• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/110

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1. Imperialism
policy of extending a nation’s authority and influence by conquest or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations
2. Join-stock Company
a business whose capital is held in transferable shares of stock by its joint owners. (Dutch East India Company founded in 1602 was the first).
3. Country trades
commerce involving local or regional exchanges of goods from one Asian destination to another that never touched Europe.
4. Columbian Exchange
Biological exchange of plants, animals, microbes, and human beings between the Americas and the rest of the world
5. Ecological Exchange
the exchange of plants and animals between ecosystems ie between the Americans, Europe and other newly discovered colonies.
6. “Age of Plague”:
started in the Old World in the 1300s and increased in virulence as disease-bearing microorganisms spread across the world, killing vast populations in the Americas, Europe, China, and as far as Australia.
7. Economic dividend of Imperialism
the extensions of land exploited for ranching, farming, and mining and the conversion of some land from relatively less-productive to relatively more-productive methods of exploitation. Part of the slave trade development to exploit land, widen trade, and increase the wealth of the world.
8. Indentured Servant
Poor escapees from social exclusion in England who contracted with masters to serve for years at a time, in exchange for sea passage, food, board, and a new set of clothes upon release from servitude
9. Military Revolution
: change in warfare in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that accompanied the rise of fire-power technology.
10. Sufis
- Members of Islamic groups that cultivate mystical beliefs and practices. Sufis have often been instrumental in spreading Islam, but Muslim authorities have often distrusted them.
11. Confraternities
Lay Catholic charitable brotherhoods
12. Sikhism
Indian religion founded by Nanak Guru in the early 16th century that blends elements of the Hindu and Muslim traditions
13. Inductive method
Method by which scientists turn individual experiments into general laws.
14. Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge
15. Empiricism
The view that experience, especially through the senses, is the only source of knowledge.
16. Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556) founder of the Jesuits. He was an ex-soldier. His new order emphasized tight discipline, comradeship, self-sacrifice, and chivalry. They became the Catholic Church’s most influential and ambitious missionaries, going to the outer most parts of the world
17. Martin Luther
- (1483-1546) He was a Catholic priest who became disenchanted with some of the teachings of the Catholic Church. Unable to reconcile the disparities between his and the church’s believes, he posted his 95 theses on the Wittenberg Cathedral. He eventually established his own church that was accessible to all because of the printing press and he translated his ideologies and the Bible into German.
18. Realpolitik
Political doctrine that says that the state is not subject to moral laws and has the right to do whatever safeguards it and advances its interests
19. Law of nations
: laws which all states must obey and which governs the relationships among them. (The law says whatever people agree it should say.)
20. Stranger Effect
the tendency some peoples have to esteem and defer to strangers
21. Janissaries
soldiers in an elite Ottoman infantry formation that was first organized in the fourteenth century.
22. Mandarins
High public officials in the Chinese Empire, usually chosen by merit after competitive written exams.
23. Mandate of Heaven
source of divine legitimacy for Chinese emperors- emperors were chosen by the gods and retained their favor as long as the emperors acted righteously.
24. Daimyo
Japanese feudal lord who ruled a province and was subject to the shoguns.
Creoles
people of at least part-European descent born in West Indies, French Louisiana or Spanish America.
Maroons
Runaway slaves in the Americas who formed autonomous communities and even states, between 1500 – 1800
27. Niccolo Machiavelli
Author of The Prince. Promoted the idea of sovereignty of man suggesting that the only basis for decision making was the ruler’s own interest and his only responsibility was to retain power
28. Peter the Great of Russia
called the sculptor and architect of Russia, tried to make Russia more like Western Europe
29. Factories
Foreign trading posts in China and other parts of Asia. The chief representative of a factory was known as a “factor.” The number of factories grew rapidly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with European and American merchants trading for silk, rhubarb, tea, and porcelain
30. “High-level equilibrium trap”
a situation in which an economy that is meeting high levels of demand with traditional technology finds that it has little scope to increase its output
31. Industrialization
the process by which and industrial economy is established
32. New Europes
lands in other hemispheres where the environment resembled that of Europe and where immigrants could successfully transplant a European way of life and European culture.
33. The Ecology of Disease
period during the mid-eighteenth century in which scientists began to study and find causes and cures for many of the diseases that plagued Europe for centuries and her colonies. It was during this period that doctors began immunizing people against the small pox.
“Natural checks”
part of the Malthusian logic which lists famine, plague, war, and catastrophe as a means of keeping the population numbers down to a level at which the people could be fed.
35. Imam
a Muslim religious teacher. Also the title of Muslim political and religious rulers in Yemen and Oman
36. Marathas
Hindu princes who ruled in Maharashtra in southern India in the 18th century.
37. Mahdi
A Muslim messiah, whose coming would inaugurate a cosmic struggle, preceding the end of the world.
38. Qing Dynasty
Dynasty that ruled during Chinese expansion. They oversaw the colonization of the Chinese frontier (the areas of Manchuria and Taiwan) and to the Philippines.
39. Atlantic Slave Trade
a slave trade that started in Africa, shipping captives to the Americas. 400,000 were shipped to English North America, 1 million to Spanish colonies, 1 million to the Caribbean, and 3 million into Brazil just in the 18th century. As the slave trade continued thousands more would be shipped to the America.
40. Haitian Revolution
the French colony of Saint-Domingue seized control of the island in the 1790s. Inspired by the French Revolution, the blacks on the island originally fought for their right to vote, but eventually it turned to a right for freedom and the right to govern themselves. They gained their freedom from France in 1825.
Enlightenment
movement of 18th century European thought championed by the philosophes, thinkers who held that change and reform were desirable and could be achieved by the application of reason and science
42. Laissez-faire
: economic policy that emphasizes the minimization of government regulation and involvement in the economy
Feminism
belief that women collectively constitute a class of society that has been historically oppressed and deserves to be set free
44. Adam Smith
: Author of The Wealth of Nations which aided in the shift to economic freedom.
45. Voltaire
French philosopher and one of the most well connected men of the 18th century, influencing statesmen all over Europe. Inspired by the Chinese and their belief that the universe is orderly, rational and intelligible.
46. J.M. Keynes
Economist that believed in democracy and capitalism. Promoted the idea that governments could redistribute wealth through taxation and public spending without weakening enterprise or infringing freedom.”:
47. “Malthusian Logic”:
as outlined in his Essay on the Principle of Population of 1798, English clergyman Thomas Malthus drew the statistical basis for his thinking that the population required “natural checks.” He concluded that “population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence only increases in an arithmetical ratio.”
48. Fossil fuels
fuels including peat, coal, natural gas, and oil which became a key ingredient in Industrialization
49. Militarization
the trend toward larger and more powerful armed forces and the organization of society and the economy to achieve that goal.
50. “Self-Strengthening”
”: Mid-nineteenth century Chinese reform movement initiated in response to Western incursions.
51. The Suez Canal
opened in November 1869 connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and reduced sailing time from Europe to India and the Far East from months to weeks.
52. Slum life
social reformers of the late nineteenth century listed sanitation, children’s welfare, and animal abuse as some of the most pressing problems associated with urban conditions
53. Class struggle
conflict between competing social classes that, in Karl Marx’s view, was responsible for all important historical change.
54. Paternalism
a social or economic relationship that resembles the dependency that exists between a father and his child
55. Proletariat
the working class, which according to Karl Marx would overthrow the bourgeoisie.
56. Coolies
- poor laborers from China and India who left their homelands to do hard manual and agriculture work in other parts of the world in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
57. New Rich
rich people whose wealth was acquired in the recent past, often in industry or commerce
58. Karl Marx
(1818-1883) Revolutionized the world by applying his theories-mainly that all change was part of inevitable class struggles that pitted the rich against those whom they exploited.
59. Caste System
a social system in which people’s place in society, how they live and work, and with whom they can marry are determined by heredity. The Indian caste system has been intertwined with India’s religious and economic systems
60. Noble savage
: idealized vision that some people in the West held about certain non-Europeans (especially Native Americans and Polynesians). Based on the notions that civilization was a corrupting force and these peoples lived lives more in tune with nature.
61. Indirect Rule
rule by a colonial power through local elites
62. Monroe Doctrine
: the policy enunciated by President Mondroe in 1823 that the U.S. would oppose further European colonization in the Americas.
63. Modernization
process by which Old states made themselves more systematic by eliminating political anomalies, devising constitutions, codifying laws, rationalizing institutions, breaking the power of rival sources of authority, and imposing centralization or increasing consistent methods of administration.
64. Westernization
: the process by which other cultures adopt western styles or ways of life
65. Nationalism
belief that a people who share the same language, history, and sense of identity make up a nation and that every nation has the right to assert its identity, pursue its destiny, defend its rights, and be the primary focus of it’s people loyalty
66. Anti-Semitism
: hostility or prejudice against Jews or Judaism
67. Constitutionalism
the doctrine that the state is founded on a set of fundamental laws that rulers and citizens make together and are bound to respect
68. Public sphere
sites for the public discussion of political, social, economic, and cultural issues
69. Utilitarianism
system of thought devised by Jeremy Bentham, based on the notion that the goal of the state was to create the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
70. Socialism
any of the various theories or systems in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government.
71. Human Rights
notion of inherent rights that all human beings share. Based in part on the assumption that being human constitutes in itself a meaningful moral category that excludes nonhuman creatures.
72. Pragmatism
philosophy advocated by William James that holds that the standard for evaluating the truth or validity of a theory or concept depends on how well it works and on the results that arise from holding it.
73. Existentialism
Philosophy that regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and accepting responsibility for consequences of one’s acts.
74. Futurism
Proclaimed by Emilio Filippo Marinetti, he believed that what was traditional had not only to be surpassed but also repudiated and wrecked. This doctrine glorified war, power, chaos, and destruction, which would shove humankind into novelty.
75. Cubism
Artistic style developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century, characterized by the reduction and fragmentation of natural forms into abstract, often geometric structures.
76. Dada
an early 20th century European artistic and literary movement that flouted conventional and traditional aesthetic and cultural values by producing works marked by nonsense, travesty, and incongruity
77. Cultural relativism
the doctrine that cultures cannot be ranked in any order of merit. No culture is superior to another, and each culture must be judged on its own terms.
78. Stream of consciousness
literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character in a novel or story as they arise in the character’s mind
79. Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) hypothesized that much of human motivation is subconscious. He challenged traditional notions about responsibility, identity, personality, conscience, and mentality
80. Manchurian Incident
: Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, justified by the alleged effort of the Chinese to blow up a Japanese train. (Japanese agents deliberately triggered the explosion to provide a pretext for war.)
81. League of Nations
: international political organization created after WWI to resolve disputes between states peacefully and create a more just international order.
Satyagraha
“The force of truth.” Nonviolent movement launched by Mohandas K. Gandhi, with the goal of achieving Indian independence
83. Fascism
: a system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, and suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship
Marshall Plan
foreign-aid program for Western Europe after WWII, named after U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall
Cultural Revolution
campaign launched by Mae Zedong in 1965-66 against the bureaucrats of the Chinese Communist Party
86. Human rights
Notion of inherent rights that all human beings share. Based in part on the assumption that being human constitutes in itself a meaningful moral category that excludes nonhuman creatures.
European Union
loose economic and political federation that succeeded the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1993.
88. Utopianism:
belief in a system or ideology aimed at producing a perfect or ideal society
89. Rape of Nanjing
atrocities committed by Japanese during their occupation of the city Nanjing, China in 1937.
90. Individualism
: belief in the primary importance of the individual and the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence
91. Counter-colonization
the flow of immigrants out of the former colonies to the “home countries” that used to rule them
92. Negritude
: the affirmation of the distinctive nature, quality, and validity of black culture
93. Multiculturalism
: the belief that different cultures can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country
94. Virtual reality
a computer simulation of a real or imaginary system
95. Consumerism
a system of values that exalts the consumption and possession of consumer goods as both a social good and as an end in themselves
96. Fundamentalism
strict adherence to a set of basic ideas or principles
97. Greenhouse effect
: the increase in temperature caused by the trapping of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere.
98. Renewable energy
: the energy that is not derived from a finite resource such as oil or coal.
99. Green revolution
: the energy that is not derived from a finite resource such as oil or coal.
100. Genetically modified crops
Crops that have been genetically modified to produce certain desired characteristics.
Abolition
belief that slavery and the slave trade are immoral and should be abolished
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned.
Eugenics
The theory that the human race can be improved mentally and physically by controlled selective breeding and that the state and society have a duty to encourage "superior" persons to have offspring and prevent "inferior" persons from reproducing.
Franciscans
- religious order founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209 and dedicated to the virtues of humility, poverty, and charitable work among the poor.
Examination System
system for selecting Chinese officials and bureaucrats according to merit through a series of competitive, written examinations that, in theory, any Chinese young man could take. Success in the exams required study in classical Chinese literature. The examination system was not abolished until the early twentieth century.
Martin Luther King, Jr
(1929-1968) organized demonstrations and political movements to influence the principle of equality in the law for African-Americans.
Pope Pius IX:
: (1846-1878) responded to challenges to Church authority and Christian belief with defiance. He refused to submit to force or defer to change, and condemned almost every social and political innovation of his day.
Qizilbash
Hereditary class of warrior horsemen in Safavid Persia that would enforce taxation and repress rebellion.
Small pox
a virus fatal to the immune systems of unaccustomed populations that killed many and greatly altered the Native American populations when discovered by the Europeans during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Vaccination
revolutionary method of preventing many of the diseases that plagued Europe