History Of Africa: Unity In Africa

Front 1

What is a western artifact in Africa?

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The idea of Unity on an entire continent

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Why have african leaders sought aftter African Unity?

Back 2

Is the accusation that europe imposed on Africa: Balkanization and the deliberate creation of many many states, which made the economy very weak.

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Balkanization

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creating many many states, therefore weakening the countries

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Was africa ever united?

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NO

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Some argue that Euross didn't balkanize the AFrica,.....

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They actually did more to unifying it, making it into 54 separate states.

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What is the division Euros did introduce?

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One based on Language

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Language in Africa...

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The imposition of colonial languages in Africa, which to this day have divided african nations between themselves, This language of the former colonial ruler has remianed on fo hte major cultural arifacts of the colonial age, and has been one of the issues that prevent them today from having african unity.

Front 8

What are the four language zones of Africa?

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Anglophone
Franco Phone
Luso Phone
Arabo Phone

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linguistic barrier to unity

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The linguistic barrier europeans left behind in africa, which is almost as important as the political barriers.

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Nkruma

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followed this idea of Negritude: "Blackness" was not just a visual thing. It expressed the internal character, psychology, and the internal soul of anyone who was black.

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Negritude:

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This shared blackness was something that should unite all africans, therefore this unity should find expression in a single, UNited Africa

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Those who opposed to Nkruma and his idea of Negretude, said that...

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His ideas were not only wester, racist, but also ignored both historical and current realities because Africa was never united.

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Those who opposed Nkruma also said that...

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As artificial as these boundaries are, that have now become an objective reality, and you simply cannot get rid of them

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Those who opposed Nkruma stated

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Lets create a united states of Africa.

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OAU

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Those who wanted a united states of Africa. Created in 1963.

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Addis Ababa

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Where the OAU set up headquarters

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What were some of the issues with the OAU

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Didn't really know what it wanted to be. It was an organization of African states, aspired to be like the European Union, but it was closer to the organization of American states. They aspired to be one thing, but in reality was something else.

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What was the other reality of the OAU:

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If you erase all these lines, who is going to run it? What happens to all the gov't and all other political leader which in theory would all disappear in a united africa? So the OAU sounded like Nkruma, but was really the opposite, it was an organization of states?

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What are the two main goals of the OAU?

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1.The OAU must collectivley continue to push the elimination of the remaining colonial systems in Africa.(Southern and Central Africa) The OAU was determined to end the racist apartheid regime in South Africa
2. Preventing conflict between African States. It was either to prevent or mediate conflict if it happened to break out in Africa

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Other than the issue that the OAU could not figure out was it was suppose to be, the other issue is...

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That it was created during the height of the cold war

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OAU and the Cold War

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Eventually the OAU found themselves divided into a series of groups or subgroups, determined in part by their ideological determination and their attitude towards the cold war.

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What were the subgroups in the OAU

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Casablanca Group
Monrovia Group
Brazzaville Group

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Casablanca Group

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The Radicals in afriac. They wanted to abolish a single united Africa. They were pro soviet and eastern block positions. They were the ones who were the most militant in trying to end the colonialism in central and southern africa

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Monrovia Group

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Moderates. Basically said they really dont have sides in the cold war, they were pro western. Wanted to end the remaining colonial regimes, but on a practical sense said they cant do it by force because the colonial regimes here have overwhelming military and econ power. Diplomatic, moral, econ pressure would be the way to end colonialism in Africa

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Brazzaville

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Many classified it as neocolonialism. They were willing to be tools used by former colonialists to maintain their political, economical diplomatic clout in Africa.

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The Casablanca, Monrovia, and Brazzaville group were proof that the OAU

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Was against itself from the beginning. By the end of the 1960's it existed on paper, but was entirely worthless.

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After the OAU fail, new poltical leaders realized that if African Unity was going to come, they first had to...

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Unify smaller pieces of it.

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The second realization these new poltical leaders had was that.....

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African Unity would not at first come through political action.

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How did these new political leaders believe what would come first in terms of african unity?

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Economic Unity

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Economic Unitiy

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Create economic large scale unity within Africa. It will get the countries involved to used to Econ unity, get rid of the fear of being swallowed, and give them the idea of prosperity. THe idea of small scale econ unity became in effect, the effective replacement of the OAU.

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The first attempt at Economic Unity occured in....

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Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

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Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

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All had econ that was complementary of each other. Should have been an easy transition.

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East African Economic Association (EAF)

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Issue: The econ worked, the politics did not. The three leaders didnt trust each other. They all feared that the other leaders would politically take over the other countries. The lesson becomes, If you are going to create some kind of econ association, you must make sure you keep politics oUT.

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What is the second attempt of Econ Unity?

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ECOWAS, 1975

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ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States.

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First and only econ unity who tried to overcome the linguistic differences inherited from the colonial era. Nigeria had enormous wealth and population, shoudl have doomed it from the beginning.

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Treaty of Legos:

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Nigeria has never tried to throw its wegiht inside ECOWAS, kept it economic. So the system works.

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What was ECOWAS able to accomplish?

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Nearly free trade, citizens can move freely between these borders, and the econ of these members has begun to rise. It has also started taking on other non-economical responsibilities.

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Liberia and Sierra Leone

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There have been terrible civil wars here for the past decade. ECOWAS has sent peace keeping troops to try and get the conflicts to stop. Some cases the interventions are successful, sometiems not.

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ECOWAS has slowly developed into...

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A very distinct military and political association.

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OCAM

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Another econ union created. It was a descendent of Brazzaville group. All of them are former french colonies.

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CFA Franc and OCAM

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Ocam is tied legally and financially to the french franc so that in effect, french money is the currency of these currencies.

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The African Union

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THe OAU replacement (2002) looks forward to in some vague way in uniting Africa, it it basically an economic organization. Which by default, if neccessary will take on politically and even military tasks, but no taking on a wide poltical african government.