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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the ovary?
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To provide a proper enviornment or the development of the ova
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What is the ovarian blood supply?
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Aorta -> ovarian artery -> helicine arteries
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What are the main functions of the ovary?
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#NAME?
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At what stage does an oocyte have antral fluid?
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Secondary oocyte
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How many follicular cell layers are found in the primordial follicle?
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One layer
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What follicle has a lot of antral space?
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Mature or Graafian follice
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What is the cumulus oophorus?
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Portion of granulosa cells that anchors the oocyte inside the follicle, part of it goes with the oocyte when it ruptures through the surface of the ovary
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When the oocyte ruptures through the ovary, what goes with it?
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Corona radiata, follicular cells, and some of the cumulus oophorus
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What does the antral fluid become?
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liquor folliculi
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About how many oocytes are formed? How many are used?
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Out of 400,000 formed, only about 400 are used
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How many potential oocytes are there at each ovulation?
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20 - the other 19 are thought to act as booster to perform endocrine function and maintain uterine lining
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In what division is the female oocyte arrested?
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First meiotic division - because follicular cells, granulosa cells surround oocyte and stop meiosis
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Is the primary oocyte diploid or haploid?
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Diploid
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What stage does the oocyte become haploid?
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Secondary follicles - primary oocyte enlarges and undergoes meiotic division
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When is meiosis I completed?
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After detachment of oocyte/zona pellucida/carona complex from cumulus oophorus
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What is the ovarian cycle divided into?
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"Follicular phase - development of the follicle
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What do granulosa cells secrete?
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Estradiol which acts on endometrium to prepare for pregnancy
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What causes ovulation?
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Release of LH - positive feedback from estadiol on anterior pituitary
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What stage of the follicle do LH receptors appear?
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Graafian follicle
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What is a major cause of infertility?
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Luteal phase deficiency - up until 12th week, corpus luteum maintains the placenta
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What is the treatment for luteal phase deficiency?
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Progesterone injections until human chorionic gonadotropin levels are high enough to maintain placenta
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How is luteal phase deficiency diagnosed?
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After temperature drop during ovulation, if endometrial biopsy not robust - luteal phase deficiency
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What is the major steroid product of follicular cells under stimulation by FSH?
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Estradiol - but depend on supply of androstendione by theca interna cells regulated by LH
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Why can't follicular cells produce estradiol independently?
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Do not have enzmes to produce precursor of estradiol - rely on theca interna cells to supply androstendedione
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What seperates the theca interna and externa from the follicular cells?
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Basal lamina
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What is the differential for hemmorhage versus menstrual flow?
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Blood in menstrual secretions does not clot
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What is a major cause of menstrual cramps?
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Some endometrial tissue deposits in the peritoneal
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What is the main cause of ovulation pain?
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Blood and inflammation of the peritoneal lining when the ovary ruptures
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How long is the window of fertilization?
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24 hours
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How long is the endometrial lining maintained?
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7 days
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What is the dying corpus luteum?
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Corpus albicans
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What do the non ciliated cells of the oviduct produce?
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Secretion to assist in moving the oocyte down the duct towards the uterus
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What is the hormone responsive tissue of the uterus?
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Stratum functionalis
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How is the uterine smooth muscle different from other muscle?
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It can increase via hyperplasia instead of hypertrophy as with other muscle
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What is charateristic of the late proliferative stage of the stratum functionalis?
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Straight glands
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What vascularization maintains the enometrium?
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Spiral arteries
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What is only the functional layer of the endometrium shed during menses?
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Basal layer is supplied by basal straight arteries and is unaffected by the constriction of the spiral arteries
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What period is marked by torturous glands in the stratum functionalis?
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Proliferatory period
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What period is characterized by saw tooth appearance of glands in the stratum functionalis?
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Mid secratory period - glycogen accumulates in the basal portion
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When does glycogen shift to the apical portion of the stratum functionalis?
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Final days of the secratory phase, decidual change
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What type of spermatid cycles through mitosis?
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Spermatagonia Type A
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What stage of sperm development does first mitosis occur?
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Primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes
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What is a prespermatagoonium?
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Cell that undergoes mitotic cell division to produce two daughter cell - one stem cell and one for mitotic amplification
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What do type B spermatagonia do?
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Complete S phase and advance to G but instead move to adluminal space and undergo meiosis I
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What is incomplete cytokinesis?
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Cytoplasmic bridges between developing sperm that do not disappear until the completion of spermatogensis
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What are residual bodies?
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Cytoplasmic connections between spermatids that are released by spermination. Residual bodies are phagocytosed by stertoli cells
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What receptor binds to the Sperm receptor?
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ZP3
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What is released to initiate the acrosome reaction?
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Ca2+
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How are acrosomal enzymes released in the acrosomal reaction?
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Exocytosis
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What organelle does the sperm provide that the egg lacks?
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Centrioles - the first mitotic spindle is assembled in the zygote
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What comprises the connecting piece?
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Proximal centriole attached to the nucleus and the distal centriole that generates the axoneme
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What is the arrangement of the microtubules in the axoneme?
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9 + 2 surrounded only by plasma membrane
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What surrounds the microtubular axoneme in the middle piece?
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9 outer dense fibers
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What is the main difference between the middle piece and the principal and end piece?
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Mitochondrial helix found only in middle piece
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What is the site where the middle piece turns into the principal piece?
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Annulus - dense ring subadjacent to the last turn of the mitochondrial helix
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What is septin 4?
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Major component of the annulus
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Which part of the epididymis is more muscular - head or tail?
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Tail
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What marks the transition from the seminiferous epithelium to the tubulus rectus?
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Columnar stertoli cells
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How do the junctions between stertoli cells change from seminiferous epithelium to tubulus rectus?
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Apical to basal
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What cells does leuteinizing hormone primarily act on?
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Leydig cells - L to L
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What cell does FSH primarily act on in males?
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Sertoli cells
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What are the cell types of the ductulus efferens?
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Tall columnar ciliated and short non ciliated
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How does the muscle change as the epididymis progresses to the vas deferens?
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Increasing muscle layers from 1 to 3
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What do epididymal principal cells secrete?
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Carnitine, sialic acid, glyocproteins and glycerylphosphorylcholine
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Where is stereocilia found in the male repro tract?
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In the epididymis on the apical surface of principal cells
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What are the three muscular layers of the vas deferens?
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Inner longitudinal, circular, and outer longitudinal
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What kind of epithelium is found in the seminal vesicle?
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Pseudostratified columnar secretory with lipid droplets
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What percent of volume do the seminal vesicles contribute to semen?
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more than half
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Is sperm stored in the seminal vesicles?
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No
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What is the secretion of the seminal vesicles?
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Fructose, prostaglandins, and coagulating proteins
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How many muscle layers does the seminal vesicle have?
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2 - Outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers
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What kinds of glands does the prostate have?
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Branched tubulo acinar
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What are the two cell layers lining the glands of the prostate?
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"Outer low cuboidal layter and inner tall columnar mucin secreting epithelium
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What is tissue between the prostate glands called?
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The fibromuscular stroma - compose half the volume of the prostate
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What are corpora amylacea?
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Small hyaline masses of unkown significance found in the prostate gland - may calcify with age
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What cells are the main source of five alpha reductase?
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Prostatic stromal cells
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What is the usual site for beginning benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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Submucosal glands
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What are the three layers of prostatic glands?
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Mucosal, submucosal, and main prostatic glands
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Where do nodules usually form in BHP?
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Periurethral region
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What does the prostate secrete?
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Citric acid, zinc, amylase, PSA, and acid phosphatase
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What surrounds the three cylindrical muscle masses of the penis?
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Tunica albuginea
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