Hematologic System Ch. 29

Front 1

Plasma is composed

Back 1

primarily of water, but it also contains proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste.

Front 2

Blood is a type of

Back 2

connective tissue that performs three major functions: transportation, regulation, and protection. There are two major components to blood: plasma and blood cells.

Front 3

Hematology is

Back 3

the study of blood and blood-forming tissues. This includes the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and lymph system.

Front 4

Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occurs

Back 4

within the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft material that fills the central core of bones.

Front 5

three types of blood cells

Back 5

erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).

Front 6

Erythrocytes

Back 6

primarily composed of a large molecule called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, a complex protein-iron compound composed of heme (an iron compound) and globin (a simple protein), functions to bind with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 7

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Back 7

appear white when separated from blood. There are five different types of leukocytes, each of which has a different function.
o Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils): the primary function of the granulocytes is phagocytosis, a process by which WBCs ingest or engulf any unwanted organism and then digest and kill it. The neutrophil is the most common type of granulocyte.
o Lymphocytes: the main function of lymphocytes is related to the immune response. Lymphocytes form the basis of the cellular and humoral immune responses.
o Monocytes: monocytes are phagocytic cells. They can ingest small or large masses of matter, such as bacteria, dead cells, tissue debris, and old or defective RBCs.

Front 8

The primary function of thrombocytes, or platelets

Back 8

initiate the clotting process by producing an initial platelet plug in the early phases of the clotting process. transform into negakaryocyte. lifespan 5-9 days.

Front 9

Hemostasis is a term

Back 9

describe the blood clotting process. This process is important in minimizing blood loss when various body structures are injured.

Front 10

Four components contribute to normal hemostasis

Back 10

vascular response, platelet plug formation, the development of the fibrin clot on the platelet plug by plasma clotting factors, and the ultimate lysis of the clot.

Front 11

Another component of the hematologic system is the spleen

Back 11

which is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. The functions of the spleen can be classified into four major functions: hematopoietic, filtration, immunologic, and storage.

Front 12

The lymph system
spleen, liver

Back 12

consisting of lymph fluid, lymphatic capillaries, ducts, and lymph nodes—carries fluid from the interstitial spaces to the blood.
spllen: 1. hematopoietic function: rbc's during fetal development 2. filter: reuse of iron, return the iron component of the hgb to the marrow for reuse. 3. immune: rich supply of lymphocytes & monocytes, ie. stored immunoglobulin. 4. storage: platelets(rbc's).
liver: filter but produces all procoagulants that are essential to hemostatsis & blood coagulation. stores excess iron, produces hepciden.

Front 13

Assessment

Back 13

Much of the evaluation of the hematologic system is based on a thorough health history, and a number of health patterns should be assessed.

A complete physical examination is necessary to accurately examine all systems that affect or are affected by the hematologic system, including an assessment of lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin.

Front 14

Diagnostic Studies

Back 14

The direct means of evaluating the hematologic system is through laboratory analysis and other most diagnostic studies.

The complete blood count (CBC) involves several laboratory tests, each of which serves to assess the three major blood cells formed in the bone marrow.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or “sed rate”) measures the sedimentation or settling of RBCs and is used as a nonspecific measure of many diseases, especially inflammatory conditions.

The laboratory tests used in evaluating iron metabolism include serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation.

Radiologic studies for the hematology system involve primarily the use of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.

Bone marrow examination is important in the evaluation of many hematologic disorders. The examination of the marrow may involve aspiration only or aspiration with biopsy.

Lymph node biopsy involves obtaining lymph tissue for histologic examination to determine the diagnosis, and to help for planning therapy.

Testing for specific genetic or chromosomal variations in hematologic conditions is often helpful in assisting in diagnosis and staging. These results also help to determine the treatment options and prognosis.
Rh system: pos. have the d antigen, neg. don't.
Esr: "sed" rate measure sediment of rbc's & is used as nonspecific measure of many dieases, esp. inflammatory conditions.

Front 15

gerontologic considerations

Back 15

the amt. of red marrow & the # of stem cells decrease w/ aging. HgB decrease. WBC (diminshed response), platelets usually not affected ,