song as a rally, Emmett wrote the fife and drum manual for the Union Army. Emmett's song was a favorite of President Abraham Lincoln, who said after the war ended in 1865: "I have always thought that 'Dixie' was one of the best tunes I ever heard. I had heard our adversaries had attempted to appropriate it. I insisted yesterday that we had fairly captured it."

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Who were the three most important figures in blues and jazz music?

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W.C. Handy, Louis Armstrong, and Miles Davis

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What is "The Blues" music?

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the name given to both a musical form and a music genre that originated in African-American communities of primarily the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.[1] The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll, is characterized by specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues chord progression is the most common.

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Who was one of the first great urban blues singers (rural blues was sung primarily by men)?

Who was, perhaps, the best known blues singer of all time?

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Ma Rainey

Bessie Smith

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What is jazz?

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Jazz can be very hard to define because it spans from Ragtime waltzes to 2000s-era fusion. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions—using the point of view of European music history or African music for example—but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.[3] One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term "jazz" more broadly. Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as 'swing'", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".

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What is swing music?

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also known as swing jazz or simply swing, is a form of jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and became a distinctive style by 1935 in the United States. Swing uses a strong rhythm section of double bass and drums as the anchor for a lead section of brass instruments such as trumpets and trombones, woodwinds including saxophones and clarinets, and sometimes stringed instruments such as violin and guitar, medium to fast tempos, and a "lilting" swing time rhythm. Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of bandleaders such as Benny Goodman and Count Basie was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1945.

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Who was Duke Ellington?

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(April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was a composer, pianist, and big band leader. Ellington wrote over 1,000 compositions. In the words of Bob Blumenthal of the Boston Globe "In the century since his birth, there has been no greater composer, American or otherwise, than Edward Kennedy Ellington."

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Who was Louis Armstrong?

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(1901 – 1971) nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.

Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance.

With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing, vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics

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Who was John Coltrane?

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1926 – July 17, 1967[1]) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz.

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Who is Herbie Hancock?

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(born April 12, 1940) is an American pianist, bandleader and composer.[1] As part of Miles Davis's "second great quintet", Hancock helped redefine the role of a jazz rhythm section, and was one of the primary architects of the "post-bop" sound. He was one of the first jazz musicians to embrace synthesizers and funk. Hancock's music is often melodic and accessible; he has had many songs "cross over" and achieved success among pop audiences.

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Who was Miles Davis?

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(May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.

Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion. Many well-known musicians rose to prominence as members of Davis' ensembles

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Who was Muddy Waters?

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an American blues musician, generally considered the Father of modern Chicago blues.

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Describe Traditional Chinese Music.

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It started at the dawn of Chinese civilization with documents and artifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC – 256 BC).

The legendary founder of music in Chinese mythology was Ling Lun, who made bamboo pipes tuned to the sounds of birds.

It is played on solo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked and bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and various cymbals, gongs, and drums. The scale is pentatonic. Bamboo pipes and qin are among the oldest known musical instruments.

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Describe Chinese Opera.

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It has been hugely popular for centuries, especially the Beijing opera. The music is often guttural with high-pitched vocals, usually accompanied by suona, jinghu, other kinds of string instruments, and percussion.

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Describe Chinese Folk Music.

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Han folk music, from the most prominent ethnic group, thrives at weddings and funerals and usually includes a form of oboe called a suona and percussive ensembles called chuigushou. Ensembles consisting of mouth organs (sheng), shawms (suona), flutes (dizi) and percussion instruments (especially yunluo gongs) are popular in northern villages; their music is descended from the imperial temple music of Beijing, Xi'an, Wutai shan and Tianjin.

Other types are common in other areas.

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What is guoyue?

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symphony music promoted by the Chinese communist government.

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Describe Korean music.

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Korean music is based on Buddhist and native shamanistic beliefs. Buddhist and shamanistic dancing, and shamanistic drum music, are extant, as is a melodic, dance music called sinawi.

Traditional Korean music can be divided into at least four types: courtly, aristocratic, scholarly, and religious.

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Describe Traditional Japanese Music.

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The oldest forms of traditional Japanese music are shōmyō (声明 or you could use 聲明), Buddhist chanting, and gagaku (雅楽), orchestral court music, both of which date to the Nara and Heian periods

Japanese folk songs (min'yō) can be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to think of four main categories: work songs, religious songs (such as sato kagura, a form of Shintoist music), songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (matsuri, especially Obon), and children's songs (warabe uta).

In min'yō, singers are typically accompanied by the three-stringed lute known as the shamisen, taiko drums, and a bamboo flute called shakuhachi.

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Describe Indian Classical Music

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The two main traditions of classical music are Carnatic music, found predominantly in the peninsular regions, and Hindustani music, found in the northern and central regions. Both traditions claim Vedic origin, and history indicates that they diverged from a common musical root since about the 13th century.

It is monophonic, based around a single melody line played over a fixed drone; it uses a 12 note scale, but it's a just tuning, not a tempered one, so it sounds a little "off" to Western ears.

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Describe Indian Folk Music.

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It is diverse because of India's vast cultural diversity. It has many forms including bhangra, lavani, dandiya and Rajasthani. The arrival of movies and pop music weakened folk music's popularity, but cheaply recordable music has made it easier to find and helped revive the traditions. Folk music (desi) has been influential on classical music, which is viewed as a higher art form. Instruments and styles have influenced classical ragas. It is also not uncommon for major writers, saints and poets to have large musical libraries and traditions to their name, often sung in thumri (semi-classical) style. Most of the folk music of India is dance-oriented.

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Describe Indian Pop Music.

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Born in the South Asian region with famous playback singer Ahmed Rushdi's song ‘Ko-Ko-Korina’ in 1966.

It is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music with modern beats from different parts of the world. Indian popular music was popularized with root-grass efforts made by Alisha Chinai and MTV India in the early 1990s.

Since then, it was Shashi Gopal who pioneered the spectacular growth of this genre by producing, marketing and launching some of the biggest brands (e.g. Magnasound) in pop scene in India.

The term "Indipop" was first used by the British Indian fusion band Monsoon in their 1981 EP release on Steve Coe's Indipop Records.

Much of Indian Pop music comes from the Indian Film Industry, and until the 1990s, few singers outside it were popular.

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Describe Middle Eastern music.

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The predominance of Islam allowed a great deal of Arabic influence to spread through the region rapidly from the 7th century onward. The Arabic scale is strongly melodic, based around various maqamat (sing. maqam) or modes (also known as makam in Turkish music). This is similar to the dastgah of Persian music. While this originates with classical music, the modal system has filtered down into folk, liturgical and even popular music, with influence from the West. Unlike much western music, Arabic music includes quarter tones halfway between notes, often through the use of stringed instruments (like the oud) or the human voice. Further distinguishing characteristics of Middle Eastern and North African music include very complex rhythmic structures, generally tense vocal tone, and a homophonic texture.

Often, more traditional Middle Eastern music can last from one to three hours in length, building up to anxiously awaited, and much applauded climaxes, or tarab, derived from the Arabic term طرب tarraba.

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Describe African music.

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very diverse, but there are shared characteristics:

- highly rhythmic, comprised of complex rhythmic patterns, often involving one rhythm played against another to create a "polyrhythm"

- various parts of music do not combine in a harmonious fashion: aiming to express life, in all its varied aspects, through sound

- no written tradition, almost impossible to notate on western staff

- call and response nature

- highly improvised

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Asian Music Collections

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Best of Bollywood
Classical Chinese Folk Songs and Opera
Essential Ravi Shankar
Japan: Traditional vocal and instrumental Music
Korean Traditional Music
Traditional Music of India

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Middle Eastern Music Collections

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Arabic Groove
Authentic Israeli Folk songs and Dances
Iran: Persian Classical Music
Rough guide to the Music of Turkey
Turath: Masterworks of the Middle East
Traditional Arabic Music

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African Music Collections

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African Tribal Music and Dances
AfroBeat
African Voices
Best of Lady Black Mambazo
Graceland (Paul Simon)
Grazing in the Grass: Best of Hugh Masekela
African Groove
Rough Guide to the Music of Nigeria and Ghana
Rough Guide to Highlife

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What is Calypso?

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a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago.

"Rum and Coca Cola"

"Banana Boat Song ('Day-O')"

- sweet and joyful, generally sung to a guitar and maracas accompaniment (steel drums providing harmony)

(Two other Trinidadian styles are Soca and Rapso)

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What are the Jamaican styles of music?

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Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dub, Dancehall, Reggaeton (originated in Panama)

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What is Mento music?

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was recorded in Jamaica in the 1950s due to the efforts of Stanley Motta, who noted the similarities between Jamaican folk and Trinidadian calypso, which was becoming popular around the world. For decades, mento bands toured the big hotels in Jamaica.[2] While mento never found as large an international audience as calypso, some mento recordings, such as by Count Lasher, Lord Composer and George Moxey, are now widely-respected legends of Jamaican music. Although mento has largely been supplanted by successors like reggae and dub, the style is still performed, recorded, and released internationally by traditionalist performers like the Jolly Boys.

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What is Ska?

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a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae.[1] Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the upbeat. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Later it became popular with many skinheads.

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What is Rocksteady?

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the music of Jamaica's rude boys by the mid-1960s, when The Wailers and The Clarendonians dominated the charts, taking over from pioneers like Alton Ellis (who is believed to have invented rocksteady). Desmond Dekker's "007" brought international attention to the new genre. The mix put heavy emphasis on the bass line, as opposed to ska's strong horn section, and the rhythm guitar began playing on the upbeat. Session musicians like Supersonics, Soul Vendors, Jets and Jackie Mittoo (of the Skatalites) became popular during this period.

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What is "toasting"?

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Along with the rise of ska came the popularity of DJs like Sir Lord Comic, King Stitt and pioneer Count Matchuki, who began talking stylistically over the rhythms of popular songs at sound systems. In Jamaican music, the DJ is the one who talks (known elsewhere as the MC) and the selector is the person who chooses the records. The popularity of DJs as an essential component of the sound system created a need for instrumental songs, as well as instrumental versions of popular vocal songs.

In the late 1960s, producers like King Tubby and Lee Perry began stripping the vocals away from tracks recorded for sound system parties. With the bare beats and bass playing and the lead instruments dropping in and out of the mix, DJs began toasting, or delivering humorous and often provoking jabs at fellow DJs and local celebrities. Over time, toasting became an increasingly complex activity, and became as big a draw as the dance beats played behind it. In the early 1970s, DJs such as DJ Kool Herc took the practice of toasting to New York City, where it evolved into rap music.

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What is Reggae?

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By the early 1970s, rocksteady had evolved into reggae, which combines elements from American soul music with the traditional shuffle and one-drop of Jamaican mento. Reggae quickly became popular around the world, due in large part to the international success of artists like Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. Marley was viewed as a Rastafarian messianic figure by some fans, particularly throughout the Caribbean, Africa, and among Native Americans and Australian Aborigines. His lyrics about love, redemption and natural beauty captivated audiences, and he gained headlines for negotiating truces between the two opposing Jamaican political parties (at the One Love Concert), led by Michael Manley (PNP) and Edward Seaga

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What is Dub?

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By 1973, dub music had emerged as a distinct reggae genre, and heralded the dawn of the remix. Developed by record producers such as Lee "Scratch" Perry and King Tubby, dub featured previously-recorded songs remixed with prominence on the bass. Often the lead instruments and vocals would drop in and out of the mix, sometimes processed heavily with studio effects. King Tubby's advantage came from his intimate knowledge with audio gear, and his ability to build his own sound systems and recording studios that were superior to the competition.

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What is Dancehall?

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During the 1980s, the most popular music styles in Jamaica were dancehall and ragga. Dancehall (a form of reggae) is essentially speechifying with musical accompaniment, including a basic drum beat (most often played on electric drums). The lyrics moved away from the political and spiritual lyrics popular in the 1970s and concentrate more on less serious issues.

Dancehall was sometimes explicitly violent and sexual in lyrical content, and several rival performers made headlines with their feuds across Jamaica (most notably Beenie Man versus Bounty Killer).

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What is Reggaeton?

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a form of predominantly latin urban music. After its mainstream exposure in 2004, it spread to North American, European and Asian audiences. Reggaeton's predecessor originated in Panama as reggae en español. After the music's gradual exposure and commercial packaging in Puerto Rico, it eventually evolved into a new musical style known as reggaeton.

Reggaeton blends West-Indian music influences of reggae and dancehall with those of Latin America, such as bomba, plena, salsa, latin pop and bachata as well as those of hip hop, contemporary R&B, and electronica. However, reggaeton is also combined with rapping or singing in Spanish.

The influence of this genre has spread to the wider Latino communities in the United States, as well as the Latin American audience. While it takes influences from hip hop and Jamaican dancehall, reggaeton is not the Hispanic or Latino version of either of these genres; reggaeton has its own specific beat and rhythm, whereas Latino hip hop is simply hip hop recorded by artists of Latino descent. The specific rhythm that characterizes reggaeton is referred to as "Dem Bow."

The name is a reference to the title of the dancehall song by Shabba Ranks that first popularized the beat in the early 1990s.

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What is Salsa music?

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A syncretic dance form with origins from Cuba as the original American meeting point of European and African cultures.

Salsa is normally a partner dance.

"extravagant, clave-driven, Afro-Cuban-derived songs anchored by piano, horns, and rhythm section and sung by a velvety voiced crooner in a sharkskin suit"

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What is Mambo?

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Another Cuban style, like Salsa, it is both a musical style and a dance.

a Cuban musical form and dance style that achieved popularity in Havana, Mexico and New York City. The word mambo means conversation with the gods in Kikongo, the language spoken by Central African slaves taken to Cuba.

- a musician named Perez Prado introduced the dance for mambo music, the mambo dance. He introduced it at La Tropicana night-club in Havana in 1943.

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What is Rumba?

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- another African-inspired Cuban musical style

- sexually charged dance

- heavy use of conga drum

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What is Samba?

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a Brazilian dance and musical genre originating in Africa. It is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival. Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions, together with Sertanejo, samba has become an icon of Brazilian national identity

- The modern samba that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century is basically 2/4 tempo varied with the conscious use of chorus sung to the sound of palms and batucada rhythm, adding one or more parts or stanzas of declaratory verses. Traditionally, the samba is played by strings (cavaquinho and various types of guitar) and various percussion instruments such as tamborim.

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What is Bossa Nova?

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An offshoot of Samba

- ligher, whiter kind of Samba

- less percussive, but more complex harmonically

- gained a large following among American college students and the hipster set in the 1960s

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What is Merengue?

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a type of music and dance from the Dominican Republic

- very fast, almost to the point of being frantic

- played traditionally by various percussion instruments and an accordion

- modern merengue loses the squeezebox and adds rock, pop, and hip-hop elements

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What is Tango music?

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Tango dance and tango music originated in the area of the Rio de la Plata, and spread to the rest of the world soon after.

- sensual, can be with big band or traditional Argentinian sextet

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What is Mariachi?

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Mexican music that mixes African rhythms fro southern Mexico with folk dances from the north.

played by acoustic guitar ensembles, accompanied by violins and trumpets, often dressed in highly ornamental jackets, large bow ties and sombreros

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What is Musica Criolla?

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a category of Peruvian music, which combines mainly African, Spanish and Andean influences. Afro-Peruvian music was first created by African slaves in Peru during the Colonial Period and beyond. The rhythms include Festejo, Lando, Socabon, Pregon, Zamacueca, and Alcatraz. Many of those were played with a mixture of Spanish and Indian instruments and used the Spanish coplas as lyrics. There were practiced only in private black gatherings until the 1950s, when efforts of some scholars of the Peruvian community as Nicomedes Santa Cruz, Victoria Santa Cruz and Jose Durand compiled songs and dances after struggling with racism and poor recognition.

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What is Ranchera Music?

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a form of traditional Mexican music, often played by Mariachi groups.

- usually about love, nature, or patriotism, typically in a major key

- bass rhythm varies: 2/4, 4/4, 3/4 are common

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What is Banda music?

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is a brass-based form of traditional music. Bandas play a wide variety of songs, including rancheras, corridos, cumbias, baladas, and boleros. Bandas are most widely known for their rancheras, but they also play modern Mexican pop, rock, and cumbias. Most Banda music is very clearly a dialect of polka and will seem familiar and appealing to fans of polka or traditional German and Polish music.

- Established in the late 1880s in Sinaloa, a state in northwestern Mexico, banda music exploded in popularity in the 1990s throughout Mexico. Its roots come from the overlapping of Mexican music with German polka music. At the time, many German Mexicans lived in the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Nuevo León. This greatly influenced northern Mexican music. Immigrants from northern Mexico brought the music to the United States. Initially popular in the southwest United States, primarily in Texas, California and Arizona, banda has followed the movement of Mexican immigrants to the Midwest United States and the rest of the country

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What is Tejano music?

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the name given to various forms of folk and popular music originating among the Mexican-American populations of Central and Southern Texas.

- emerged in 1940s with more of a polka or waltz sound. In 1950s, Isidro Lopez revolutionized it by fusing accordion-based sound with big band orchestration.

In recent years, artists such as Selena, often referred to as "The Queen of Tejano", La Mafia, Jay Perez, and Mazz, Jennifer Pena have transformed Tejano music from primarily a local, ethnic form of music to a genre with wide appeal in North America, Latin America, Europe, and beyond.

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What is Polka music?

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The polka is a lively Central European dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, derived from the sounds of traditional farm equipment and is still a common genre in many countries of Europe.

- Polka did enjoy a resurgence in popularity after World War II, when many Polish refugees moved to the US, adopting this Bohemian style as a cultural dance. Polka dances are still held on a weekly basis across many parts of the US with Central European heritage.

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Who is B. B. King?

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(born September 16, 1925), known by the stage name B.B. King, is an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter acclaimed for his expressive singing and guitar playing.

Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at #3 on its list of the "100 greatest guitarists of all time".[1] According to Edward M. Komara, King "introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that would influence virtually every electric blues guitarist that followed."

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Where was the earliest known written music found?

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The ancient city of Ur, in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2000 BCE

-harmonies of parallel thirds, written in diatonic scale

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What is a diatonic scale?

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-a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones

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Where did Greek philosophers believe music originated?

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-From the God Apollo, as well as Orpheus and other deities.

-They also believed music reflected in microcosm the laws of harmony that rule the universe

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What are Greek "modes"?

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a limited series of pitches defined by set intervals; Dorian, Ionian, Lydian, Phrygian

-predated our major and minor scales which became popular in the 1500s and 1600s.