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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John Muir
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-1838-1914
-environmentalist- founded Sierra Club -wrote many books and essays of adventures in Sierra Nevada Mountains (300 articles and 12 books) -petitioned congress for National Park Bill in 1899 -established Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks |
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Carlisle Indian School
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-founded 1879
-Carlisle, Pennsylvania by Richard Henry Pratt -off- reservation boarding school attempting to assimilate Native American children forcibly to US culture -closed 1918- became a hospital for WWI soldiers |
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The Dawes Severalty Act
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-law intended to "civilize" Indians by distributing tribal lands to individuals
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Ghost Dance
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-Ritual that the prophet Wovoka promised would restore Indians to control of their lands
-At Wounded Knee, this uprising came to an end |
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Wounded Knee
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- Massacre of three hundred Indians
- Last Chapter of battle for Great Plains |
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Andrew Carnegie
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- Scottish immigrant who built enormous steel company
- he cut costs while doubling railroad's mileage and quadrupling its traffic - Vertical integration - technique of controlling all phases of production, extracting maximum profit |
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Thomas Edison
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- Inventor, founder of the first research laboratory
- Perfected the light bulb |
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Eugene V. Debs
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- Union organizer, arrested as leader of striking National Railway union
- Socialist leader |
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Standard Oil Trust
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- an umbrella organization of forty companies that controlled the U.S. oil industry
- Formed by Rockefeller because he was worried about competition |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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- Congress passed it placing a ten-year moratorium on Chinese immigration. It was extended in 1902 and not reapealed until 1943
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Jane Adams
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- Leader in settlement-house movement; won Nobel Peace Prize
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Thomas Nast
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A cartoonist that was against the political machines, such as William Tweed and the Tammany Hall
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Frederick Law Olmsted
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- Father of American landscape architecture, designed Central Park in New York
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Anthony Comstock
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- Leader of Moral Purity crusade against urban vice, corruption
- Founded the New York Society for the Suppression of vice - Demanded that municipal authorities close down gambling and lottery operations and censor obscene publications. |
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William Jennings Bryan
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- Presidential candidate in 1896, democratic party, ran on platform of silver coinage.
- Gave famous Cross of Gold speech. Lost to McKinley. Ran again in 1900 and 1908 and lost. - Later served as Wilson's Secretary of State but resigned due to Wilson's involvement in WWI. - Against US entering WWI. - In 20's, he got involved in religious fundamentalism and served as prosecuting attorney in Monkey Scopes Trial |
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Wrote Great Gatsby
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John Colier
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reformer who founded the American Indian Defense Association in 1923 to preserve the spiritual beauty and harmony in traditional Indian life. Drafted a bill to halt the sale of tribal land=Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
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Atlantic Charter
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World War II equivalent of Wilson's Fourteen Points--condemned agression, self determination; signed by FDR and Churchill
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A. Phillip Randolph
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Labor leader whose threatened march on Washington led to the creation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission, thundering march of 100,000 blacks on Washington
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Yalta Agreements
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1945 agreements in which FDR made concessions to Stalin to induce him to join the Pacific war
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Wendell L. Willkie
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Book One World (1943) became the fastest-selling title in publishing history to that time--hope that international organization would extend peace in postwar world
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Earl Warren
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-Supreme Court chief justice, 1953 by Eisenhower (who later called that appointment his greatest mistake).
-Upheld rights of the accused (Miranda v AZ) -Said that “separate but equal” was impossible (segregation = inherently unequal) in Brown v Board. -Quite liberal, expanded rights of individuals. |
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Allen Ginsberg
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-Representative of the Beats: nonconformist writers who revolted against middle-class society of the 1950's, scorning conformity and materialism, romanticizing outcasts (blacks especially), blatant sexuality, and spontaneity in the search for "It," the ultimate authentic experience.
-Appealed to white middle-class Americans. -wrote "Howl" in 1956. (page 660) |
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Jack Kerouac
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-Also representative of the Beats.
-wrote "On the Road" in 1957. |
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Black Monday
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October 29, 1929
-day before stock market crash -many major businesses slashed jobs, lowering wages, etc. against their promise to Hoover not to do so October 19, 1987 -Stock Markets around the world crashed starting with Hong Kong -Dow Jones dropped 22.61% -largest one-day percentage decline in stock market history |
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Yellow Journalism
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- Journalism during the Cuban rebellion in 1898 the made Americans sympathize for the Cubans
- Authors William Randolph Hearst's Journal and Joseph PUlitzer's World were the two main publishers of yellow fever |
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Jacob Coxey
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- During Depression of 1893-97, Coxey proposed a solution to unemployment a $500 million public-works program funded with paper money
- he organized a march on Washington to lobby for his scheme - He had many followers and attempted to enter the Capitol grounds, and he was arrested - Plan wasn't passed, but his proposal closely resembled programs that the government would adopt during the Great Depression |
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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- Nationalist leader of Filipino war against American occupation
- Organized independence movement against Spain |
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Open Door Notes
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- John Hay's statement of American policy to keep trade open in China
- Reaffirmed the principle of open trade in China for all nations and announced America's determination to preserve China's territorial and administrative integrity |
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W.E.B. DuBois
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- Black sociologist, one of founders of NAACP
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Charlotte Perkins Gilmam
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- A suffrage advocate and speaker for women's rights
- Asserted that women would make an effective contribution to society only when they won economic independence from men |
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Robert A. La Follette
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- Progressive politician; won Wisconsin governorship as independent and oversaw several reforms; later a US senator.
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John Dewey
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- Philosopher; Saw schools as an engine of social change
- Encourages student interaction among one-another to encourage them to learn to live as a social group. |
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Booker T. Washington
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- African American leader in the 1890's
- Born into slavery - Died in 1915 - Stressed education and accommodation - "Once blacks proved their economic value, racism would ebb" |
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Frederick Taylor
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- Taught that standardising jobs and job routines and rewarding the fastest workers would increase efficiency
- "Taylorism" |
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George Creel
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- Journalist who headed up the Committee on Public Information (CPI)
- Worked to ensure that the government's version of events is what the American people saw (propaganda) |
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Iran-contra Scandal
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Scandal in which Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran to illegally finance contras
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North American Free Trade Agreement
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- Agreement to create a free trade community including the United States, Canada, and Mexico
- Clinton urged ratification of it |
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Tiananmen Square
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- Students and workers held a pro-democracy demonstration in Beijing
- Chinese troops showed up and crushed the protest killing several hundred |
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glasnost
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- was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.
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perestroika
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- the Russian term (now used in English) for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
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Manuel Noriega
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- He was formerly on the CIA payroll
- Accepted bribes to permit drugs to pass through Panama; received life in prison |
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H. Ross Perot
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- Billionaire who ran for president as third-party candidate in 1992
- At peak, nearly 40% supported him; amassed 19 percent, highest ever for third party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt |
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Mikhail Gorbechev
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- President of Russia at end of Cold War
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Boris Yeltsin
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- President after Gorbachev
- Alcoholic and very erratic behavior |
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Cult of Domesticity
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-a prevailing view among upper and middle class white women during the nineteenth century
-depicted by popular tv moms such as "June Cleaver" |
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John Harvey Kellogg
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-ran a sanitarium using holistic methods in early to mid 1900s (vegetarianism, abstinence, exercise)
-invented corn flakes |
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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-Republican politician considered to be the first senate majority leader
-led successful fight against American participation in the League of Nations post WWI -supported immigration restrictions |
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Dollar Diplomacy
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-President Taft's foreign policy
-The US paid off all Latin American debts to European countries so they would no longer have a foot in the Americas -created animosity toward the US |
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A. Mitchell Palmer
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-responsible for starting the "red scare" raids on America in 1919 and 1920 and deporting over 500 foreigners
-US Attorney General |
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Randolph Bourne
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- Progressive that wrote essays including most famous work "The State" discovered after his death
- believed in "melting-pot" America; wrote "Trans-National America" |
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Alfred Smith
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-New York Governor in 1920s
-first Roman Catholic presidential nominee (lost to Herbert Hoover) -influential in building of empire state building at onset of Great Depression |
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Alice Paul
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-influential suffragist greatly contributing to 19th amendment
-orignal author of the Equal Rights Amendment |
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Huey Long
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-Louisiana Governor known for radial populist policies in 1930s
-famous for "Share Our Wealth" idea (net asset tax to rich and big corporations to curve the poverty line) -assassinated |
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John L. Lewis
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-Part of the United Mine Workers
-Helped start the Committee for Industrial Organizations (CIO) |
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Neville Chamberlin
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- British Prime Minister during WWII
- Yielded to Hitler's demands in return for assurance that Hitler would not have any more territorial ambitions (appeasement) in Munich Conference September 1938 |
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John McCarthy
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- US Senator from Wisconsin
- Made claims that there were communist sympathizers within the US government - McCarthy Trials |
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George Kennan
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- American diplomat in Moscow
- Felt that only way to deal with Soviet intransigence was a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies |
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NSC-68
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- Top secret defense report issued by a presidentially appointed committee
- Emphasized the Soviet Union's aggressive intentions and military strengths - Called for military build-up, H-Bomb, and world-wide containment - Korean War sped up its implementation |
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Henry Wallace
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- Nominated for a new Progressive Party created by the left-wing Democrats and Communists
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Dixiecrats
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- A shortlived segregationist, socially conservative political party in the United States
- Originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government, and supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states. |
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Benjamin Spock
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- Physician
- Author who urged mothers to devote themselves fulltime to the welfare of their children - Crying babies should be comforted |
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John Foster Dulles
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- Ike's secretary of state
- Presbyterian, advocated a holy war against "atheistic communism" backed by threat of instant massive nuclear retaliation |
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Malcom X
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- Black Muslim
- Wanted separation from the "white devils" - Needed freedom by any means necessary |
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Betty Frieden
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- A leading figure in the "Second Wave" of the U.S. Women's Movement
- Her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is sometimes credited with sparking the "second wave" of feminism - she co-founded National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men". - she organized the nation-wide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26 1959 |
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Kerner Commission
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- The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, named after its chair, Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. of Illinois
- An 11-member commission established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future. |
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Black Panthers
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- Political party
- Urged black men to overthrow their oppressors by becoming "panthers,... sparing no one" |
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Barry Goldwater
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- he is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement
- he rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought inside the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. - He lost the 1964 presidential election by a large margin to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson. |
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Cesar Chavez
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- A Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).
- Supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. |
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Henry Kissinger
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- German-born American political scientist, diplomat, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
- He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. - A proponent of Realpolitik, he played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. - Pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. |
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Students for a democratic society
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- A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the country's New Left.
- The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969. - SDS was the organizational high point for student radicalism in the United States and has been an important influence on student organizing in the decades since its collapse. |
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Tet Offensive
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- A military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31, 1968.
- Forces of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (Viet Cong), and the People's Army of Vietnam (the North Vietnamese army), fought against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies. - The purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow |
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Nixon Doctrine
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- Redefined the US' role with third world countries as a helpful partner rather than a military protector
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Pentagon Papers
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- Secret chronicle of presidential lies regarding US involvement in Vietnam
- Published by the New York Times |
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Strategic Defense Initiative
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- Proposed by Reagan
- (Star Wars) - Strategic anti-missle defense ystem involving space based lasers etc. |
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moral majority
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- a "pro-life pro-family- pro-moral pro-America" movement to support conservative candidates.
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Reaganomics
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- (Coined by Paul Harvey)
- Refers to the economic policies promoted by the U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s - The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to:[2] 1. Reduce government spending, 2. Reduce income and capital gains marginal tax rates, 3. Reduce government regulation of the economy, 4. Control the money supply to reduce inflation. |
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Muammar el-Qaddafi
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- the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969
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S&L crisis and bailout
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- The failure of 747 savings and loan associations (S&Ls aka thrifts)
- The ultimate cost of the crisis is estimated to have totaled around $160.1 billion, about $124.6 billion of which was directly paid for by the US government via a financial bailout under the leadership of George H.W. Bush—that is, the US taxpayer provided the funding for the bailout, either directly or through charges on their savings and loan accounts and increased taxes[1]—which contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s. |
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Father Coughlin
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-controversial priest that used radio to reach over 40 million listeners in the 30s
-criticized FDR and promoted antisemitism. Radio broadcast was more political, not religious |
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Harry Hopkins
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-one of the architects of the New Deal, especially influential in WPA
-key policy maker in Lend Lease program during WWII |
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Marcus Garvey
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-founder of Garveysim that promoted Africa to "redeem" their country and for Europeans to leave it (deemed "African redemption by the UNIA)
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Mary McLeod Bethune
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-started school for black students in 1904 that became Bethune Cookman-University in Datona Florida
-part of FDR's black cabinet |
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Aimee Semple McPherson
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-founded foursquare church
-noted as a pioneer in the use of modern media, especially radio, which she drew upon through the growing appeal of popular entertainment in North America |
