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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absent radial pulse
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brachial artery occlusion (extension axillary)
brachial branches to ulnar and radial arteries |
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what level does hypoglossal nerve exit?
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medulla (preolivary sulcus) Netter plate 114
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what fibers give input to cerebellum?
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climbing and mossy fibers (input from contralateral cortex via MCP and ipsilateral body via ICP)
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what fibers give output from cerebellum?
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purkinje fibers to deep nuclei of cerebellum, then to cortex via SCP
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where are rabies inclusions found?
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purkinje fibers
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where do spinaothalamic tract and medial lemniscus go in cortex?
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VPL of thalamus
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where in kidney are leaky junctions found?
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PCT
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what type of filament present in muscle of iris?
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actin
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what is responsible for motility in sperm?
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9+2 arrangement microtubules (helical array of polymerized dimers of alpha and beta tubulin
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pt history paralysis orbicularis oculi on R side and buccinator and facial m on R side
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CN VII
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sensorineural hearing loss, nerve is located at cerebellopontine angle
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CN VIII
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cannot look to side (prob with lateral gaze)
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CN VI
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what does solitary nucleus do?
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visceral sensory info from CN IX and X
visceral afferents from CN VII, IX, X sends info to pons/thalamus |
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lenticular nucleus degenerated in?
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wilson's disease patients
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hemiballismus in pt with wilson's
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degen subthalamic nucleus
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subthalamic nucleus lesion results in
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contralateral hemiballismus
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what muscle attaches at iliac crest?
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gluteus medius (abducts and rotates thigh)
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whre does gluteus medius attach distally?
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greater trochanter of femur
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visual defect with craniopharyngioma/acromegaly
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bitemporal hemianopsi
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outpouching of floor of diencephalon
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cerebrum
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where is serotonin made?
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raphe nucleus
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pt has dyscalculia, finger agnosia, L/R confusion where is lesion?
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visual association cortex (angular gyrus) L parietal lobe
(Gerstmann's syndrome) |
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midgut loop fails to return to abdominal cavity
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omphalocele
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duplicated ureter etiology?
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congenital anomaly
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what is defect in horseshoe kidney?
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lower poles fuse and as it ascends, get trapped under IMA
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lose medial side leg sensation after CABG, nerve lost?
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saphenous nerve (branch of femoral)
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splenic vein empties into?
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portal vein
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what is portal vein composed of?
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splenic vein and Superior mesenteric vein (largest vessel)
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what vein does inferior mesenteric vein join?
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splenic vein (which empties into portal vein)
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medial epicondyle injury
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ulnar nerve
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adducts fingers (palmar and dorsal interossei muscles)
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ulnar nerve
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adduction of thumb (nerve and muscle)?
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ulnar nerve
adductor pollicis muscle |
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lightening pain when cough
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herniated disc compressing sensory root
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what organelle prominent on EM of plasma cell?
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rough ER
also cartwheel appearing nuclear chromatin |
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what is length of postgang peripheral nerve fiber?
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short, near end organ
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what artery bleeds during duodenal ulcer perf?
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gastroduodenal artery
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bicornuate uterus due to?
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failed fusion paramesonephric duct
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what does CN V pass through?
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SOF
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where is melatonin produced?
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pineal gland
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abdominal surgery opening cut is made how?
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vertically, midline (avoid interrupting blood supply)
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cleft palate arises from
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maxillary prominence fails fuse with medial nasal prominence
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site of hematopoiesis at 28 weeks
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BM
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what does schwann cell develop from?
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neural crest cells
makes myelin for PNS |
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function oligodendrocyte?
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myelin for CNS
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pain and temperature on side of face controlled by which CN?
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CN V
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derivation adrenal medulla?
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neural crest origin (S100 Ag positive)
neuroblasts develop into ganglia |
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loss plantar flexion, foot dorsiflexed and everted (calcaneovalgus-cavus)
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tibial nerve lesion
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sensory loss on sole of foot
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tibial nerve injury
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what loose connective tissue core is increased in MVP?
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dermatan sulfate (myxomatous degeneration)
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what is aortic and pulmonic valve made of?
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lined by endothelium, abundant fibroelastic tissue + dense collagenous core
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vascular supply of aortic and pulmonic valve?
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none, avascular
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wrist drop (humerus broken)
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radial nerve
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winged scapula (post-radical mastectomy)
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LT nerve injury
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what muscle paralyzed in LT nerve injury?
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serratus anterior muscle
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pt presents with nosebleed and rhinorrhea
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fracture cribiform plate (ethmoid sinus)
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bilateral INO, most likely diagnosis and pathophy?
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multiple sclerosis
MLF demyelination |
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parathyroid derivation (embryo)?
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3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
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aortic arch 1
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maxillary artery
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aortic arch 2
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stapedial and hyoid artery
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aortic arch 3
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common carotid artery and prox portion internal carotid
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aortic arch 4
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aortic arch on L and prox portion R subclavian artery on R
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aortic arch 6
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proximal portion pulmonary artery on L and ductus arteriosus
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nerve runs along radial artery?
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median nerve
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femoral neck fracture affects which artery and what are repercussions?
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medial femoral circumflex artery
aseptic necrosis of femoral head |
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where does sperm penetrate?
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zona pellucida
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type I collagen
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bone tendon skin
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which type collagen has greatest tensile strength?
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type I
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initial collagen of wound repair
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type III
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what is initial collagen of wound repaired replaced by?
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type I collagen
collagenase with Zn as cofactor |
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type IV collagen
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BM
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type X collagen
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epiphyseal plate
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eye closed and cannot open, deviated down and out
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CN III nerve palsy
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eye down and in
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trochlear nerve palsy
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blunt injury to back of throat
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injury to cervical sympathetic plexus results in horner's syndrome
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vertical diploplia
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CN IV palsy
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patient presents with headache, mydriasis in R eye with lid lag, deviation eye down and out
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CN III compresion (aneurysm because presents with headache)
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pt recent hx bact meningitis has horizontal diplopia in L eye, worse on gave to left
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CN VI palsy
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bilateral lateral rectus muscle weakness
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increased ICP (usually see papilledema)
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paralysis upward gave in infant
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parinaud's syndrome: hydrocephalus secondary to stenosis of aqueduct of sylvius
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multiple ocular motor nerve disorders
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DM (osmotic damage)
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quadricep weakness, absent knee jerk reflex
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herniated disk L3-4
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fall on outstretched arm, pain in middle/lateral portion clavicle UE remains in abduction, extension, internal rotation
differential? |
C5-6 injury
erb duchenne superior brachial plexus injury (clavicular fracture) |
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C8-T1 injury results in?
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klumpke's
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paralysis of CN III after head injury
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uncal herniation
ptosis of eye, mydriasis |
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numbness of thenar aspect of hand
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carpal tunnel (median nerve)
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wrist bone that has greatest incidence aseptic necrosis
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scaphoid bone
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which fetal vessels has greatest oxygen content?
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ductus venosus, umbilical vein
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what does sertoli cell synthesize?
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SHBG and inhibin
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what does band in skeletal muscle have?
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myosin ATPase, contracts
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what is last airway structure with cilia/
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resp bronchiole
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what makes up the resp unit?
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respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
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which resp part has cilia but no goblet cells
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terminal bronchiole
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site of obstruction in asthma, CF, chronic bronchitis?
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terminal bronchiole
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site where turbulent air flow becomes laminar due to parallel branching of airways?
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terminal bronchioles
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where does post translational modifications take place?
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golgi apparatus
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location cyt P450 system in cell?
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smooth ER
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synthesis of steroids within cell?
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smooth ER
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site of gamma-glutamyl transferase?
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smooth ER
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voice is hoarse after thyroid surgery
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laryngeal nerve injury
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most posterior chamber in heart?
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LA
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occlusion of ACA would affect what part of body?
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contralateral leg
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weak palate, loss gag reflex, SCM weakness, loss taste to posterior third of tongue
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schwanomma of jugular foramen
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lesion CN III and UMN signs
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weber syndrome
associated with midline, midbrain lesion |
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loss sensation in hands, burns without knowing it
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syringomyelia
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CN III and UMN signs on opposite side
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midline midbrain lesion
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loss pain and T and UMN signs on opposite side
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mid pons lesion
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MPTP abuse results in
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parkinson's disease
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locations of hematopoiesis prior to birth
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yolk sac, liver, BM
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bochdalek hernia in posterolateral part diaphragm on L
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early in life, visceral contents extend into chest cavity causing severe resp distress at birth
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location of damage to ear in rock n roll band player?
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cochlea
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what is distinguishing feature btw small and large bowel?
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plicae semilunaris go around entire circumference of SB vs interrupted in Large bowel
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exstrophy of bladder associated with?
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epispadias (defect in genital tubercle)
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defect in hypospadias?
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faulty closure urethral folds
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feces draining from umbilicus in 4 day old?
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persistent umbilical (vitelline) sinus
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urine draining from umbilicus in 4 day old?
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persistent urachal sinus
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femoral neck fracture can bleed into capsule and compromise which artery?
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medial femoral circumflex artery
avascular necrosis |
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mullerian duct includes what structures?
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fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 vagina
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wolffian ducts form?
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epididymis, seminal vesicles, vas deferens
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urogenital sinus forms?
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vestibule, lower 2/3 vagina
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wolffian duct can persist in female to form cyst
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gartner duct cyst in vagina/cervix
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ogonia at birth arrest in what phase?
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prophase I of meiosis (primary oocytes)
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primary oocytes have how many chormosomes?
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46 (diploid 2n)
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how many chormosomes in secondary oocyte?
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23 chromosomes (haploid n)
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what phase is secondary oocyte arrested in?
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metaphase II at ovulation
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secondary oocyte completes meiosis II when
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fertilization occurs
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bilateral INO indicates most likely what disease?
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multiple sclerosis
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components of rotator cuff?
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supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
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rotator cuff injuries signs?
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pain/weakness with active shoulder abduction
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what injury occurs with shoulder dislocation?
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anterior dislocation MC, injure axillary artery/nerve
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tennis elbow
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pain where extensor muscles insert near lateral epicondyle
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golfer's elbow
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medial epicondyle where flexor muscle tendons insert
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transverse carpal ligament or elbow "funny bone area" can cause
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ulnar nerve compression
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lose reflex C4-5
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biceps reflex (musculocutaneous nerve C5-6 association)
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reflex loss C5-6
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supinator
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reflex loss C6-7
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triceps reflex (associated with radial nerve C6-7)
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what is deQuervain's disease?
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chronic stenosing tenosynovitis of first dorsal compartment of wrist
overuse of hands/wrist pain on radial aspect of wrist aggravated by moving thumb (abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis affected) |
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what does first dorsal compartment contain?
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abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
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MCC bulge on dorsum of wrist when flexed
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ganglion cyst (synovial cyst) filled with mucinous material
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what is volkmann's ischemic contracture"
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complication supracondylar fracture of humerus
injury ot brachial arter and median nerve can result in compartment syndrome |
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causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?
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RA/pregnancy, overuse hands/wrist, amyloidosis, hypothyroidism
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carpal tunnel compression of what nerve?
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median (in transverse carpal ligament of wrist)
also can be entrapped btw bellies of pronator teres muscle with radial artery |
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claw hand
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ulnar nerve palsy
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wrist drop
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radial nerve palsy
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midshaft fracture of humerus
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radial nerve injury
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waiter's tip
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C5-6 injury, erb duchenne's palsy
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how can you get erb duchenne palsy?
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birth injury to C5-6
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klumpke's
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birth injury C7-8/T1
paralysis of hand Horner's syndrome |
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fracture surgical neck of humerus
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axillary nerve (C5-6)
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axillary nerve injury can be caused by? symptoms?
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dislocation of shoulder joint, fracture surgical neck of humerus
deltoid muscle paralysis (can't hold arm out parallele to ground) |
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arteries, nerves, tendons on radial side of wrist
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raidla artery, median nerve, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis
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etiology of shin splints?
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repetitive loading of ant compartment muscles of tibia
inflammation at musculotendinous insertions aka "stress fractures" |
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MC site for compartment syndrome of leg
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anterior of tibia
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MCC low back pain?
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spasmof paraspinal muscles
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ligament strain of low back pain?
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anteiror/post longitudinal ligaments
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nerve root irritation for low back pain?
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disc herniation (nerve root compression)
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diseases involving vertebral columns causing low back pain?
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met, MM, osteoporosis (compression fractures)
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MCC intervertebral disc disease
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degeneration fibrocartilage/nucleus pulposus
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straight leg test for?
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disc herniation causing radiation of pain down back of leg
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sensory loss of L5-S1 disc herniation?
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lateral and posterior calf, plantar foot
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what reflex lost in L5-S1 disc herniation?
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achilles tendon reflex
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motor deficit in L5-S1 disc herniation?
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plantar flexion/foot eversion (peroneus longus/brevis)
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sensory loss of L4-5 disc herniation?
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dorsum of foot + webbed space btw great toe and second toe
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motor deficit for L4-5 disc herniation?
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loss dorsiflexion big toe due to weakness extensor hallucis longus
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sensory loss for L3-4 disc herniation?
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medial leg to malleolus
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reflex loss due to L3-4 disc herniation?
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knee jerk (femoral nerve for L2-4)
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motor deficit for L3-4 disc herniation?
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quad weakness, weak knee extension
loss dorsiflexion foot (tibialis anterior) |
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cauda equina syndrome
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bowel/bladder dysfunction
saddle area anesthesia |
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spondylolisthesis
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forward subluxation one vertebral body on another
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MCC spondylolisthesis?
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spondylosis--defect vertebral lamina with separation from main body of vertebra
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superior gluteal nerve injury causes?
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surgery, DMD, waddling gait
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trandelenburg gait
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superior gluteal nerve injury
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whta does superior gluteal nerve suply?
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gluteus medius/minimus
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superior gluteal nerve injury causes
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loss abduction of thigh and inability to pull pelvis down
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what does inferior gluteal nerve supply?
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gluteus maximus
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inferior gluteal nerve injury
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patient cannot walk, leans backward when heel strikes ground
can't rise, jump, climb stairs |
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MC site sciatic nerve entrapment
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sciatic notch in buttocks
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peroneal nerve injury signs and symptoms?
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loss dorsiflexion (tibilais anterior), loss foot eversion (weak peroneus longus/brevis)
EQUINOVARUS deformity (foot drop, inversion foot) |
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what relfex lost in peroneal nerve injury?
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ankle
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MC site entrapment of peroneal nerve?
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behind knee, common in people who cross legs
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MC site for lateral femoral nerve entrapment?
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inguinal ligament (produces meralgia paresthetica)
numbness/burning over lateral part of thigh when walking/standing common in obese |
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obturator nerve injury
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L2-4
leg swings out when walking (loss hip adduction) sensory loss medial thigh, lose knee reflex |
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what reflex lost in obturator nerve injury?
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knee reflex
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tibial nerve injury
|
L4-S3
loss plantar flexion of foot (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris) loss flexion of toes (flexor digitorum longus/hallucis longus) foot inversion (tibialis posterior) CALCANEOVALGOCAVUS (dorsiflexion, inversion of foot) |
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what reflex lost in tibial nerve injury?
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ankle
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femoral nerve injury
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injury in area of femoral triangle (common site for catheterization punctures)
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motor deficit in femoral nerve injury?
|
cannot flex thigh (sartorius, ilacus muscle)
cannot extend leg (quadricep muscle) loss knee jerk reflex kyphosis (if severe, resp acidosis) |
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MCC kyphosis in adolescents
|
muscular postural problems (tall adolescents)
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scheuermann's disease
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abnormal vertebral end plates leading to disc herniations into Schmorl's nodes
|
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scoliosis
|
lateral curvature of spine
adolescent girls 10-16 yrs right thoracic curve |
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test to evaluate meniscus injuries?
|
McMurray test
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attachments of ACL
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anterior part of tibia to lateral condyle of femur
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attachments of PCL
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posterior part of tibia to medial condyle of femur
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test used to eval cruciate ligaments of knee
|
anterior and posterior draw test
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medial collateral ligament function
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support medial side knee joint
attaches medial epicondyle of femur with shaft of tibia resists valgus and external rotational forces of prox tibia |
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lateral colalteral ligament function
|
support lateral side knee joint
attaches lateral epicondyle femur to head of fibula resist varus forces and internal rotational forces of proximal fibula |
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MC internal derangement of knee joint
|
medial meniscus injury
|
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valgus injury (clipping in football)
|
damages medial menisucs, medial collateral ligament, ACL
positive McMurray's test |
|
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varus injury
|
lateral meniscus injury, lateral collaterla ligament
positive Mcmurray's test |
|
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MC ligament injury
|
ACL
secondary to clipping/skiing positive anterior draw sign |
|
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PCL injury mechanism
|
hyperextension of knee secondary to anterior force pushing tibia in posterior direction
posterior draw test |
|
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MCC ankle sprain
|
lateral ankle ligaments
inversion of plantar flexed foot |
|
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MC lateral ligament sprained
|
anterior talofibular ligament (stabilization plantar flexion in foot)
|
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MC nerve injured with clavicular fracture
|
ulnar nerve
|
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MC nerve injured in proximal humerus fracture
|
axillary
|
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mid shaft distal third of humerus fracture
|
radial nerve (travels in spiral groove)
|
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MCC pain in elbow, inability supinate forearm in 1-4 year old
|
subluxation of headof radius
|
|
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MC fracture assoc with falling on outstretched hand
|
colles fracture (distal radius)
second MC fracture in osteoporosis in women |
|
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MC carpal bone fracture
|
scaphoid (anatomical snuff box pain)
aseptic necrosis |
|
|
MC hips dislocations
|
posterior (car accident)
danger damage to sciatic nerve limb shortened, flexed, adducted, internally rotated at hip |
|
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anterior hip dislocation
|
limb abducted, externally rotated
femoral artery vein and nerve compromised |
|
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aseptic necrosis of femoral head
|
anterior hip dislocation
|
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MC femoral fracture
|
femoral neck fracture
groin/knee pain |
|
|
complications of femoral fracture?
|
aseptic necrosis of femoral head
damage to medial femoral circumflex artery |
|
|
MC foot bone fracture after fall from height
|
calcaneus
|
|
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MC fracture associated with ecchymoses of mastoid, basilar skull fracture
|
petrous portion temporal bone
otorrhea (CSF fluid out of ear) |
|
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MC fracture associated with rhinorrhea
|
orbital fracture
raccoon eyes (periorbital hemorrhage/opthalmoplegia) |
|
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pt with spasticity and loss tactile discrimination and vibratory sensation
|
subacute combined degeneartion B12 def
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foreign body in alveolus is
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phagocytosed by alveolar macrophage
|
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hemineglect
|
R parietal
|
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mass in L temporal lobe, visual defect?
|
right upper quadrantanopia
|
