Healthcare Values And Ethics

Front 1

Ethics

Back 1

Philosophy that seeks to understand the nature, purposes,justification & founding principles of moral rules and systems theycomprise

Front 2

Moral Philosophy (Ethics)

Back 2

The discipline concerned withwhat is morally good and bad, right and wrong.

Front 3

Microethics

Back 3

An individual's view of what is right and wrong based onpersonal life experiences.

Front 4

Macroethics

Back 4

A more global view of right and wrong.

Front 5

Philosophical Ethics

Back 5

Inquiry about ways of life and rules of conduct.

Front 6

General Pattern (Way of Life)

Back 6

Religious Ethics

Front 7

Moral Code

Back 7

Professional ethics and unethical behavior

Front 8

Bioethics

Back 8

Addresses difficult issues as the nature of life, thenature of death, what sort of life is worth living, what constitutes murder,how we should treat people who are especially vulnerable and theresponsibilities we have as human beings.

Front 9

Morality

Back 9

A class of rules held by society to govern the conduct ofits individual members.

Front 10

Morals

Back 10

Ideas about what is right and wrong.

Front 11

Standards

Back 11

Used to guide human conduct by stating desirabletraits to be exhibited and undesirable ones to be avoided.

Front 12

Principles

Back 12

Responsibilities that do not specify what the requiredconduct should be. Professional need to make the judgement about what isdesirable in a particular situation based on accepted principles.

Front 13

Rules

Back 13

Specify specific conduct; they do not allow for individualprofessional judgement.

Front 14

Moral Judgments

Back 14

Judgments concerned with what an individual or group ofbelieves to be the right or proper behavior in a given situation.

Front 15

Normative Ethics

Back 15

The attempt to determine what moral standards should befollowed so that human behavior and conduct may be morally right. Concernedwith establishing standards or norms for conduct.

Front 16

General Normative Ethics

Back 16

Critical study of major precepts of what things are right,what things are good and what things are genuine.

Front 17

Applied Ethics

Back 17

The application of normative theories of practical moralproblems.

Front 18

Descriptive Ethics (Comparative Ethics)

Back 18

Deal with what people believe to be right and wrong.

Front 19

Normative Ethics

Back 19

Prescribes how people ought to act.

Front 20

Meta-Ethics

Back 20

Seeks to understand ethical terms and theories and theirapplication.

Front 21

Consequential Theory of Ethics

Back 21

Emphasizes that that the morally right action is whateveraction leads to the maximum balance of good over evil.

Front 22

Utilitarian Theory of Ethics

Back 22

Involves the concept that the moral worth of an action isdetermined solely by by its contribution to overall usefulness.

Front 23

Deontological Ethics

Back 23

Attributed to German Philosopher Immanuel Kant. It focuses on one's duties to others and others' rights- tell the truth and keep your promises. Deon- Greek for duty.

Front 24

Consent

Back 24

The voluntary agreement by a person who possesses sufficient mental capacity to make an intelligent choice to allow something proposed by another to be performed on himself or herself.

Front 25

Informed Consent

Back 25

A legal concept that provides that a patient has a right to know the potential risks, benefits and alternatives

Front 26

Non-consequential Ethical Theory

Back 26

denies that the consequences of an action or rule are theonly criteria for determining the morality of an action or rule

Front 27

Ethical Relativism

Back 27

Morality is relative to the norms of the culture in whichan individual lives. In other words, right or wrong depends on the moral normsof the society in which it is practiced.

Front 28

Ethical Principles

Back 28

Universal rules of conduct, derived from ethical theories that provide a practical basis for identifying what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are valued.

Front 29

Beneficence

Back 29

The principle of doing good, demonstrating kindness,showing compassion, and helping others.

Front 30

Paternalism

Back 30

Form of beneficence. It occurs when individuals and/orinstitutions (e.g., political, military, organizational, religious) believethey know what is best for others, thus making decisions for others.

Front 31

Principle of Autonomy

Back 31

Involves recognizing the right of a person tomake one's own decisions. "Auto" comes from a Greek word meaning"self" or the "individual." In this context, it meansrecognizing an individual's right to make his or her own decisions about what is best for him- or herself. Autonomy is not an absoluteprinciple. The autonomous actions of one person must not infringe upon therights of another.

Front 32

Autonomy

Back 32

Upholds an individual's right to make his or her owndecisions about health care. Has been recognized in the 14th Amendment to theConstitution of the United States.

Front 33

Justice

Back 33

The obligation to be fair in the distribution of benefitsand risks. Justice demands that persons in similar circumstances be treatedsimilarly.

Front 34

Distributive Justice

Back 34

A principle requiring that all persons be treated equallyand fairly.

Front 35

Good to Know

Back 35

Justice describes how people are treated when interestscompete. Distributive justice implies that all are treated fairly; no oneperson is to get a disproportional share of society's resources or benefits.

Front 36

Virtue Ethics

Back 36

Focuses on the character of a person rather than onactions. Virtue is normally defined as moral excellence or beneficial quality.In traditional ethics, virtues are those characteristics that differentiategood people from bad people.

Front 37

Moral Value

Back 37

The relative worth placed on some virtuous behavior.

Front 38

Ethical Values

Back 38

imply standards of worth

Front 39

Intrinsic value

Back 39

something that has value in and of itself (e.g.,happiness)

Front 40

Instrumental value

Back 40

something that helps to give value to something else (e.g.,money is valuable for what it can buy)

Front 41

Value

Back 41

Something that has worth.

Front 42

Situational ethics

Back 42

Concerned with the outcome or consequences of an action inwhich the ends justify the means.

Front 43

Veracity

Back 43

Devotion to/conformity with what is truthful. It involvesan obligation to be truthful.Truth telling involves providing enough informationso that a patient can make an informed decision about his or her health care.

Front 44

Institutional Review Board

Back 44

Functions to review proposed research studiesand conduct follow-up reviews on a regular basis. Federal regulations requirehospital-based researchers to obtain the approval of an institutional reviewboard.

Front 45

Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

Back 45

Allows a person to make a decision to donate organs at thetime of death and allows potential donors to carry an anatomical donor card.

Front 46

Euthanasia

Back 46

Defined broadly as "the mercy killing ofthe hopelessly ill, injured, or incapacitated."

Front 47

Active euthanasia

Back 47

the intentional commission of an act that willresult in death

Front 48

Passive euthanasia

Back 48

when a potentially lifesaving treatment iswithdrawn or withheld

Front 49

Voluntary euthanasia

Back 49

occurs when a competent adult patient with an incurablecondition who has been informed of the possible ramifications and alternativesavailable gives consent

Front 50

Involuntary euthanasia

Back 50

when the decision to terminate the life of an incurableperson (i.e., an incompetent or nonconsenting competent) is made by someoneother than that incurable person

Front 51

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

Back 51

HCO have a responsibility to explain to patients, staff,and families that patients have legal rights to direct their medical andnursing care as it corresponds to existing state law

Front 52

Advance directives

Back 52

living will or durable power of attorney - allow thepatient to state in advance the kinds of medical care that he or she considersacceptable or not acceptable (The patient can appoint an agent, a surrogatedecision maker, to make those decisions on his or her behalf.)

Front 53

Living Will

Back 53

the instrument that describes treatments anindividual wishes or does not wish to receive should he or she become incapacitatedand unable to communicate treatment decisions

Front 54

Durable Power of Attorney

Back 54

a legal device that permits one individual,known as the "principal," to give to another person, called the"attorney-in-fact," the authority to act on his or her behalf

Front 55

Guardianship

Back 55

legal mechanism by which the court declares a personincompetent and appoints a guardian.

Front 56

Health Care Proxy

Back 56

allows a person to appoint a health care agent to maketreatment decisions in the event that he or she becomes incompetent and isunable to make decisions for him- or herself.

Front 57

Primary difference between health care proxiesand living wills

Back 57

proxies do not require that a person know about andconsider in advance every situation and decision that could arise. Instead, theappointed agent would have to interpret the patient's wishes based on theinformation given at the time that the patient is incapacitated and unable tomake decisions for him- or herself.

Front 58

Futility of Treatment

Back 58

the physician recognizes that the effect of treatment willbe of no benefit to the patient. Morally, the physician has a duty to informthe patient when there is little likelihood of success. The determination as tofutility of medical care is a scientific decision.

Front 59

Oregon's Death with Dignity Act

Back 59

allows terminally-ill Oregonians to end their lives throughthe voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribedby a physician for that purpose. It specifically prohibits euthanasia, where aphysician or other person directly administers a medication to end another'slife

Front 60

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

Back 60

provides that patients have a right to formulateadvance directives and to make decisions regarding their health care.Self-determination includes the right to accept or refuse medical treatment.

Front 61

Surrogate Decision Maker

Back 61

an agent who acts on behalf of a patient who lacks thecapacity to participate in a particular decision

Front 62

Ethics Committee

Back 62

serves as a hospital resource for patients, families, andstaff, offering an objective counsel when dealing with difficult health careissues and decisions. Should be structured to include a wide range of communityleaders in positions of political stature, respect, and diversity

Front 63

Goals of the Ethics Committee

Back 63

Promote the rights of patients.

Promote shared decisionmaking between patients and their clinicians.

Assist the patient and family,as appropriate, in coming to consensus regarding the options that best meet thepatient's goal for care.

Promote fair policies and procedures that maximizethe likelihood of achieving good, patient-centered outcomes.

Front 64

Functions of Ethics Committees

Back 64

Policy and procedure development.

Staff and communityeducation.

Consultation and conflict resolution.

Front 65

Logical Application of Reasoning

Back 65

"Knowing" ethical theories, principles, values,and morals and "understanding" how to apply them must go hand in hand.

Front 66

Reason

Back 66

the capacity for logical inference and the ability toconduct inquiry, solve problems, evaluate, criticize, and deliberate about howwe should act and to reach an understanding of ourselves, other people, and theworld.

Front 67

Partial reasoning

Back 67

involves bias for or against a person based on one'srelationship with that person

Front 68

Circular reasoning

Back 68

describes a form of reasoning where the premise is theconclusion and the conclusion is the premise of an argument. A person whoreasons in a circular manner is saying, "I have made up my mind and nofurther argument will change it."