Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Collaborative Care
|
A cooperative form of health care in which physicians, psychologists, and other health care providers join forces to improve patient care
|
|
|
Attentional Focus
|
A person's characteristic style of monitoring bodily symptoms, emotions, and overall well-being
|
|
|
Internal focus
|
Detect symptoms more than external focus people
|
|
|
Sensitizers
|
People who cope with health problems and other aversive events by closely scanning their bodies and environments for information
|
|
|
Repressors
|
People who cope with health problems by ignoring or distancing themselves from stressful information
|
|
|
Comorbidity
|
The simultaneous occurrence of two or more physical and/or psychological disorders or symptoms
|
|
|
Delay Behavior
|
The tendency to avoid seeking medical care
|
|
|
Hypochondriasis
|
the condition of experiencing abnormal anxiety over one’s health, often including imaginary symptoms
|
|
|
Malingering
|
making believe one is ill to benefit from sick role behavior
|
|
|
Secondary gains
|
the “reward” associated with sick role behavior, including increased attention, freedom from responsibility, etc.
|
|
|
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
|
a disorder of uncertain causes in which headaches, infections of unknown origins, extreme tiredness, and difficulties with concentration occur
|
|
|
Patient Adherence
|
A patient’s willingness to follow a prescribed regimen of treatment and success in actually doing so
|
|
|
Patient Variables in Patient Adherence
|
Having the support of family and friends, being in a good mood, and having optimistic expectations promote compliance
|
|
|
Provider variables in patient adherence
|
Job satisfaction, number of patients seen per week, communication style all predict patient adherence
|
|
|
Treatment regimen variables in patient adherence
|
Keeping regimens as simple and short in duration as possible
Tailoring treatment to fit the patient’s lifestyle Simple, understandable instructions Involving family members, friends, and others in the patient’s treatment Providing feedback about progress |
|
|
Managed Care
|
Health care that seeks to control costs by eliminating waste and unnecessary procedures and by providing economically sound treatment guidelines to hospitals and physicians
|
|
|
Health Care system
|
All the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health
|
|
|
Informational control category of intervention in preparing for hospitalization
|
focus on the procedures and sensations that accompany a treatment
|
|
|
Cognitive control category of intervention in preparing for hospitalization
|
direct attention to the positive aspects of a procedure (e.g., improved health)
|
|
|
Behavioral control category of intervention in preparing for hospitalization
|
teach techniques for controlling pain and speeding recovery
|
|
|
Acute pain
|
A sharp, stinging pain that is short-lived and usually related to tissue damage (burn, fracture, overused muscle)
|
|
|
Chronic pain
|
Dull, burning pain that is long lasting -- May be continuous or intermittent, moderate or severe
|
|
|
Psychophysiological Measure of pain
|
EMG, autonomic arousal
|
|
|
Electromyography (EMG)
|
assess the amount of muscle tension experienced
|
|
|
Autonomic arousal indicator
|
of heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc
|
|
|
Behavioral measure of pain -- Pain Behavior Scale
|
Target behaviors include vocal complaints, facial grimaces, awkward postures, mobility
|
|
|
Self Report measures of pain
|
Pain Rating Scale, Standardized pain intervention
|
|
|
Pain Rating Scale
|
Numerical ratings or a pain dairy
|
|
|
MPQ (McGill Pain Questionaire)
|
sensory quality, affective quality, evaluative quality of pain
|
|
|
Free Nerve Endings
|
sensory receptors found throughout the body that respond to temperature, pressure, and painful stimuli
|
|
|
Nociceptor
|
a specialized neuron that responds to painful stimuli
|
|
|
Stress-Induced Analgesia (SIA) (Ex: endorphin)
|
a stress-related increase in tolerance to pain, presumably mediated by the body’s endorphin system
|
|
|
Naloxone
|
an opioid antagonist used to block the effects of natural opiates and painkillers
|
|
|
Gate Control Theory
|
there is a neural “gate” in the spinal cord that regulates the experience of pain -- Pain is not the result of a straight-through sensory channel
|
|
|
Central control mechanism in the gate control theory
|
descending neural pathway by which the brain shuts the gate
|
|
|
Phantom Limb Pain
|
Following amputation of a limb, false pain sensations that appear to originate in the missing limb
|
|
|
Hysteria
|
tendency to exaggerate symptoms and use emotional behavior to solve problems
|
|
|
Pharmalogical treatment of pain
|
analgesics, “central acting” opioid drugs and “peripherally acting” nonopioid drugs
|
|
|
Narcotics/opoid analgesics
(Ex: morphine) |
Agonists (excitatory chemicals) that act on receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the intensity of pain messages or the brain’s response to pain messages
|
|
|
Non-opoid analgesic/Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
|
Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and other drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation at the site of injured tissue
|
|
|
Prostaglandin
|
The chemical responsible for localized pain and inflammation; also causes free nerve endings to become sensitized
|
|
|
Counterirritation
|
Analgesia in which one pain is relieved by creating another, counteracting stimulus
|
|
|
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
|
A counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulating spinal nerves near a painful area.
|
|
|
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
|
A multidisciplinary pain-management program that combines cognitive, physical, and emotional interventions
|
|
|
Cognitive errors in the Thinking of Pain patient
|
Catastrophizing — overestimating distress and discomfort
Overgeneralizing — global and stable attributions that pain will never end and will ruin one’s life Victimization — Why me? Self-blame Dwelling on the pain |
|
|
Cognitive Interventions
|
Rational-emotive therapy — to challenge illogical beliefs
Internal dialogue — maladaptive thoughts replaced with more positive thoughts Cognitive distraction |
|
|
Imagery
|
a form of self-hypnosis involving focused concentration and attention
|
|
|
What is CAM?
|
The use and practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that fall outside of conventional biomedicine.
|
|
|
Natural Medicine
|
change in second half of 20th century, the idea that health-related technology are not always healthy.
-growing popularity of CAM shows desire for natural treatments |
|
|
Holistic Medicine
|
treat a disease and you win or lose, treat the person and you win every time.
-Specialization and fragmentation |
|
|
Promoting Wellness
|
-primary focus of CAM is to strengthen the individual
-optimal state of healthy vitality |
|
|
How widespread?
|
36% adults use prayer
more by women. higher educated. |
|
|
What constitutes evidence?
|
Participants selection and outcome measures
Not randomized and sample for CAM Use of incomplete, biased and invalidated treatment outcome measures. Truthfulness for self report of the results |
|
|
4 different claims by western medicine against CAM in placebo effect
|
Treatment may actually be effective.
Illness improved on its own over the period of time. Patient may be misdiagnosed and never had the illness. Placebo effort |
|
|
How well does acupuncture work?
|
Nearly all allopathic physicians use it for pain or addiction.
Works without adverse effects from prescription drugs. Relief from withdrawal symptoms for substance abusers. It is the most widely researched CAM therapy. |
|
|
Problems with studies on acunpuncture
|
-individualized nature of it does not lend itself to standardized tests.
-acupuncture needle sites varies among the acupuncturists. -double-blind control -research showing sham sites having effect as genuine acupuncture. |
|
|
PENS(Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation).
|
it uses acupuncture-like needles to stimulate peripheral sensory nerve to assist in management of cancer bone pain
|
|
|
Hypnosis
|
Hypnosis is psychological states that result from a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain thoughts feeling perceptions, or behavior will occur.
|
|
|
First stage of hypnosis
|
therapist builds a relationship with the subject/client
|
|
|
Second stage of hypnosis
|
using suggestion and imagery to induce relaxation and the focused attention of the hypnotic trance
|
|
|
Third stage of hypnosis
|
treatment is introduced which includes various kinds of imagery to reduce the experience of pain
|
|
|
Fourth stage of hypnosis (Consolidation)
|
post-hypnotic suggestions to be carried out after the hypnosis itself has ended
|
|
|
Fifth stage of hypnosis (Posthypnotic)
|
patient is awakened and given instructions. In some instances the client/patient may be given specific instructions to practice therapy on their own
|
|
|
Pros of Hypnosis
|
It can lower blood pressure
lower heart rate can cause an increase in brain-wave activity |
|
|
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
|
learning how to divide muscles into seven groups and tense and relax each one
|
|
|
Meditation
|
techniques or practices intended to focus or control attention.
|
|
|
Spirituality
|
an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of their being or deepest values and meaning by which people live by
|
|
|
What strongly accounts for the correlation between strong religious practices and longevity?
|
lifestyle
Social support Positive emotions |
|
|
Chiropractic
|
emphasizes diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the muscle/skeletal system, especially the spine
|
|
|
Straight Chiropractors
|
believe the misalignments in the body cause pain and treating them is the answer
|
|
|
Mixers Chiropractors
|
believe that chiropractic practices are effective for other conditions such as acute lower back pain, headache, and neck pain
|
|
|
Naturopathic medicine
|
aim to provide holistic or whole body, health care by returning humans to their natural state
|
|
|
raw food theory
|
a naturopathic concept; believe that cooking food destroys the vital life force
|
|
|
What to expect from a visit with a naturopath
|
Standard physical exam
Blood tests, urine, radiology Record of medical history Lifestyle, stress, emotional and spiritual issues Lastly, a treatment plan is implemented; implements lifestyle changes |
|
|
What critics say about naturopathy
|
Inaccurate and false information: about the effectiveness of herbs (misleading information)
Untested by FDA Safety: toxic herbs; better to purchase herbs rather than grow your own |
