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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what's the func of oral cavity?
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reduce food size
mix food w/ amylases |
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what transports food to the abdominal region from the oral cavity?
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esophagus
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what mixes, acidifies and adds peptidase?
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stomach
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when does the food pass into the SI?
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after becoming chyme
pyloric sphincter opens up |
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what funcs to absorb nutrients from lumen into blood?
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SI
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how big is the duodenum?
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~12 fingerwidths long
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where do ducts terminate? which ones?
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duodenum
-pancreatic duct -bile duct |
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what does the pancreatic duct add?
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bicarbonate
enzymes |
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besides ducts, what else neutralizes chyme in duodenum?
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submucosal glands: neutralizes w/ bicarbonate fluid
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what does the bile duct add? why?
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bile salts
-digests fats |
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how do the jejunum and ileum compare?
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very similar histologically
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what makes poo?
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LI
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what are the LI parts?
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cecum
colon rectum |
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how does the GI end?
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anus!
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what kind of epithelium is in the oral cavity?
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non-keratinized
stratified squamous |
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are the oral cavity epithelium superficial cells nucleated or non-nucleated?
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nucleated
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how is the oral cavity subepithelial conn tissue separated?
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lamina propria
submucosa |
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what type of glands are in the oral cavity?
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small, salivary glands
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what does the epithelium in the oral cavity cover?
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soft palate
lips cheeks floor of mouth |
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describe the tongue epithelium:
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parakeratinized
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what are the papillae of the tongue?
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filiform
fungiform circumvallate foliate |
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which papillae is elongated and conical in shape.. provides roughness, too?
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filiform
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which papillae looks like "red bumps"?
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fungiform
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which papillae has taste buds?
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fungiform
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which papillae is large w/ a cleft that encircles it?
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circumvallate
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what is in the clefts encircling the circumvallate papillae?
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taste buds
serous fluid from serous glands of tongue (glands of von Ebner) |
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what papillae is considered rudimentary in humans?
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foliate
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what type of muscle is tongue made of?
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striated
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what covers the striated muscle of tongue?
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mucous membrane
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what separates the muscular bundles in the tongue?
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conn tissue of lamina propria
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how is the tongue divided?
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ant 2/3 and post 1/3 by a V shaped boundary
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what's behind the boundary of the tongue?
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2 types of small lymphoid aggregates:
-small collec of lymphoid nodules -lingual tonsils |
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what's the only papillae that has no taste buds?
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filiform
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which papillae are all over the tongue?
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filiform
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which papillae is keratinized?
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filiform
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where are the taste buds on fungiform papillae?
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top of it
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how many circumvallate papillae are there?
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7-12
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which papillae are located in the V region of the back part of the tongue?
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circumvallate papillae
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what do von Ebner's glands secrete?
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serous fluids and lipase (so there's no hydrophobic layer on taste buds to hinder taste)
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why is there a flow of secretions over tongue?
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so that food can be removed and new tastes can be processed
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where does lingual lipase work?
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on tongue and in stomach (digests 30% fat here)
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what other secretions besides serous glands get rid of old tastes on tongue?
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mucous salivary glands
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what is the shape of taste buds?
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onion
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how many cells do taste buds have?
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50-100
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where do the taste buds rest on?
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basal lamina
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where are the microvilli of the taste cells?
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poking thru taste pore
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are the majority of cells in taste bud supportive or taste cells?
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taste cells
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what do taste bud cells secrete?
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amorphous material that surrounds microvilli in taste pore
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what replaces the taste bud cells?
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undifferentiated basal cells
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how do we taste?
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1-tastants dissolved in saliva contact taste cells thru pore
2-interact w/ taste receptors or ion channels on surface of cells 3-depol of taste cells 4-neurotransmitter release 5-afferent nerve fibers stimulated |
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which tastants interact w/ taste receptors?
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sweet
bitter |
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which tastants interact w/ ion channels?
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salty
sour |
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how does the gingiva connect to the tooth?
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epithelial attachment of Gottlieb (keeps gums from tearing away from teeth when eat hard things)
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what is the spot called where gingiva attaches to enamel?
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gingival sulcus
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what part of tooth projects above gingiva?
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crown
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what part of tooth is below gingiva?
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roots
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what covers the crown of tooth?
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enamel
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what covers the root of tooth?
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cementum
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where does the root of the tooth insert into the bone?
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alveolus
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what type of bone is alveolar bone?
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woven
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what's the meeting point of enamel and cementum called?
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cervix of the tooth
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what is most of the tooth made of?
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dentin
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what does dentin surround?
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pulp cavity: soft conn tissue filled space
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what are the parts of the pulp cavity?
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coronary: pulp chamber
root: root canal |
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where is the apical foramen of the tooth?
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apex of root
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what is the func of the apical foramen?
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permits entrance/exit of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of pulp cavity
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what is periodontal ligament structurally?
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fibrous conn tissue with bundles of collagen fibers
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what is the func of periodontal ligament?
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use collagen fibers to insert into cementum and alveolar bone: fixes tooth firmly in alveolus (bony socket)
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what's enamel made of?
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96% calcium salts
(mostly hydroxyapatite) 3% H2O 1% organic material |
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is there any collagen in enamel?
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no! made of non-collagenous proteins
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what secrets the material that makes enamel?
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ameloblasts
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is cementum similar to bone?
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yes
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what are cementum cells called?
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cementocytes
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what is in a tooth and harder than bone? why?
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dentin b/c it has a higher content of calcium salts (70% of dry weight) AND
enamel b/c it's the hardest component in the body |
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what is dentin matrix made of?
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type I collagen fibrils
glycosaminoglycans phosphoproteins phospholipids calcium salts (hydroxyapatite crystals) |
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what is dentin made by?
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odontoblasts: (pulp cells)
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are odontoblasts in the dentin matrix?
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no
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where are the effects of scurvy seen?
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periodontal ligament
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where are odontoblasts?
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lining internal tooth surface
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what is the odontoblast struc?
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slender polarized cell
-polarized protein-secreting cells w/ secretion granules in apical cytoplasm and basal nucleus |
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where do odontoblasts only make organic matrix in the tooth?
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dentinal surface only!
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where do odontoblasts extensions go?
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extend dentinal processes thru small canals (dentinal tubules)
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what are other names for dentinal processes?
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Tomes' fibers
odontoblast processes |
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are dentinal processes branched?
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yes
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what happens to shape of dentinal processes?
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become longer as dentin becomes thicker
-lots of branching near dentin and enamel junction |
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where are odontoblast processes thickest? diameter?
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near cell body
3-4 micrometers |
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where are odontoblasts thinnest?
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near enamel or cementum
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is matrix made by odontoblasts mineralized or unmineralized?
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unmineralized
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when is dentin mineralized?
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when matrix vesicles (membrane-limited vesicles) are made by odontoblasts
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what is unmineralized matrix of dentin called?
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predentin
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how does predentin mineralization happen?
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matrix vesicles get fine hydroxyapatite crystals to grow (b/c have high Ca and phosphate content)
-matrix vesicles serve as nucleation site for more mineral deposition on surrounding collagen fibrils |
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what is the sensitive part of the tooth?
sensitive to what? perceived how? |
dentin
sens: heat, cold, trauma, low pH perceived: pain |
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how does dentin perceive sensory info?
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dentin has some unmyelinated nerve fibers penetrating pulpar area
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what other ions are part of enamel?
how do they become a part of enamel? |
strontium
magnesium lead fluoride -present during enamel synthesis |
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what is the origin of cells that make enamel?
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ectodermal
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what do most of the teeth strucs derive from?
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mesodermal
neural crest cells |
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is enamel made of collagen fibrils?
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no
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what types of proteins make up enamel?
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amelogenins
enamelins |
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how is enamel organized?
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as elongated rods: enamel rods (prisms)
bound together by interrod enamel |
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what are interrod enamel and enamel rods made of?
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hydroxyapatite crystals
-differ only in crystal orientation |
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how far do enamel rods extend thru enamel?
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extends thru the entire thickness of the enamel layer w/ sinuous path
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what type of cells are ameloblasts?
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tall columnar cells w/ lots of mitochondria
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where are the rough ER and golgi found in relation to nucleus in ameloblasts?
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above nucleus
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what are the apical extensions of ameloblasts?
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Tomes' process
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what are in Tomes' process?
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lots of secretory granules that have proteins that make enamel matrix
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what do ameloblasts do after making enamel?
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form protective epithelium that covers crown until tooth eruption to prevent enamel defects
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what is tooth pulp made of?
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loose, conn tissue:
odontoblasts fibroblasts thin collagen fibrils ground substance w/ glycosaminoglycans |
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what sensation do pulp fibers detect?
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pain
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what is the highly innervated and vascularized tissue in the tooth?
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pulp
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what happens to the nerve fibers in the pulp that lose their myelin sheaths?
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they extend into the dentinal tubules
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what is the periodontium responsible for?
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keeping teeth in maxillary and mandibular bones
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what are the parts of periodontium?
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cementum
periodontal ligament alveolar bone gingiva |
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does cementum have haversian systems and blood vessels?
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no
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where is cementum thicker?
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apical part of root
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where are cementocytes?
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apical region of root
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how are cementocytes similar to and diff from osteocytes?
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similar: encased in lacunae
diff: -don't communicate thru canaliculi -food comes from periodontal ligament |
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how is cementum like bone tissue?
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labile
reacts to stresses it's subjected to by resorbing old tissue and making new tissue |
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what compensates for the wear and tear of teeth and maintains close contact b/w teeth roots and sockets?
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continuous prod of cementum at apex
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what does the connective tissue that makes the periodontal ligament do?
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-fibers penetrate tooth cementum and bind it to bony walls of socket
-allow limited teeth movement |
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what allows orthodontic teeth movement without significant root resorption?
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cementum's low (in comparison to bone) metabolic activity
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why does cementum have lower metabolic activity than bone?
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not irrigated by blood vessels
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what fibers are organized to support pressures exerted during chewing?
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periodontal ligament fibers
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what's the result of fibers organized to support pressures exerted during chewing?
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avoids transmission of pressure directly to bone - that would cause bone to resorp
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how is periodontal ligament comparable to immature tissue?
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-high turnover rate
-large soluble collagen content -space b/w fibers filled w/ glycosaminoglycans |
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what 2 components allow orthodontic procedures to work?
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periodontal ligament
cementum |
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what bone is in immediate contact w/ periodontal ligament?
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alveolar bone
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what type of bone is alveolar bone?
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immature
primary |
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are there collagen fibers in alveolar bone?
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yes
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how are collagen fibers of alveolar bone arranged?
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not in typical lamellar pattern of adult bone
-arranged in bundles that penetrate bone and cementum |
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what connects alveolar bone and cementum?
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Sharpey's fibers
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what does the alveolar bone closest to the teeth roots form?
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socket
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what do the vessels that run through alveolar bone penetrate? what are vessels called?
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periodontal ligament along root
-perforating vessels |
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what kind of tissue is the gingiva?
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mucous membrane:
stratified squamous epithelium lamina propria w/ conn tissue papillae |
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what is gingiva bound to?
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maxillary and mandibular bones
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what part of gingival epithelium is bound to tooth enamel by a cuticle that resembles thick basal lamina?
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junctional epithelium
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what's b/w the enamel and gingival epithelium?
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gingival sulcus
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how big is the deepening of the gingival sulcus?
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3mm
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