Histology - Midterm Qtr 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the branch of science that deals with external form and internal organization of both plants and animals

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Gross Anatomy

Back 2

Concerned with those features accessible to dissection or direct inspection

Front 3

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 3

Deals with those minute features beyond the reach of the naked eye

Front 4

Microscopies are classified by ____

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the type of light source used

Front 5

Visible Light Microscope

Back 5

optical
polorizing
phase contrast
interference
dark-fiels

Front 6

Types of microscopes

Back 6

Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Electron

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Electron Microscope

Back 7

TEM - Transmission Electron Micro
SEM - Scanning Electron Micro

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The principle instrument in histology and eytology is the

Back 8

compound microscope

Front 9

Autoradiography

Back 9

method of chemical localization

radioiodine localization

Front 10

Immunocytochemistry

Back 10

methods enables investigators to locate sites of antibody-antigen reactions

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Hematoxylin

Back 11

"Basic Stain"

Used for nuclear region

Front 12

Eosin

Back 12

"Acidic dyes"

Stain used for cytoplasmic region

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Schwann & Schleidon

Back 13

came up with Cell Theory

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Cell Theory

Back 14

-all living matter is composed of cells
-cells arise from pre-existing cells
-all the metabolic reactions take place within the cell
-Cells are the basic structural and function unit of living matter
-Cells are composed of protoplasm

Front 15

Metabolic Reactions of a living organism

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-energy exchange
-biosynthetic processes
-hereditary processes

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_____ forms the fundamental "living" substance of the cell.

Back 16

Protoplasm

Front 17

the ONLY elements within the protoplasm (2)

Back 17

02 and nitrogen

Front 18

Compounds of Protoplasm

Back 18

75% water
10-20% Proteins
2-3% Lipids
2% carbohydrates
1% Salts

Front 19

Proteins

Back 19

Cell structure, amino acid building blocks

makes up 10-20% of protoplasm

Front 20

Lipids

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Source of energy

makes up 2-3% of protoplasm

Front 21

Carbohydrates

Back 21

-two or more simple sugars
-oxidized as a source of energy for repair and growth

makes up 2% of protoplasma

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Protoplasma divisions (structures)

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Nucleoplasm (Nucleus)

Cytoplasm

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Cytoplasm is responsible for

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metabolic and synthetic activity

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Nucleus is responsible for

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differentiation and function

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Prokaryotic Cell

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"primitive cell"

-Nucleus is not surrounded by a membrane
-chromosome is not complex
-no true membrane bound organelles

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Examples of prokaryotic cells

Back 26

bacterium
blue-green algae

Front 27

Eukaryotic cell

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"true cell" of higher plants and animals

-well defined nucleus with membrane
-complex chromosomes
-membrane bound organelles

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Division of Nucleoplasm

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AKA Nuclear SAP

Contains chromatin material (DNA) and also contains nucleolus

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Division of Cytoplasm

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-Protoplasm surrounding the nucleus
-Constitutes the storage and working area of the cell
-Primary function: absorption and secretion

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Properties of Protoplasm

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1) Irritability
2) Conductivity
3) Contractility and Mobility
4) Metabolism
5) Growth
6) Reproduction
7) Absorption
8) Secretion
9) Excretion
10) Respiration

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Property of Protoplasm - Irritability

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-can respond to a stimulus or a certain change in its environment

ex heat, chemical composition, electrical shock, mechanical

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Property of Protoplasm - Conductivity

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-Transmission of an effect from one part of the cell to another throughout the cell

ex. nerve cell and muscle tissue

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Property of Protoplasm - Contractility and Mobility

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-ability to shorten its length in response to a stimulus

ex. WBC's move about by protoplasmic contraction

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Property of Protoplasm - Metabolism

Back 34

-Involves the liberation of energy from nutrients; necessary for growth and repair
-involves chemical processes to sustain life

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Chemical process to sustain life

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Catabolism and Anabolism

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Catabolism

Back 36

-chemical process to sustain life
-BREAKDOWN of complex compounds into simple ones

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Anabolism

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-Chemical process to sustain life
-SYNTHESIS of complex compounds from simple ones

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Property of Protoplasm - Growth

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-An organized cell can increase its bulk for growth purposes

ex mitosis for multicellular organisms

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Property of Protoplasm - Reproduction

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Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Property of Protoplasm - Absorption

Back 40

-cells can absorb food substances
-can be accomplished in 2 ways:
1) Pinocytosis
2) Phagocytosis

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Pinocytosis

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-A component of absorption
-"cell drinking'
-Mechanism by which protein and other soluble materials are incorporated into the cell
-cell membrane INVAGINATES

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Invagination during pinocytosis becomes

Back 42

a vacuole

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Phagocytosis

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-A component of absorption
-"cell eating"
-Membrane EVAGINATES

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Evagination during Phagocytosis

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surrounds solid material

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Property of Protoplasm - Secretion

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elimination of useful material

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Property of Protoplasm - Excretion

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Elimination of waste material

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Property of Protoplasm - Respiration

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O2 is used to oxidize metabolites to CO2 and H2O
--Mitochondria

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Structures of Protoplasm

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1) Cytoplasmic Matrix
2) Organelles
3) Inclusions

Front 49

Cytoplasmic Matrix

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AKA Ground Substance
-STRUCTURE OF PROTOPLASM
-structure-less medium
-contains fibrillar components

Front 50

Organelles

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-STRUCTURE OF PROTOPLASM
-Living structural components

ex. ER, Lysosomes, Mitochondria

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Ribosomes are no longer considered an ____

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Organelle

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Inclusions

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-STRUCTURE OF PROTOPLASM
-NONLIVING cell products - temporary constituents

ex. fat deposits, pigmented granuoles

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Cell Membrane

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AKA Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma

-thin limiting membrane separating the cell contents from the external environment

Front 54

Models for Cell Membrane

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1) Davson & Danielli
2) Lipid globular-protein mosaic model
3) Lipid globular protein model
4) Fluid Mosaic Model

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Davson & Danielli

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--1st model for cell membrane

--sandwich structure: two outer protein layers with lipid bi-layers in between

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Lipid Globular-Protein Mosaic Model

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-2 lipid layers with globulaprotein in between which may penetrate lipid

Front 57

Lipid globular protein model

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-proteins are contained within the lipid layers

Front 58

Today, the ______ is the correct cell membrane model according to freeze cleaning technique

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fluid mosaic model

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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AKA Chromidial Substance or Ergastoplasm

-2 types : smooth and rough

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Smooth ER

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AKA Agranular

-devoid of ribosomes
-closed mesh, 3D network of tubules that are interconnected
-found in cells lacking a well developed rough ER
ex. Smooth Muscle

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Function of Smooth ER

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DEPENDS ON CELL TYPE

-Liver - Lipid and cholesterol metabolism, drug detox
-Striated Muscles - Contraction and release of calcium ions

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Examples of striated Muscles

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Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles

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Microsomes are

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Fragments of ER

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Rough ER

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AKA Granular
HAS RIBOSOMES
--Irregular network of branching and anastomosis tubules that is often continuous with cisternae
-Associated with clusters

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Clusters of ribosomes

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polyribosomes or polysomes

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Cisternae are

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flat, saclike structures that are continuous with the Rough ER network

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Function of Rough ER

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Protein Synthesis

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Rough ER is primarily found in the

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protein secreting cells

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Mitochondria - structure

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cell organelle of complex internal structure enclosed by two membranes: Outer and Inner

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Inner membrane of Mitochondria

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-Has cristae
-Forms an area called INTERCRYSTAL SPACE

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Outer layer of Mitochondria

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it's smooth, contoured continuous limiting membrane

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Outer and Inner layers of the mitochondria form an area known as

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intRAcrystal space

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Mitochondria Matrix

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lipid synthesis enzymes, protein synthesis, and enzymes of Kreb's cycle are found in the intercrystal space (inner membrane)

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Mitochondria contains is own _________, ribosome-like particles and specific transfer RNA

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genetic material (DNA)

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Semi-autonomous

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Characteristic of Mitochondria
--can make most of its own protein, but not all

**at one time, it could have existed on its own

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Function of Mitochondria

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concerned principally with generation of energy

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Mitochondria is found

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is almost EVERY cell type;

stomach, liver, kidney

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Lysosomes are produced by

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the golgi apparatus

"Primary Lysosomes"

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Lysosomes - description

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small, round membrane bound organelles

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Lysosomes contain

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acid hydolases

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Acid hydolases

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breaks down:
--proteins
--nucleic acids
--carbohydrates

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Lysosomes function at acid pH

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5

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Lysosomes function as _____ of the cell

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digestive system

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Lysosomes are found

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in almost all cell types

EXCEPT RBCs and fully keratinized skin cells

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Primary lysosome

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a newly formed lysosome that buds off the Golgi Body

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Phagosome

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the resulting VACUOLE when a cell picks up a foreign, solid particle by PHAGOCYTOSIS,

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If you combine a lysosome with a phagosome, the resulting vacuole is known as a

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phagolysosome

AKA Heterophagic Vacuole

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Due to the release of lysosomes,

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cell breakdown during morphogenesis

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cell breakdown during morphogenesis

akas

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cell death
autolysis

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Micro-bodies

aka

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Peroxisome

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Peroxisomes are

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-small membrane lined vesicles
-smaller than lysosomes

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Micro-bodies contain

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oxidative enzymes

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Peroxisome reduce

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hydrogen perioxide to water and O2

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Micro-bodies protect

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cells against hydrogen perioxide generated during oxidation

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Peroxisomes are found

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primarily in liver and kidney cells

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Golgi Apparatus appear as

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--clear area in actively secreting cells (pancreas or bone forming cells)
--flatten membrane bound sacs

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Flatten membrane bound sacs in the golgi apparatus

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Saccules

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Saccules

aka's

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Dicytsomes

Cisternae

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Function of Golgi Apparatus

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packaging and distribution

--Membrane also used to engulf foreign material

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Centrosomes

aka's

Back 100

centrosphere

call center

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Centrosomes contain

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centrioles

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Centrosomes lie near

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the nucleus

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Is the center of activity for cell division

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Centrosomes

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Centrioles

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Small granules or short rods that are perpendicular to each other

--are self-replicating

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Diplosomes

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when centrioles occur in pairs

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Procentricle

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rudiment of new centriole

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Kinetosome

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when centrioles migrate near the cell surface, it becomes a basal body (kinetosome), which gives rise to cilium or flagellum

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Function of centriole

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to serve as centers of organization for microtubules

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Centrioles are found

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in most cells

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Filaments

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--slender threads
--Organization will depends on the cell type; scattered, clustered, meshwork

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Types of Filaments

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--microfilaments
--Tonofilaments
--Microtubules

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Microfilaments

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ex Actin
--up to 6nm in diameter

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Function of Microfilaments

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CONTRACTILE, promote cell shape changes or may aid in motility

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Location of Microfilaments

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found in various embryonic epithelium that undergo rapid cell shape changes

ex intracellular muscle

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Tonofilaments

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AKA Intermediate
EX. Keratin, Neurofilaments, glial filaments
--8-11nm in diameter

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Function of Tonofilaments

Back 116

not known to be contractile, usually serve supporting role, anchorage

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Location of Tonofilaments

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Found primarily in the cytoplasm of wear and tear epithelium such as the surface of skin and esophagus

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Intermediate filaments form

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intercellular support

aka cytoskeletal system

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Thick filaments

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AKA Myosin (15nm) Microtubules (25nm)
--slender, cylindrical structures

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Function of Thick FIlaments

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--main cell shape
--Form spindle apparatus that the chromosomes are attached to (during mitosis)
--form the core of cilia, flagella, and sperm tails

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Tubulin

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protein that makes up microtubules

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Cytoplasmic Inclusions

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Usually raw food material or stored cell metabolic products

EX protein, fats, CHO

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Nucleus - shape

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varies depending upon cell type

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Multinuclear cells

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More than one nucleus--cardiac muscle fibers, and skeletal muscle fibers

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Nucleus contains

Back 125

genetic material DNA

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Function of Nucleus

Back 126

regulate metabolic activities of the cell

Front 127

Inside the nuclear membrane:

Back 127

Nucleoplasm
Chromatin Material
Nucleolus

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Nucleoplasm

aka

Back 128

karyoplasm

SAP

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Chromatin Material

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Found inside the nucleus

--Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

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Nucleolus

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Found inside the nucleus

RNA

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Heterochromatin

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type of chromatid found in nucleus

during interphase, is coiled or condensed

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Euchromatin

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type of chromatid found in nucleus

during interphase, is dispersed

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Proliferation of cells takes place by _____

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cell division

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________ , or body cells, multiply by a process known as ____-_

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Somatic Cells

Mitosis

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the process of nuclear division is called

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Karyokinesis

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the process of cytoplasmic division is called

Back 136

cytokinesis

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Stages of Mitosis

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1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase

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Mitosis - Interphase

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--process of synthesizing DNA
--Structures during interphase: Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin material, cytoplasm, centrioles, uncoiled chromosomes

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Mitosis - Before going into prophase, the chromosomes _____

Back 139

replicate

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Mitosis - Prophase

Back 140

--Chromosomes become visible (short and thick)
--Nucleolus diminishes
--Centrioles undergo reduplication
--Nuclear membrane beings to break down and disappear

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Mitosis - Prophase ---> after reduplication of centrioles, they ...

Back 141

will migrate to opposite poles of nucleus

Front 142

Mitosis - Metaphase

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--begins with the appearance of spindle fibers
--chromosomes gather in the center of the cell along the equatorial plate
--two types of fibers occur

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Types of fibers that occur during metaphase of mitosis

Back 143

continuous fiber

Chromosomal Fiber

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Continuous Fiber

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Form during metaphase of mitosis

runs from pole to pole

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Chromosomal Fiber

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form during metaphase of mitosis

runs from the pole to the centromere of the chromosome

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Centromere

AKA

Back 146

kinetochore

Front 147

Mitosis - Anaphase

Back 147

--doubling of the centromere (initial step)
--separation of chromatids from each chromosome
--cleavage furrow starts to appear

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Mitosis - Telophase

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--Cleavage furrow continues
--nuclear membrane reforms
--chromosome again uncoils and becomes indistinct
--Nucleolus reforms

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At the end of telophase (mitosis), there are 2 _____ with _____ chromosomes of parent

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daughter cells
identical

Front 150

Biochemical Events of cell cycle

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separation of the double helix of chromosomes and replication of each

--must keep same number of chromosomes

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Cell Cycle consists of... (phases)

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G1 Phase "1st growth phase"
S Phase "synthesis phase"
G2 Phase "2nd growth phase"
M Phase "Mitotic phase"

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S Phase

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--2nd phase
--period of active DNA synthesis
--lasts 6-8 hours
--30-40% of cycle

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G1 Phase

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--1st phase
--Period of active RNA and protein synthesis
--Nucleus and Cytoplasm of daughter cells enlarge
--30-40% of cycle

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G2 Phase

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--3rd phase
--Period where there is NO DNA synthesis
--Other preparations for division take place
--10-20% of cycle

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M Phase

Back 155

--"Mitotic Phase"
--Consists of structural events which occur during Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
--Two Divisions: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

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Interphase

Back 156

consists of G1, S and G2

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Development of male and female reproductive cells involves ______

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Meiosis

Front 158

___ successive nuclear divisions with only one _________

Back 158

two

replication of the chromosomes

Front 159

End results of Meiosis

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4 daughter cells with 1/2 the chromosome numbers of the mother/father cell

Front 160

Haploid

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1/2 the number of chromosomes (23)

Front 161

First Mitotic division of Meiosis is the

Back 161

reduction division, which chromosome number is reduced

Front 162

Second mitotic division of Meiosis is the

Back 162

Equational division

Front 163

Meiosis - Prophase I

Back 163

Divides into 5 stages:
1) Leptotene
2) Zygotene
3) Pachytene
4) Diplotene
5) Diakinesis

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Leptotene

Back 164

First stage of Prophase I
--Chromosomes are thin and threadlike
--have bead-like stuctures (chromomeres function is unknown)

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Zygotene

Back 165

Second stage of Prophase I
--homologous chromosomes being to pair (synapse)
--Pairing continues throughout this phase

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Pachytene

Back 166

Third stage of Prophase I
--shortening of the chromosomes (1/4 of the length than in leptotene phase)
--theory (precursors DNA are added)
--pairing of chromosomes is completed

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Diplotene

Back 167

Fourth stage of Prophase I
--Chromosomes begin to repel each other and slightly separate, forming a Chiasmata
--Nucleolus breaks down

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Chiasmata

Back 168

where 2 of the 4 chromatids during Diplotene form an X-crossing over one another and Genetic material is exchanged

Front 169

Diakinesis

Back 169

Fifth stage of Prophase 1
--Chromosomes at maximum condensation
--nuclear membrane breaks down

Front 170

Metaphase I

Back 170

--tetrads line up at equator
--nuclear envelop disappears

Front 171

Tetrads of Metaphase I

Back 171

Chromosomes that have duplicated, therefore, 4 tetrads (chromatids)

Front 172

Anaphase I

Back 172

homologues separate

Front 173

Telophase I

Back 173

Splitting of cells: get 2, haploid daughter cells

ONLY stage where cytokinesis takes place

Front 174

During Telophase I, what does NOT happen in mammals

Back 174

cytokinesis does not occur, so you end up with 2-nuclei in one cell

Front 175

Interphage II

Back 175

Interkinesis -- NO DNA REPLICATION

Front 176

Prophase II

Back 176

Spindles appear as nuclear membrane breaks down

Front 177

Metaphase II

Back 177

Chromatid pairs of chromosomes line up on the equator

Front 178

Anaphase II

Back 178

--Centromeres duplicate and divide
--chromatids of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

Front 179

Telophase II

Back 179

--spindles disappear
--Nuclear membrane reappears
--cell membrane furrow forms
-four cells result--haploid

Front 180

the Four States of the chromosome are based on....

Back 180

shapes during metaphase

Front 181

Chromosomes differ in

Back 181

length and centromere location

Front 182

4 states of chromosomes

Back 182

1) Metacentric
2) Submetracentric
3) Acrocentric
4) Telocentric

Front 183

Metacentric

Back 183

--arms approximately equal in length
--centromeres occurs in the middle of chromosome

Front 184

Submetracentric

Back 184

Unequal arms

L-shaped

Front 185

Acrocentric

Back 185

Chromosome is described as rod-shaped having a very small arm at one end

Front 186

Telocentric

Back 186

chromosome is described as rod-like and having a centromere situated at the proximal end

Front 187

Karyotype

Back 187

name of the group of characteristics that identify a particular chromosomal set

Front 188

Types of arrangement of Epithelium

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1) sheets- one or more layers in thickness
2) Chords, tubules and Follicles

Front 189

Functions of epithelium arranged in sheets

Back 189

--cover the surface
--line the cavities of the body to form a protective sheath or limiting membrane

Front 190

Functions of epithelium arranged in chords, tubules, or follicles

Back 190

--develop as outgrowth of epithelial sheet
--arranged in organization called glands
--specialized for absorption, secretion, and excretion

Front 191

Epithelial tissues lack a __________ and must be nourished by ______ from underlying capillary beds

Back 191

vascular supple

diffusion

Front 192

Epithelial tissues firmly bind to underlying connective tissue by a thin membrane called

Back 192

Basement membrane

aka: basal lamina

Front 193

Primary germ layers of the early embryo that are epithelial in patterns of growth are

Back 193

ectoderm and endoderm

Front 194

Germ Layer: Ectoderm becomes....

Back 194

Epidermis and cornea, which covers the entire external surface of body

"covering epithelium"

Front 195

Germ Layer: Mesoderm becomes

Back 195

several lining layers and solid organs

-Kidney and M/F reproductive tracts
--some serous membrane - Peritoneal, Pleural, and Pericardial cavities

Front 196

Germ Layer: Endoderm becomes

Back 196

Alimentary tract and associated glands (liver included)

"Lining Epithelium"

Front 197

5 Artifacts of Histo

Back 197

1)minor shrinkage in processing
2)wrinkles in sample
3)loss of molecules producing spaces in sample
4)need for multiple staining types to see everything
5) 3d shape of actual sample appears 2d because of slicing

Front 198

Epithelium Nomenclature

Back 198

--Number of cell layers
--shape of cells
--Note specialization (cilla)
--surface is wet or dry

Front 199

Nonkeratinized

Back 199

Wet surface of the epithelium

Front 200

Keratinized

Back 200

DRY surface of the epithelium

Front 201

Simple Squamous - Description

Back 201

--cells flattened and scale-like
--Nucleus is round or oval, and eccentrically located

Front 202

Simple Squamous - Location

Back 202

NOT found in regions where absorption and secretion are the primary activities
--Bowman Capsule of kidney
--Lung alveoli
--blood vessels

Front 203

Simple Squamous - function

Back 203

Form barriers in regions where diffusion and filtration occur

Front 204

Simple Cuboidal - Description

Back 204

--cells are wide as they are tall
--appear as a roll of rectangular or squares on vertical/lateral/side view

Front 205

Simple Cuboidal - Location

Back 205

--thyroid
--free surface of ovaries
--inner surface of capsule of lens
--ducts of glands
--retina

Front 206

Simple Columnar - description

Back 206

--Cells are taller than they are broad
--Nucleus is characteristically close to the base of the cell

Front 207

When will the nucleus of simple columnar epithelium NOT be close to the base of the cell?

Back 207

When cells are extremely compressed

Front 208

Goblet Cells - What and where

Back 208

--Modified columnar cells occuring in mucosa of intestine and respiratory tract

Front 209

Goblet Cells - What accumulates at the distal end?

Back 209

Secretory droplets

Front 210

Goblet Cells surface ____ and ____ is discharged, then the cell cycle repeats the _______

Back 210

ruptures
secretion
secretory cycle

Front 211

Goblet cells are ....

Back 211

nucleated

Front 212

Goblet Cells - Location

Back 212

--regions where epithelial lining of the organ combines with function of secretion with that of protective membrane
--Digestive Tract
--Kidneys
--Uterus
--Oviduct
--Small bronchi or lungs

Front 213

Pseudostratified Epithelium - description

Back 213

--all cells are in contact with cell membrane, but may not all reach the surface
--shape varies (wide base & irregular spindle OR short and round)
--Nucleus is at widest part

Front 214

Pseudostratified Epithelium - Location

Back 214

-Line the greater part of the respiratory tract
--Line part of the tympanic cavity
--Lacrimal sac
--Male Urethra
--Large excretory ducts of parotid gland

Front 215

Stratified Epithelium - Function

Back 215

serves a protective function
--can withstand more wear and tear

Front 216

Apical End

Back 216

"free surface" of stratified epithelium
--shape of cell here determines its classification

Front 217

Stratified Squamous - Desription

Back 217

--can be wet or dry
--layer next to basement membrane consists of plump Cuboidal or culumnar cells

Front 218

Stratified Squamous - Function

Back 218

--MOST PROTECTIVE LINING IN THE BODY due to
-thickness and keratinization
-ability to slough off surface cells under abrasion
-replacement of cells from below

Front 219

Stratified Squamous - Location

Back 219

Epidermis
Mouth
Esophagus
Vagina
Lined portions of F urethra
Cornea

Front 220

Stratified Cuboidal

Back 220

EXTREMELY RARE
-ducts of sweat glands
--certain layers of testes and ovary

Front 221

Stratified Columnar - Description

Back 221

--continuous layer of small, round cells next to the basement membrane
--cells at surface are completely cute off from basement membrane

Front 222

Stratified Columnar - Location

Back 222

RARE in occurrence, but found in most moist surfaces where more protection is needed
--exocrine ducts
--Anal mucus membrane
--pharynx
--epiglottis

Front 223

Transitional - Description

Back 223

--Varies in appearance depending upon the condition under which it was fixed

Front 224

Transitional - Contraction State

Back 224

surface cells appear dome shaped

Front 225

Transitional - Distended State

Back 225

Surface cells change and usually only two layers are visible

Front 226

Metaplasia

Back 226

in chronic inflammation or development of tumors, one type of epithelium may change into another

Front 227

Free surfaces of epithelium cells may be modified to increase the

Back 227

efficiency of absorption and transport

Front 228

Four types of cell differentiation

Back 228

1) Macular Adherens
2) Zonular Adherents
3) Zona Occludens
4) Gap Junction

Front 229

Macular Adherens
aka?

Back 229

spot desmisomes

Front 230

Macular Adherens

Back 230

--restricted to certain regions
--Do NOT form a belt, punctuate regions
--Numerous in cells subject to mechanical stress, which indicates the function of the cell adherents

ex STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

Front 231

Zonular Adherents

aka?

Back 231

Intermediary Junction
OR
Belt Desmisome
OR
Terminal Bar

Front 232

Zonular Adherents

Back 232

--Forms a band around the epithelial cells just basal to the Zonular occludents
--Fluid goes rapidly between the bands
--Microfilaments form the intracellular support
--Cellular adherence depends on extracellular coating

Front 233

Glycocalyx

Back 233

extracellular coating in which cellular adherence depends on

Front 234

Zona Occludens

aka?

Back 234

Tight Junction

Front 235

Zona Occludens

Back 235

--creates barrier or seal to diffusion
--tight junctions are important in gradient permeability
--blood, brain barrier

Front 236

Zona =

Back 236

Goes COMPLETELY around the cell

Front 237

Gradient permeability

Back 237

--osmostic gradient
--blood gradient

Front 238

Gap Junction

Aka

Back 238

Nexus

Front 239

Gap Junction

Back 239

--cell to cell communication
--found in smooth muscles
--transmit electrical impulses

Cardiac muscles and peristolsis contactions