History Of Christianity Final

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Marks of the Church

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The four holy beliefs of the church. One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic.

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Apologist

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A name used for Christians writers who defended the church against ant-Christian writings or heresies through the use of reason and intellectual defenses

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Didache

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The Didache, meaning "teaching," is a catechetical document that may have been written as early as A.D. 60, but most probably around A.D. 100. The Didache mentions Christian doctrines like the Trinity, moral teachings, and explains the rites of Baptism and Eucharist. Its author is unknown.

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Gnoticism

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The movements which claimed secret, revealed knowledge of God.

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Lapsi Christian

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A christian in the early church who gave into the pressure of the Roman's who were threatening to kill the Christians.

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Pax Romana

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Pax Romana:
Jesus was born during the relatively stable time known as Pax Romana, which means "Roman Peace."

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Zealots

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a radical Jewish sect that hated Roman rule

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Nero

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Nero:
64 AD

Falsely accused Christians of burning Rome (when he did it himself)

Tortured Chrisitans as a spectacle infront of larger crowds

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ceasarpapism

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caesaropapism:
the political theory that held that a secular ruler should also have authority over the Church, including in matters of doctrine

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Vulgate

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Latin version of the bible

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Cuius regio, eius religio

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is a phrase in Latin loosely translated as "Whose realm, his religion". In other words, the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled.

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Donation of Pepin

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The grant of a large strip of land in the middle of the Italian peninsula by Pepin III to the papacy while granting the Pope the right to rule it

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Justinian Code

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a collection of laws written in Latin that became the basis of European law that were instituted by Byzatine emperor Justin

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Lay Investiture

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A practice in the medieval Church whereby secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories thus upsprung the right to the pope to chose bishops

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Macedonianism

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A 4th century heresy name for a bishop of Macedonius that claimed that the Son created the Holy Spirit who has in turn subordinate to the Father and the Son

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Monasticism

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Religious life in which men or women leave the world & enter a monestery or covent while devouting themselvesto prayer and solitude

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Monophytism

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A heresy of the late 5th and early 6th centuries that taught that there is only one nature in the person of Christ and the divine nature

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Orthodoxy

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The state of adhereance to accepted and traditional feelings of the faith

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Pelagianism

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A 5th century heresy that held that humans could save themselves without God's supernatural help

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Humanism

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A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the rediscovery of religion of the literature, art and civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome

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Indulgence

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The remission before God of the temporal punishment still due to forgiven sins

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Nepotism

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Clergy passing down titles and land to family

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mendicant

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Monks who take vows of poverty

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Iconoclasm

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veneration of sacred images

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Filoque

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"And from the Son"

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Gothic

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High thin walls and stained glass windows

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Romanesque

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Thick Walls, arches and little light

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William of Aquatine

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Donated the land for the Cluny Monastery

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Peace of God

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Women, Children, clergy and peasants were exempt from the war

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St. Jerome

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Translated the bible to Latin

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Monica

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Augustine's mother

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Gentiles

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was a group that Christians preached to since this group did not have to follow Jewish law

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Deacons

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were appointed by the Apostles to care for the community & widows

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Martyr

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means "witness" they died for God

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Helena

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was Constantine's mother

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Heresy

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A false teaching that denies an essential teaching of the church

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Domitan

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Roman emperor reigned til his death he was the third and last emperor of the Flavian dynasty

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The Great Western Schism

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resulted in a split that confused Christians who did not know who was the Vicar of Christ

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John Tetzel

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was a German Dominican preacher accused for selling indulgences

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Martin Luther

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initiated the Protestant Reformation. As a priest and theology professor, he confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his The Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Luther strongly disputed their claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X

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Urban II

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called for the first crusade

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Predestination

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is a religious concept, which involves the relationship between God and his creation. The religious character of predestination distinguishes it from other ideas about determinism and free will. The belief that before the creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space.

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Richard the Lionhearted

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Central Christian commander in the 3rd crusade

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Charlemagne

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"Protector of the Papacy"

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Arius

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Began a heretical movement in Alexandria

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Apostolic Father

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The Name for a late 1st c or earlier 2nd c writer who personally knew the Apostles and their disciples

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Apostle

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one who is sent by Jesus to continue his work

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Battle of Tours

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led by Charles Martel; it was also a crucial battle Constantine recieved a vision ecouraging him to place the Chi-Rho on his banners and shields

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Convent

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is either a community of priests, religious brothers, religious sisters, or nuns, or the building used by the community, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church

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Conclave

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is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, who becomes the pope, when there is a vacancy in the office.[1] The conclave is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution.

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Clares

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is an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. She founded the Order of Poor Ladies, a monastic religious order for women in the Franciscan tradition. Following her death, the order she founded was renamed in her honor as the Order of Saint Clare, commonly referred to today as the Poor Clares.

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Christendom

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A term to describe a time of great achievement in the Middle Ages with the Church and Western society were one. It a wider sense, the term refers to a larger territory where most people are Christians

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Anabaptists

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Anabaptists rejected conventional Christian practices such as wearing wedding rings, taking oaths, and participating in civil government. They adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount and Believer's baptism.

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95 theses

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written by Martin Luther; this was nailed to the door of a church to challenge the church and the pope

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Ulrich Zwingli

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he was a major reformist in Switzerland; he accepted the ideas of Luther

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Augsburg Confession

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also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin, and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg

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Avignon Papacy

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also known as the "Babylonian Captivity"of the church

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St. Ambrose

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was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century. He is counted as one of the four original doctors of the Church.

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St. Anthony of Egypt

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was a Christian saint from Egypt, a prominent leader among the Desert Fathers; he was the first Christian hermit

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Nicene Creed

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is the creed or profession of faith that is most widely used in Christian liturgy. It is called Nicene because, in its original form, it was adopted in the city of Nicaea by the first ecumenical council.

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Mysticism

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is the pursuit of communion with, identity with, or conscious awareness of an ultimate reality, divinity, spiritual truth, or God through direct experience, intuition, instinct or insight.

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John Knox

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was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination.

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Peace of Augsburg

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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany.

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Unam Sanctum

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Pope Boniface VIII issued the Papal bull Unam sanctam[1] which historians consider one of the most extreme statements of Papal spiritual supremacy ever made. The original document is lost but a version of the text can be found in the registers of Boniface VIII in the Vatican Archives.

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Tertullian

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was a prolific and controversial early Christian Berber author[2], and the first to write Christian Latin literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity".

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Michael Cerelius

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was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059.
Born in Constantinople, Patriarch Michael I Cerularius is noted for disputing with Pope Leo IX over church practices where the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, especially the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.

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Dominic

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was the founder of the Friars Preachers, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers, a Catholic religious order. Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers.

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Thomas More

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also known as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, scholar, author and statesman. He is also recognised as being a saint within the Catholic Church. During his life he gained a reputation as a leading Renaissance humanist, an opponent of the Reformation of Martin Luther

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Dictates of the Pope

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Dictatus papae is a compilation of 27 axiomatic statements of powers arrogated to the Pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register under the year 1075

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Francis of Assisi

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aint Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182 – October 3, 1226)[2] was a Catholic deacon and the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.

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Fourth Lateran Council

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The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull of April 19, 1213, and the Council gathered in November of 1215.

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Patriarch

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Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family. The system of such rule of families by senior males is called patriarchy. meaning "father" meaning "leader", "chief", "ruler", "king", etc.

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Thomas Aquinas

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was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church in the Dominican Order, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Communis.

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Sanhedrin

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was an assembly of twenty-three judges appointed in every city in the Land of Israel.

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Teresa of Avilla

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was a prominent Spanish mystic, Carmelite nun, and writer of the Counter Reformation. She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be, along with John of the Cross, a founder of the Discalced Carmelites. In 1970 she was named a Doctor of the Church by Pope Paul VI.

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Pope Nicholas I

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or Nicholas the Great, reigned from April 24, 858 until his death. He is remembered as a consolidator of papal authority and power, exerting decisive influence upon the historical development of the papacy and its position among the Christian nations of Western Europe, and is considered a saint.

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Spiritual Excercises

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Any spiritual practice dedicated towards increasing one's personal spirituality

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Pope Gregory VII

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One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals.

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Phillip Neri

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was an Italian priest, noted for founding a society of secular priests called the "Congregation of the Oratory".

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Pope Innocent II

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was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III