History 450 Midterm 2

Front 1

Xenophobia

Back 1

A fear of strangers; people from another race or culture.

Front 2

Nativism

Back 2

Was a belief in 1949 that public policy should favor the native born.

Front 3

Murder of Gordon Chase

Back 3

African American Barber in San Francisco, sister had a dress shop in SF as well. A man came into her store and stole some dresses, and chased him down the street but got away. The white guy then goes to Gordon’s barber and said she humiliated him, and he said he doesn't know what he's talking about and was shot dead. Was currently giving a haircut to Robert Cowles(white), he took the stand and testified against the white guy, defense challenged him and said he’s actually a white skinned mulatto. Then took a hair sample, and said yes he’s at least 1/16 black; then the case was dismissed and the guy was set free.

Front 4

San Francisco Franchise League

Back 4

African American community got organized and came forward; 1863 African Americans and Mulattos are allowed to testify.

Front 5

Juanita of Downieville

Back 5

uanita was married, and had a house in Downieville. Her husband was looking for a new gold strike; left her alone on fourth of July in 1851. The miners are celebrating and drinking. Joesph Cannon got drunk and payed a visit to Juanita and knocked on the door too hard and broke it; told him to get out and he left. He then went back to his friends and went back to visit her again, just walked in. Then Juanita says that Cannon tried to rape her and hurt her and she stabbed him dead. The friends see him the next day and form a lynch mob, and wanted to hang her so they put a rope on the bridge and she got away. However she ended up hanging herself after defending herself; didn't want to give them the satisfaction of killing her.

Front 6

Joaquin Murieta

Back 6

Was an incredible bandit; very sneaky and never any witnesses saw him. Was hard on the Chinese; but nobody was safe from him. After the crime wave, the California State Legislature posted a 1,000 dollar reward for a hispanic looking man who answered by the name of Joaquin. They gave a Texas ranger a one month head start though(Captain Harry Love) who recruited 20 men(other rangers) and went up and down the state trying to find him. On the 30th day, they found him and his chief lieutenant and had a gun battle and shot both of them to pieces. Chopped off Joaquin’s head and his lieutenant’s hand and received the reward.

Front 7

Land Law of 1851

Back 7

All Californios who held a land grant had to appear before a Board of Land Commissioners(3 American Judges) within two years to prove that you still have title of the land. 800 cases came before the Board; and there were only 600 in favor of the Californios. The length of time to take to settle the cases; average was 17 years. Most of the land went to the lawyers; winning the land for themselves(bc the Californios gave land instead of $). An example is Carpenter, he was a lawyer and got land and subdivided it to the squatters and became very wealthy.

Front 8

Board of Land Commissioners

Back 8

3 American Judges who decided that the Californios were entitled to land or not.

Front 9

Foreign Miners Tax of 1850

Back 9

Latinos were very skillful at mining and finding gold. The tax was 20 dollars a month, and was a prohibitive tax; a lot of money back then about a 1/3 of income. Was used against Latinos and Californians that didn't speak English. Made it impossible for Latinos to mine in California.

Front 10

An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians

Back 10

Made in 1850 and contained 3 clauses.

Front 11

Vagrancy Clause

Back 11

Under the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians, means that wandering about in town without a job in town, could mean immediate arrest.

Front 12

The Bail Out Clause

Back 12

Under the Act for the Government and Protection of IndiansIf a white land owner wanted someone to work on their land, they could bail out a Native American male out of jail; Native American didn't have a choice and had to work for the land owner until the owner decided that the bail had been paid.

Front 13

The Apprentice Clause/System

Back 13

Under the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians, and was when a Native American mother would turn her child over to the white family to raise the child as an apprentice; A young girl would be a apprentice until 18 while the male would be one until 20 years old. In 1863, they raised it to 30 years old, and young women until age 25. Would kid-nap Native American Children and take them to judge and have the judge say they were apprentices. Would lie and say that the mom said that she wanted them to be apprentices and would sell them for 200 dollars to wealthy families that wanted servants.

Front 14

Theodore Judah

Back 14

Came to California to build a railroad from Sacramento to Folsom, and in 1854 decided you can build a railroad through Donner’s Pass; went to congress. One problem which was the country was starting to split north and south, both wanting railroad. Then went to San Francisco and started building the idea of the railroad and how great it would be; nobody wanted to fund it. He then met with the big 4! Talk about how much money you can make in a big hurry; invested in railroad. Contracted yellow fever. “Didn't really exist in the railroad”.

Front 15

The Big 4

Back 15

4 Most powerful men in the history of California: Colis P Huntington, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, and Leland Stanford. All invested about 6,00 in Theodore Judah, and made 200 million in profit.

Front 16

Colis P Huntington

Back 16

Vice President of the railroad. Was on his own at 14, had his own store at 21. Made money traveling across country during the Gold Rush. . Ambitious(finanically&politically), pulling everyones strings(control politicians). “The most hated man in the whole country”.

Front 17

Charles Crocker

Back 17

Was in charge of the construction of the railroad.The biggest(large, heavy set). A jack of all trades and master of none. Tried to be a salesman, gold digger, iron maker.

Front 18

Mark Hopkins

Back 18

Treasurer of the Railroad. Smallest of Big 4(vegetarian), he was the counter guy or accountant. The simplest of the big 4, didn't like to spend money, but married a woman who did.

Front 19

Leland Stanford

Back 19

President of the Railroad. Was described as ponderously slow. Enjoyed public attention. Built a college after their son who died from cholera.

Front 20

Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864

Back 20

Low Interest Loans(16,000 per mile for flat land, 48,000 dollars per mile in mountains). Had one building towards West, one more to the East. Also massive land grants( California(11.5 million acres), in entire US(17.5 million acres).*250 Million acres of land total. Crocker Construction Company hired to do it; estimated that they took twice as much money.

Front 21

"All the Market Will Bear"

Back 21

How much that they charge people for the railroad. If you don't want to pay 95 cents per pound to transport hops; go somewhere else then. Had a transportation monopoly.

Front 22

Battle of Mussel Slough*

Back 22

Mills Hart, Walter Crow, Marshall, and Alonzo Poole reach the disputed land, and 40-50 men are on horseback that are there too(have rifles). Crow and Hart see them and Marshall said dont shoot unless you're attacked. Then Poole goes to go talk to them, and say Crow has a receipt and bought the land. The leader said Crow cant have possession; and order Poole to give up gun. Then Poole said he wont use it but he cant have it. Crow and Hart then give up their guns; and then a horse got excited, and knocked Marshall down. Crow and Hart see him go down and think hes shot and dive for their guns; 3 shots: Hart killed instantly, 2 riders around the wagon. Then Crow kills 3 more guys leaping out of a wagon. Crow tries to run away but his body was found shot to pieces. The “squatters” held up as heroes. Railroad said somebody had to be prosecuted, and served 8 month sentences.

Front 23

Foreign Miners Tax of 1852

Back 23

3 dollars a month; a revenue raising tax. This tax was aimed at the Chinese workers. Made the Chinese workers have to work for the companies longer to pay it off. This tax payed for the first UC Berkeley.

Front 24

Dennis Kearney

Back 24

He was able to organize workers and build them into a political force. Able to take over the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and own San Francisco for a while. Was very racist; blamed all problems on Chinese and big businesses. “The Chinese Must Go”.

Front 25

Workingman's Party of California

Back 25

Workingman's party of the United States wouldn't allow Kearney to come in, so he made this party. This party was Racist to the core; blamed all economic problems on the Chinese. Said Chinese work too hard; latinos didn't work hard enough. 1845 they took control over the San Francisco City Council and passed the first law.

Front 26

Breathing Space Ordinance

Back 26

First law passed(1875) in the City Council. Anyone in an apartment had to have 500 cubic feet of breathing space; basically means that only one person can live in an apartment. The police went into Chinatown and broke into peoples apartments and would arrest everybody who had more then 1 person in the apartment.

Front 27

Queue Ordinance

Back 27

If you are arrested, your hair would be cut to the length of one inch; aimed at the Chinese. Gives people basically the right to cut off their hair.

Front 28

Laundry Cart Ordinance

Back 28

Most of the white laundries had a horse drawn cart; while the Chinese hand delivered it. The law said if you didn't have a horse drawn cart, you would have to pay 5 dollars a month to have the laundry business; once again aimed at the Chinese.

Front 29

Pole Ordinance

Back 29

Illegal to carry things around on poles; which was how the Chinese often carried their things. Later on will be declared unconstitutional; went all the way to the Supreme Court. Colis P Huntington helped it get that far.

Front 30

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Back 30

Banned any Chinese workers to come to the United States for 10 years; First immigration act/restriction in the United States. If you were a merchant you could still come. Was supposed to last for two years, but in 1892 they renewed it for 10 more years. In 1902 they made it permanent. Lasted until 1943.

Front 31

Progressivism

Back 31

Had 4 goals: Correct the obvious abuses of power, such as the railroads.

-Strengthen the Government, only thing to attack big companies.

-Clean up politics; they were enormously corrupt. Had city bosses; wanted to get rid of them.-MAIN GOAL: Rescue the Poor. Thought they knew what was best for everybody; rescue them whether they wanted to be rescued or not.

Front 32

Muckraking

Back 32

Bringing a problem to light, and making a law to fix it. Journalism; show whats going on in the world(like to stir up trouble).

Front 33

Public Utilities Commission

Back 33

Made by the Progressives. Also known as the P.U.C. Regulated the price of water, electricity, and gas, and how much the railroads could charge. They did get the railroad somewhat under control; governor appoints people(citizens don’t).-However had unregulated electricity rates; actually went up in price. Sometimes the power would just die out, and the roads wouldn't have lights.

Front 34

Initiative

Back 34

Voters make up their own laws. For example, legalization of Marijuana, tax on soda, etc.

Front 35

Recall

Back 35

Recall is to remove someone from office. For example, Grey Davis was elected in 1998 and ran for reelection and won in 2002; energy prices went through the roof. Then he was recalled; 6 percent of people who voted in the last election to sign a petition, you can recall. Replaced him with Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Front 36

Referendum

Back 36

Is like recall, but for a law. 1976 a law was put in place to bring back the death penalty. The law was passed, Jerry Brown vetoed, and then the people in California voted 75 percent in favor of death penalty(unsuccessful). Don’t see it too often bc presidents don’t pass laws that might get this.

Front 37

Prohibition

Back 37

Progressives passed it in 1922, too much drinking in the working class. Passed a law to keep people from drinking and was anti-immigrant, anti-city, and anti-lower class.

Front 38

California's Peculiar Institution

Back 38

Migratory Farm Workers were called peculiar institution(farm workers that pick our crops;no power whatsoever). They are powerless because usually they are non white, non US citizens. Furthermore, they are extremely poverty stricken;just enough money to get from one crop to the next. In addition, because they are migratory. Also, there are always more workers then there are jobs(anybody can do the job). Most unions are also opposed to the farm workers; used them to break strikes. Also, the attitudes of the land owners; the land owners are paranoid about their workers going on strikes. Lastly, the growers and the land owners have all the power in the community(control press,police,politics, everything).

Front 39

Industrial Workers of the World

Back 39

One labor union that embraced farm workers. Small group of people, wild eyed visionaries, didn't have a union charter but had a constitution. Went after every worker(even unskilled like lumberjacks, migratory farm workers) in the world to get into their union; take over the means of production. Introduced new ideas about strikes(strikes without warning), also believed in sabotage. Employers hated the IWW. First appeared in California in 1907. They also bought free speech fights; one in Fresno. Was never all that successful; but did help labor gain legitimacy. Considered World War 1 a bunch of workers killing more workers.Popular in California because of how bad labor conditions were. Called themselves wobblies.

Front 40

The Durst Brothers' Wheatland Ranch Riot

Back 40

Happened in 1913, The Dust brothers were growing hops in Wheatland, and wanted to create a labor surplus and sent out hand bills all up and down the state inviting workers to come to their ranch to pick hops. Made a promise saying that every worker that shows up will get a job. Could only accommodate 1,500 workers, 2,800 workers ended up showing up(2x as many people). Promised people a dollar a day plus a bonus, but the workers only received 90 cents a day and if they stayed the whole picking season they would receive 10 cents of a bonus. Only 8 pit toilets. Also promised plenty of good drinking water, but only 3/5 worked and were close to the toilets. So, The IWW came & the Dust Brothers contacted the police and ordered them to be arrested. Then a riot broke out, 5 people died including 2 police officers. The organizers were arrested and ordered a life sentence. Revealed that this camp was like other labor camps.

Front 41

The Criminal Syndicalism Act of 1919

Back 41

Made it illegal to belong to an organization that accepted violence as a means of political change. Aimed at the IWW, in 5 years 500 people were arrested and put on trial because of this. Was found to be unconstitutional in 1968.

Front 42

Distribution of Wealth

Back 42

In 1929 was disastrous and caused the Great Depression. One percent of the population owned 59% of the wealth. 87% of the population owned 12% of the land; 60 percent of american families lived below the poverty line. Caused by the consumers having no purchasing power. Plenty of stuff but nobody had money to buy it. 12 million people unemployed in 1932; 32 million families didn't have a pay check coming in.

Front 43

Herbert Hoover

Back 43

Said that the depression was about a psychological problem. Was held up to ridicule; newspapers called Hoover Blankets, small towns called Hoovervilles. The depression continuing was his fault. Represented the Republican; do whatever we can to keep taxes low, lower government spending. He was afraid if the government stepped in that people would become dependent on the government. Was hoping private charity could help; but their budget was blown(too big of a job).

Front 44

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Back 44

All we have to fear is fear itself. Able to communicate with the American People and understood that America was desperate and stepped up and saved the day. March 4th 1933 he was put into office, and called for a emergency meeting of congress on March 9th and had the Emergency Banking Bill. First day in office he got a law passed. During his first 100 days he asked for and received 15 major programs(medicare, etc). Changed the focus of government.

Front 45

Fireside Chats

Back 45

Franklin Roosevelt would talk to Americans over the radio and share his ideas with them.

Front 46

The New Deal

Back 46

Introduced by Roosevelt, and made work programs; 1932-1980 emphasis of the US government. Roosevelt said people deserved to make money if they did a job. Hired artists to paint murals, build the Golden Gate Bridge. Saved America.

Front 47

Upton Sinclair and E.P.I.C.

Back 47

In 1934 Sinclair ran for Governor of California, and had a program called EPIC which was End Poverty In California. Believed the government should own the factories( Production for Use). Encouraging a movement to socialism. 1934 was the messiest election we have ever have; Sinclair wrote a bunch of novels and his words were taken out of context. Lost the election but got 900,000 votes( lost by 100,000). Capitalism isn't working, lets try socialism.

Front 48

National Industrial Recovery Act Sec 7a

Back 48

Recognized the right of employees to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing.

Front 49

International Longshoreman's Association

Back 49

This association unloaded and reloaded ships and were determined to seize their rights. They went out on strike to establish their union and to be recognized as a real union in 1934. Ship owners were determined to break this strike, but the ILA was effective. Very effective strike until July, when west coast shipping was paralyzed.

Front 50

Bloody Thursday, or the 1934 San Francisco Waterfront Strike

Back 50

July 15th 1934 the ship owners decided to break the strike of the ILA and a big riot broke out. 60 people injured and 2 people killed. Had a big funeral where they carried caskets through streets of SF.Frank Merriam was governor and sent in the National Guard, then the ILA was convinced that they were trying to break the strike. Then the ILA called for a general strike which was when every worker in San Francisco went on strike for 4 days. Then the waterfront employers and the ILA said they would let the judge decide the case. The judge had a decision in favor of the workers; the workers got a 6 hour work day, substantial pay increase, hiring halls, and the ILA was recognized as the bargaining unit.

Front 51

How did Joy die in In Dubious Battle?

Back 51

The characters believe that Joy suffered from head injuries from beatings in jails by authorities. He actually died from being shot when he arrived in Torgas Valley with a trainload of scabs.

Front 52

Collective Bargaining

Back 52

Is a negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

Front 53

Sergeant Luis Peralta

Back 53

He received the Rancho San Antonio Land Grant which gave him the entire cities of Oakland, Berkeley, and Alameda. He ended up splitting it with his 4 sons.

Front 54

What does the textbook say about Theodore Judah's death?

Back 54

His death was a tragedy, and that if he had lived and if his hopes for a reorganization of the Central Pacific under his leadership had been fulfilled, the History of California might have been VERY different.

Front 55

What was the negative effects of the railroad on California politics?

Back 55

It exposed it's merchants and manufacturers to intense competition from those of eastern cities. Furthermore, many blamed the disappointments of the depression on the railroad and the Chinese.

Front 56

What does the vigilance committee mean in In Dubious Battle?

Back 56

That means a beating- or perhaps lynching.