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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Land bridge that connected Asia and North America. |
Beringia |
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Why did the Paleo Indians cross beringia into North America? |
Hunt giant mammals |
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Indians that didn't create a common sense of identity and were thought to be the first to set foot in America |
Paleo-Indians |
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Why did the Paleo Indians not develop the same illnesses as the Europeans? |
They did not live among animals like sheep and pigs. |
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What caused so many Paleo Indians to get sick when they came in contact with other settlers? |
They did not have antibodies to fight the illnesses because they were never exposed. |
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When were horses reintroduced to the New World? |
in 1547 the Spanish brought them to the Great Plains |
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The shift from large mammals to smaller food sources |
Agricultural Revolution |
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About how many lived north of Mexico when the first Europeans settled? |
4 million |
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Located on the San Juan River. This massive pueblo was the center of Anasazi culture. |
Chaco Canyon |
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Sustained their agriculture through a huge, technologically sophisticated network of irrigation canals that carried water long distances. |
The Anasazi |
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Built ceremonial mounds where they buried the families of local elites. |
Adena and Hopewell peoples |
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a huge fortification and ceremonial site in Illinois that originally rose high above the river |
Cahokia |
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How many languages had evolved in North America before European conquest? |
More than 300 |
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The breakdown of what caused smaller bands to disperse? |
Mississippian culture |
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Where did Inca's live? |
Peru |
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Aggressive, warlike people, who conquered great cities that their enemies had constructed |
Aztecs |
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Aztecs main ceremonial center |
Tenochtitlan |
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Aztec sun god that was closely associated with human sacrifice. |
Huitzilopochtli |
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What did Aztecs believe would come from sacrifices. |
believed the blood of their victims possessed extraordinary fertility powers. |
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Term given to Indians from the Northeast region who lived on the Atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering. |
Eastern Woodland Cultures |
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Belonged to Muskogean language group |
Creek (Southeast region) |
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Spoke Iroquoian dialects |
eastern great lakes and upper St. Lawrence Valley |
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What did Indians desire most? |
Peaceful trade |
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What did Europeans call the native Indians? |
Savages |
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Men Surpassing all other men |
Ongwehoenwe |
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How did Europeans think the Indians thought of them? |
They thought they held them in high regard, perhaps seeing them as gods. |
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Why didn't Indian women like Christianity? |
It didn't include their traditional culture that often included polygamy and gave women the authority over distributing the food. |
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Why did the Iroquois leaders reject the invitation of school? |
They believed the boys that went to school were good for nothing. They didn't know how to kill a deer, catch beaver, or surprise an enemy |
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What altered the ecological systems on which the Indians depended? |
The English planters clearing the forests and fencing in fields. |
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What destroyed the cultural integrity of many North American tribes? |
Disease |
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The exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between Europe and the Americas from first contact throughout the era of exploration. |
Columbian Exchange |
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Why did the Europeans feel the need to "repopulate" the new world? |
So many native populations died leaving them looking for a substitute labor force. |
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What did Indians lose to all the deaths? |
Family members, but also elders who might have told them how to properly bury the dead and give spiritual comfort to the living. |
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When did Senegal Valley accept the Muslim religion? |
AD 1030 |
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Populous states |
Empires |
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Largely autonomous communities organized around lineage structures |
Stateless societies |
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West Africa trade goods |
iron, kola, and gum |
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Who were the first Europeans to reach the West African coast? |
Portuguese |
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Why did the Portuguese travel to Africa? |
In search of gold and slaves. |
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What did Europeans trade for slaves? |
Bars of iron or gold |
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How many Europeans died in a single years stay in Africa? |
six out of ten |
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By 1650, where were most West African slaves destined? |
New World |
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How many slaves a year were the Portuguese purchasing? |
almost a thousand |
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How many million Africans were taken to the New World as slaves? |
10.7 million |
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Who is the Irish monk who reported finding enchanted islands far out in the Atlantic? |
St. Brendan |
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The talking whale that invited St. Brendan to cook a meal on his back. |
Jasconius |
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Scandinavian seafarers are known as |
Norsemen or Vikings |
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Who led the Vikings in 984? |
Eric the Red |
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Who named Greenland? Why? |
Eric the Red. He thought others would more willingly colonize the icebound region if the country had a good name. |
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Which colony did Leif name? |
Vinland |
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What did the Renaissance encourage? |
Bold new creative thinking that challenged the orthodoxies of the Middle Ages. |
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A group of rulers whom historians refer to collectively as |
New Monarchs |
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Who ended the War of the Roses? |
Henry VII |
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Who strengthened royal authority by reorganizing state finances? |
Louis XI |
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Ancient geographer that mapped the known world and had even demonstrated the world was round |
Ptolemy |
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Who invented printing from movable type in the 1440s? |
Johann Gutenberg |
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What sparked a drive for political consolidation? |
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella |
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Holy war between Castile and Aragon and the independent states in southern Spain. |
Reconquista |
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Islamic kingdom that fell and was united under Christian rulers |
Granada |
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Sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World. |
Conquistadores |
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Long before Spaniards ever reached the West Indies, they conquered what Islands? |
Canary Islands |
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Who returned to Portugal in 1498 with a fortune in spices and other goods from India |
Vasco da Gama |
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Who played on the rivalry between countries to gain support of his expedition to explore a shorter trade route to china? |
Christopher Columbus |
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How did Indians get their name? |
Christopher Columbus thought he had made it to the India coast and called the natives "Indians" |
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Who is America named after? |
Amerigo Vespucci |
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Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve competing land claims of Spain and Portugal. |
Treaty of Tordesillas |
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Who was one of the first Spaniard settler travel to the New World? |
Bernal Diaz |
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A minor government functionary in Cuba. |
Hernan Cortes |
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Legendary Aztec emperor |
Montezuma |
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Who did Montezuma think the Spainiards were? |
gods, representatives of the fearful plumed serpent, Quetzalcoatl. |
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An exploitative labor system designed by Spanish rulers to reward conquistadors in the New World by granting them local villages and control over native labor |
encomienda system |
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A Dominican who published an eloquent defense of Indian rights, Historia de las Indias. |
Fra Bartolome de las cases |
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Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism |
Virgin of Guadalupe |
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How many Spaniards migrated to the New World by 1650? |
about 450,000 |
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What were unions between married Indians and blacks called? |
Mestizos and mulattos |
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What was shipped back to the Spanish treasury in Madrid between 1500 and 1650? |
200 tons of Gold and 16,000 tons of silver |
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Who founded Quebec in 1608? |
Samuel de Champlain |
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How did the French view the natives? |
Necessary economic partners |
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How did the English view the natives? |
Obstacles in the path of civilization |
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Fur trappers in French Canada who lived among the native Americans |
Coureurs de bois |
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Most important French settlement in Louisiana |
New Orleans |
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A Venetian sea captain, that completed the first recorded transatlantic voyage by an English vessel in 1497 |
John Cabot |
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What resulted from Henry VIII marriage to Catherine of Aragon? |
English merchants enjoyed limited rights to trade in Spains American colonies |
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Sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman catholic Church |
Protestant Reformation |
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What year was the first Bible published in English? |
1539 |
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Who wrote Acts and Monuments, commonly known as Book of Martyrs? |
John Foxe |
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Lawyer turned theologian who stressed Gods omnipotence over human affairs |
John Calvin |
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Who wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion? |
John Calvin |
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Who was named as the "Supreme Head of the Church"? |
Queen Elizabeth |
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seized Spanish treasure ships in American waters |
Sea Dogs |
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United the empires of Spain and Portugal in 1580 |
Philip II |
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la felicissima armada |
the invincible fleet. |
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Who named Virginia and why? |
Sir Walter Ralegh. Named after the Virgin Queen |
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Who destroyed an entire Indian village in retaliation for the suspected theft of a silver cup? |
Sir Richard Grenville |
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Who was placed in charge of Ralegh? |
John White |
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Spanish fleet sent to invade England in 1588 |
Spanish Armada |
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Who wrote The Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation in 1589 |
Richard Hakluyt |
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Indians cross the Bering Strait into North America |
24,000 -17,000 B.C |
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Agricultural Revolution transforms Native American life |
2000-1500 B.C |
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Norsemen establish a small settlement in Vinland |
A.D 1001 |
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Death of War Jaabi, first Muslim ruler in West Africa |
1030 |
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Gutenberg perfects movable type |
1450 |
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Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand leads to the unification of Spain |
1469 |
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Portuguese build castle at Elmina on the Gold Coast of Africa |
1481 |
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Columbus lands at San Salvador |
1492 |
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Cabot leads first English exploration of North America |
1497 |
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Vasco da Gama of Portugal reaches India by sailing around Africa |
1498 |
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Montezuma becomes emperor of the Aztecs |
1502 |
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Columus dies in Spain after four voyages to America |
1506 |
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Martin Luthers protest sparks reformation in Germany |
1517 |
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Cortes defeats the aztecs at Tenochtitlan |
1521 |
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Henry VIII provokes english reformation |
1529-1536 |
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Cartier claims canada for France |
1534 |
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Calvins Institutes published |
1536 |
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Coronado explores the southwest for spain |
1540 |
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Elizabeth I becomes queen of england |
1558 |
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First Roanoke settlement established on the coast of North Carolina |
1585 |
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Spanish Armada defeated by English |
1588 |
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Champlain founds Quebec |
1608 |
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Who regarded the people who had migrated to the Chesapeake area grossly materialistic? |
John Winthrop |
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Virginia's royal governor |
Sir William Berkley |
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Where did the Pilgrims initially hope to make a new life? |
Leyden |
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Why did most English colonists cross the Atlantic |
Institute a purer form of worship, owning land and improving social position. Escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty. |
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Long and bloody war between Royalists and Parlimentarians |
English Civil War |
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A skilled general and committed Puritan who governed England as Lord Protector |
Oliver Cromwell |
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What was the area of Chesapeake known as? |
The Tobacco Coast |
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Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies |
joint stock company |
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Who was leader of The London Company |
Sir Thomas Smith |
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When did Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery sail for America |
1606 |
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What is the most unsuccessful villages? |
Jamestown |
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Who led Virginia? |
John Smith |
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What was known as the "the starving time" |
winter of 1609-1610 |
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When did the Powhatans try to invade Virginia? |
1622 and 1644 |
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An elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia. |
House of Burgesses |
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System of land distribution in which settlers were granted a fifty acre plot of land |
headright |
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Most emigrants to go to Jamestown were... |
single males in their teens or early twenties |
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How many counties was Virginians dived into? |
8 |
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Who was the driving force behind the founding of Maryland? |
Sir George Calvert |
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What ships brought settlers to St. Mary's City in 1634? |
Ark and Dove |
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What were people called who purchased more than 6000 acres from Baltimore |
lords of the manor |
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What religions were attracted to Maryland |
Protestants and Catholics |
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Plundering time |
1644-1646 |
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Who wrote Of Plymouth Plantation |
William Bradford |
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Agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony |
Mayflower Compact |
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A Patuxt Indian who welcomed the first Pilgrims in excellent English |
Squanto |
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Members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practice |
Puritans |
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Who governed Massachusetts Bay? |
John Winthrop |
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Migration of 16,000 Puritans from england to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s |
Great Migration |
