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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Louis XIV
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who: King
where: France when: Reign began in 1660 significance: Absolutism rule of Europe; first time the use of religion justified a monarch's rule (divine right); "The State, That Is Me"; no checking of power; makes France Catholic; French Academy->"French" identity; expansion of France; Sun King; beginnings of mercantilism |
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Peace of Westphalia
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what: peace after the 30 Yrs War
where: Holy Roman Empire when: 1648 significance: ended conflicts fought over religious faith (sovereign authority of 300+ German princes recognized), independence of Netherlands, gave France Alsac province, gave Sweden some German territory, denied papacy right to participate in central European religious affairs (reduced political role of the church) |
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Thirty Years War
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what: Peace of Augsburg started conflict (prince's faith determined religion of German states, Lutheranism spreading, Calvinism confuses the agreement); bloodiest war on European soil prior to WWI; began with Protestants throwing two Catholic officials from a balcony; 1/3 of urban residents perished; divided into 4 phases (Bohemia, Danish, Swedish, French), began as a religious conflict but also became an int'l conflict between France and Hapsburg powers
where: Holy Roman Empire (mostly present-day Germany) when: 1618-1648 significance: brought about the Peace of Westphalia, which ended religious faith conflicts; also destroyed central European economy, disease,loss of German agriculture, livestock, etc.made inflation even worse |
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Divine Right of Kings
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who: Louis XIV (1st to exemplify)
what: God established kings as his rulers on earth, and therefore they were answerable only to him (however, they technically had to obey God's laws); significance: led to absolutist monarchy |
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English Civil War
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what: Protestant Charles I (pro Catholic policies) attempts to fight rebellion in Ireland; Parliament impeaches; King's Army vs. Parliament; Oliver Cromwell captures Charles I and publicly beheads him in 1649
where: England when: 1642-1651 significance: leads to replacements of monarchy; Commonwealth of England (republic); Cromwell military dictatorship (absolutism?); led to restoration of monarchy by Charles II; established precedent that English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent (roots of Glorious Revolution) |
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Charles I
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who: King of England
when: 1625-1649 where: England significance: beheaded by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War |
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Glorious Revolution
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what: Charles II returns from exile, 2 houses of Parliament restored, amicable relationships between Crown and Parliament; Charles II secret agreement to reCatholicize England; brother James II did same thing; eventually forced to flee; replaced by William and Mary who recognized supremacy of Parliament, replacement of monarchs w/ minimum bloodshed
when: 1688, 1689 where: England significance: represents the destruction of a divine-right monarchy, puts in place the Bill of Rights; "gov't that oversteps proper function becomes a tyranny" (Locke); still, not democratic; constitutional democracy |
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Mercantilism
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what: collection of gov'tal policies for the regulation of economic activities, esp. commercial activities, by and for the state
where: France when: Louis XIV's rule significance: applied by Colbert, financial genius, who thought that wealth/economy should serve the state, made France relatively self-sufficient |
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Constitutional Monarchy
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where: England
when: after 1688 (Glorious Revolution) what: sovereignty in Parliament, which represented upper classes (majority of English not represented), not a democratic revolution |
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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what: forced migration of millions of Africans to the New World to work as slaves, producing more than 4/5 of New World's economy
when: 1700s-1900s significance: cultivated New World, eventually led to abolition movements |
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Peter the Great
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who: Russian ruler
what: where: Russia when: 1682-1725 significance: Russia had been view as 'backwards/distant';toured Western Europe incognito changed style of military completely, started official ceremonies (like France) and ordered men to dance with women; expanded territory by waging long wars with Estonia and Latvia; began building St. Petersburg; nobles had a lot of power(bad for peasants) |
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Frederick the Great
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who: Prussian ruler
what: wanted to be a poet, not a ruler, tried to escape, modernized the bureaucracy and sponsored arts, etc, "first servant of the state" not a divine leader where: Prussia when: 1712-1786 significance: exemplification of enlightened absolutism |
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Catherine the Great
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who: Prussia
what: expanded empire and modernized it along western european lines where: Russia when: 1762-1796 significance: made Russia recognized as one of the great powers of Europe |
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Scientific Revolution
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what: period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages; natural philosophy questioned
where: Europe when: late 16th + 17th centuries significance: laid the foundation of modern science; argued that is the real origin of modern world/mentality; replacement of many believed ideas/concepts |
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Galileo Galilei
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who: philosopher
what: during Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment; "of one wanted to discover something about the world he could explore it himself"; came up with the law of inertia which disproved Aristotle; supported Copernicasm, eventually imprisoned where: Italy when: 1563-1642 significance: led to modern thought |
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Isaac Newton
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who:philosopher
what: unified everything GG and other predecssors came up with, law of universal gravitation where: England when: 1642-1727 |
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John Locke
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who: intellectual
what: tabula rasa (blank slate, we are molded by our experiences); wrote dominant inspirations during Enlightenment, also against the Divine Right of Kings (2 Treatise of Govt) where: England when: 1632-1704 significance: brought about new theories of human behavior/nature |
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Voltaire
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who: philosophe/author
what: Enlightenment author, close relationship with Frederick the Great, known for Candide, eviscerated Catholic church and Jesuits, criticized optimism where: France when: 1694-1778 |
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Denis Diderot
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who: author/philosophe
what: edited Encyclopedia with "Republic of Letters" (Group effort) where: France when: 1713-1784 significance: influential encyclopedia, summing up Enlightened worldview |
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sans coulette
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who:
what: term created to describe poor members of the third estate because of their full-length trousers where: France when: 1790s |
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Three Estates
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who:
what: division of society into three estates (1: clergy, 2: nobility, 3: commoners) where: France when: 14th-18th centuries (Ancien Regime) significance: |
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Great Fear
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what: fear of peasants (self defense), attacking of manor houses
where: France when: 1789 |
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Storming of Bastille
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what: Paris' economy=really bad, 3rd estate=no political rights; citizens stormed prison in order to get weapons, eventually won
where: Paris when: 1789 significance: flashpoint of the French Revolution and an icon for the French Republic; noble privileges were abolished, peasants became a force fo order and stabliity |
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Maximillien Robespierre
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who: influential figure in French revolution, dominated Committee for Public Safety, key role in the Reightn of Terror, eventually arrested and executed, influenced by philosophes
where: France when: 1758-1794 significance: driving factor in French revolution, his death ends the revolution |
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September massacres
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who:
what: wave of mob violence during French Rev which executed 1/2 the prison population where: France when: 1700s significance: |
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Reign of Terror
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who:
what: period known for violence for a year and a month during French Revolution, incited by conflict btwn Girondins and Jacobins, guillotine, political weapon against those who would oppose revolutionary govt where: France when: 1793-1794 |
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Thermidorian reaction
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what: revolt against excesses of Reign of Terror, triggered y a vote of Committee of Public Safety to execute Robespierre
where: France when: 1794 significance: ended most radical phase of the revolution, led to Robespierre's exectuion |
