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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do cells produce during aerobic metabolism
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water and carbon dioxide
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what do skeletal muscle cells produce when forced to metabolize anaerobically
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lactic acid
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what does lactic acid do to the buffering and excretion mechanisms
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overwhelmes it= muscle cramps, rapid breathing and vomiting
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what are the four things a cell must be able to do
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1. form complex substances using simple substances
2. some degree of self-regulation involving temp. & pH 3. capable of movement as a whole(external) and within itself(internal). 4. the ability to reproduce itself. |
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what r the 2 types of equilibrium
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static and dynamic
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when does static equilibrium occur
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when things are at a standstill
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when does dynamic equilibrium occur
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when 2 opposing reactions occur at the same rate
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what do systems that lack equilibrium undergo
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diffusion
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the krebs cycle is also called what other 2 things
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citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
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where does the krebs cycle occur
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in the mitochondira
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what is the first product generated in the krebs cycle
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citric acid
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what provides energy to the cell for the krebs cycle
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phosphate compuonds produced from acetyl units
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describe what hapens in the krebs cycle
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acetate molecules are oxidized to form 2 CO2 and 8 atoms of H. CO2 is removed from cell by the blood, and H is used for oxidative phosphorylation. the reaction is exothermic and produces 1 ATP during each cycle.
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which of the 3 stages is the krebs cycle in the carbohydrate catabolism process
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the second
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where are blood cells primarily generated
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bone marrow of sternum, illiac crest and femurs
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what r the 3 types of blood cells
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red, white, and platelets
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when are the 3 type of blood cells differentiates
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not until they enter the bloodstream
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what is blood made up of
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55% plasma and 45% hematocrit
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what is plasma made up of
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primarily water but also 7% proteins and 1.5% other substances
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what proteins are found in plasma
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albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
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what is hematocrit made up of
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mostly red blood cells but also white blood cells and platelets
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what are tissues
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a group of cells with a similar prupose that clusters together
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other then the skin what other parts of the body is epithelial tissue found
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lining the GI tract, urinary system, and blood vessels
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what are the types of epithelial cells
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squamous, columner and ciliated
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what type of epithelial tissue lines the esophagus and transports mucus up out of the body
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ciliated
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what type of tissue makes up bones, cartilage, reticular fibers, collagenous fibers, and fatty tissue
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connective tissue
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connective tissues gives an organsim
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shape
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what are the connective tissues that protect the underlying soft organs like the heart, lungs, spinal cord, and brain
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the chest cavity, backbone, and the cranium
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connective tissue tends to be very strong while mantaining a degree of
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elasticity
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what are the 4 types of muscle tissue
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smooth, cardiac, voluntary and involuntary
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is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
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involuntary
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where is smooth mucle found
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in the digestive tract moving food, and in blood vessels moving blood
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where is voluntary muscle found
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attached to bones where it can control fine and gross motor skills
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what is the most complex tissue in the body and is resistant to new growth
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nerve tissue
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what is nerve tissue responsible for
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regulating the internal workings of the body through the endocrine system. such as maintaining body temp. and directing blood flow.
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what r the 4 types of nerve tissue
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peripheral, central, sensory, motor
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what is the cardiorespiratory system responsible for
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removing unessential substances from the cells
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what does the cardiorespiratory system consist of
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heart, blood vessels, lungs, and airways
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what is the process of the cardiorespiratory system
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air enters throught the nose and mouth, travels down the trachea into the right and left bronchus. the bronchus become numerous bronchi each of which terminates in a bronchiole. the bronchioles become aveoli.
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the heart is divided into 4 chambers called
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right and left atria, and right and left ventricle
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what is the process of the circulatory system
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right atrium receives blood from the venous system then lets blood fall down into the right ventricle. blood goes to the lungs . then blood comes back frm the lungs into the left atrium, it falls into the left ventricle and is pumped out.
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what r the 3 layers of the heart
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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what is heart rate determined by
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physical activity, body temp., and concentration of ions
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what is hypertension
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elevated arterial pressure
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what is arteriosclerosis
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decreased elasticity of the arterial walls followed by narrowing of the lumen
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what does the hormone aldosterone do to blood pressure
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promote retention of water in the kidneys and increase blood volume= increasing blood pressure
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tachycardia
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abnormally fast heartbeat
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bradycardia
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abnormally slow heartbeat
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fibrillation
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rapid heart beats
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what does the respiratory system include
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the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
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what is the process of the respiratory system
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air goes throught the nose, thorugh the nasal cavity where it is warmed, throught the pharynx which is a duct for air and food, then the larynx which holds vocal cords. the traches divides into right and left bronchi on the wy into the bronchial tree and the lungs
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how many lobes does the right and left lung have
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right=3
left=2 |
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where does gas exchange occur between the air and blood
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in the aveoli
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what is breathing controlled by
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the medulla oblongata and the pons
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what is inspiration controlled by
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changes in the thoracic cavity
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what is the process of breathing
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air fills the lungs because of atmospheric pressure pushing air in. Expansion of the lungs is aided by surface tension, which holds pleural membranes together. In addition the diaphragm which is stimulated by the phrenic nerve acts as a suction pump to encourage inspiration expiration comes from the recoil of tissues and the surface tension of the aveoli.
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where does aerobic respiration occur
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in the mitochondria of the cell
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where does anaerobic respiration occur
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in the cytoplasm of a cell
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which produces less ATP anaerobic or aerobic respiration
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anaerobic respiration
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anoxia
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absence of oxygen in tissues
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atelectasis
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collapse of a lung
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dyspnea
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difficulty in the breathing cycle
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hypercapnia
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excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
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what is the central nervous system made up of
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the brain and the spinal cord
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what does the peripheral nervous system consist of
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cranial and spinal nerves that innervate organs, muscles and sensory systems
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what deos the brain control
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thought, reasoning, memory, sight, and judgment
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what are the 4 lobes of the brain
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frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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what are neural tracts
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in the spinal cord, conduct info to and from the brain
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what in the peripheral nervous system connects the brain the the head, neck and trunk
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the cranial nerves
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what do peripheral nerves allow
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control of muscle groups in the upper and lower extremities and sensory stimulation
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what does the peripheral nerves branch off from and where do they branch off too
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branch off the spinal cord going toward organs, and muscles
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what does the autonomic nervous system do
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controls reflexive functions of the brain. including fight or flight response and maintaining homeostasis
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what does the autonomic nervous system use neurotransmitters to accomplish
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help conduct nerve signals and turn on/off various cell groups.
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what is the functional unit of the nervous system
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neurons
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what is nervous tissue composed of
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neurons
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what is a neuron composed of
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a cell body and organelles usually found in cells
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what is the function of a dendrite
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provide receptive info to the neuron and a single axon carries the info away
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what is the function of a single axon
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to carry info away from the neuron
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synapse
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junction between 2 neurons
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what are afferent nerves
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cary impulses from one part of the body to the spinal cord and brain
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what does the function of afferent nerves allow the body to do
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respond to external stimuli; touch, sight and sound
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what are afferent nerves also known as
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sensory nerves
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what do efferent nerves do
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carry impulses from the central nervous system to the internal organs or the periphery of the body
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what does the function of efferent nerves allow the body to do
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direct movement of the whole body or parts of the body
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what are efferent nerves also called
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motor nerves
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what is the spinal cords role in the central nervous system
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transports sensory info from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. and transports motor info from the brain to the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands.
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what is the brains role in the central nervous system
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receives the sensory and motor input from the spinal cord and its own nerves. it processes the sensory input and coordinates the appropriate motor output.
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what r the brain and spinal cord made up of
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gray and white matter
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what does gray matter consist of
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masses of cell bodies and dendrites covered with synapses
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what does white matter consist of
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bundles of axons coated with myelin
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is the white matter external to the gray matter in the brain or spinal cord
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spinal cord.
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the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system is divided into what 2 groups
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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what is the function of the sympathetic system of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system
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fight or flight response
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where does the sympathetic system originate
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thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cords
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when the fight or flight response is activated by the sympatheic system what happens to the body
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reduce digestive secretions, increase heart rate, and contract blood vessels
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what does the peripheral nervous system include
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all of the nerves in the body except of the brain and spinal cord
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what 2 divisions is the peripheral nervous system broken into
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somatic and autonomic divisions
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the PNS connects the what to the rest of the body
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CNS
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what does the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system do
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transmits nerve impulses to and from the skeletal muscles
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where does the sympatheic nervous system originate
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brain stem and lower spinal cord
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autonomic division of the peripheral nervous sytem is divided into what 2 systems
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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when is the parasympathetic nervous system active
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under normal circumstances
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when is the sympathetic nervous system active
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in crisis
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how does the parasympatheic nervous system counteract the sympathetic
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slowing the heart rate, constricting the pupils, dilating the blood vessels, and stimulating digestive secretions
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the neuroendocrine system is ruled by
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the thalamus and hypothalamus
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the sensory pathways from receptors like the eyes, ears, and skin all pass through the
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thalamus
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the thalamus consists of
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cluster of neurons, which consist of tightly packed nuclei.
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what acts upon the pituitary gland to regulate blood vessels and glands
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the hypothalamus
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what does the hypothalamus influence
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emotions, sexual behavior, appetite and sleep cycles
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the hypothalamus receives sensory info from
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taste and smell receptors
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the pituitar gland regulates
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all other glands in the body
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the posterior pituitary is responsible for maintaining
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fluid levels in the body through antidiuretic hormones, and stimulates contractions during birth
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the anterior pituitary gland regulates
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the secretion of hromones by other organs. such as cortisone secreted by the kidneys. growth hormone. also secreted a hormone that stimulates the thyroid and regulates metabolism. controls the reproductive functins and milk production
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what is the process of digestion
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teeth grind, saliva digests using enzymes, the pharynx and esophagus allow passages for food into the stomach, the stomach uses gastric juices and absorbes a small amount of food, food goes to small intestines. pacreas and liver secrete enzymes and bile into SI to aid in absorption. then substrates are passed to large intestines where absorption of water and electrolytes occurs.
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what are the 3 parts of the small intestines
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duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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what is peristalsis
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wave like motion that propel food downward throught the digestive system
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what is the alimentary canal
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the path food travels from the mouth to the anus
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feces are composed mostly of
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water and substrates
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colelithiasis
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stones in the gallbladder
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of the small pouches in the colon
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hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver
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somatitis
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inflammation of the mouth
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dyspepsia
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indigestion
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enteritis
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inflammation of the intestines
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what is the tube called that sperm travels through
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vas deferens
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what activates sperm cells
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semen
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what is semen composed of
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sperm cells and secretions of the prostate and bulbourethral glands
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what does testosterone do
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encourages the growth of male sex hormones and development of male secondary sex characteristics
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what r the rimary femal e sex hormones
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estrogen and progesterone
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what is estrogen responsible for
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female sexual characteristics
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what is progesterone responsible for
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changes in the uterus
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the product of fertilization is
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a zygote with 46 chromosomes
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menepause is related to
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low levels of estrogen and changes in the female reproductive organs
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amenorrhea
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absence of menstrual flow
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gestation
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40 weeks of pregnancy
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orchitis
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inflammation of the testis
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the urinary system consists of
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kidnelys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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what is the function of the kidneys
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to remove metabolic wastes from the blood and secrete them. also help regulate blood pressure, blood pH, and red blood cell production
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the basic functional unit of a kidney is
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the nephron
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the nephron consists of
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renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
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the kidneys are involved in
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filtration, re-absorption and secretion
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glomerular filtration is regulated by
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osmotic pressure
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enuresis
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uncontrolled urination
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diuretic
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a substance that encourages urination
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pyuria
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pus in the urine
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ureteritis
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inflammation of the ureter
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what is the basis of the integumentary system
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skin
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what is the function of the skin
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protects thwe inner parts of the body and provides shape. helps body maintain temp, contain fluids and sheild from infection
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what are the 3 layers of skin
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epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
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other then the skin the components of the integumentary system are
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hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
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what is the function of hair in the integumentary system
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maintain body temp and fliter out harmful particles
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what does the ear do and what is the process
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external ear collects sound and passes it to the tympanic mambrane. the middle ear increases the force of the sound waves usinf malleus, stapes, and incus. auditory tubes connect the middle ear to the throat and help maintain proper pressure. to the inner ear
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what does the inner ear consist of
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a complex system of tubes and chambers-occeous, membranuos labyrinths and also cochlea.
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auditory impulses are interpreted in the
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temporal lobes
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what r the 3 layers of the wall of the eye
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sclera, choroid, retina
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what does the sclera do
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protect
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what is found at the anterior part of the sclera and what is its function
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the cornea, refracts light entering the eye
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what does the choroid (middle layer of wall)
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helps keep the inside of the eye dark
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what does the retrina contain
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the receptor cells
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what are the visual receptors on the retina
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rods and cones
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what r rods responsible for
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colorless vision in dim light
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what r cones responsible for
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color vision
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otitis media
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inflammation of the middle ear
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diplopia
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double vision
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tinnitus
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ringing in the ears
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who dod the study of genetics begin with
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gregor medel a monk given a task to study traits among garden peas
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what did medel's research uncover
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characteristics of an individual are controlled by genes, and genes occur in pairs
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when was mendels research recognized
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1900's
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