Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cranial Nerve I |
Olfactory - Smell
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve II
|
Optic - Vision
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve III
|
Oculomotor - eye muscles
Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Medial Rectus Inferior Oblique (SIMI RRRO) |
|
|
Cranial Nerve IV
|
Trochlear - eye muscles
Superior Oblique |
|
|
Cranial Nerve V
|
Trigeminal
Facial sensation of touch and pain |
|
|
Cranial Nerve VI
|
Abducens - eye muscles
Lateral Rectus |
|
|
Cranial Nerve VII
|
Facial
(damaged with Bell's Palsy) |
|
|
Cranial Nerve VIII
|
Acousitc
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve IX
|
Glossopharyngeal
(gag reflex with X - Vegus) |
|
|
Cranial Nerve X
|
Vegus
(gag reflex with XI - Glossopharyngeal) |
|
|
Cranial Nerve XI
|
Spinal
Trapezius muscle Sternomastoid muscle |
|
|
Cranial Nerve XII
|
Hypoglossal
("stick out your tongue" test) |
|
|
How many cranial bones are there?
|
8
|
|
|
How many facial bones are there?
|
14
|
|
|
Name the sutures and locations
|
Coronal - ear to ear
Sagittal - midline Lambdoid - between parietal and occipital |
|
|
Name the salivary glands
|
Parotid
Submandibular Sublingual |
|
|
Where is the sternomastoid muscle?
|
Runs from the clavicular cleft to the mandible
|
|
|
Where is the Trapezius muscle?
|
Occipital bone to scapula and clavicle
|
|
|
Name the lymph nodes of the head and neck in order of exam
|
Preauricular, post auricular, occipital
Submental, submandibular, jugulodigastric, Superficial cervical, deep cervical, posterior cervical, Supraclavicular |
|
|
What are tension headaches?
|
Occipital or frontal with band-like tightness
Caused by anxiety and stress |
|
|
What are migraines?
|
Vascular headaches
Supra or retro orbital, frontotemporal Triggers include: alcohol, stress letdown, menstruation, foods Familial history Females |
|
|
What are cluster headaches?
|
Vascular headaches
1-2 per day for 1/2-2 hours each Continues for months Causes include alcohol, daytime naps Relief for 100% oxygen per nasal canula Males |
|
|
What are the symptoms of meningitits?
|
Fever and nuchal rigidity
|
|
|
What is objective vertigo?
|
The room is spinning
|
|
|
What is subjective vertigo?
|
The person is spinning
|
|
|
What do tender lumps or swelling suggest?
|
Acute infection
|
|
|
What do persistent lumps suggest?
|
Possible malignancy
|
|
|
What is temporal arteritis?
|
Tempoarl artery looks torturous and feels hardened
|
|
|
What is crepitation?
|
limited range of motion and tenderness
|
|
|
When does head tilt occur?
|
Muscle spasms
|
|
|
What do normal salivary glands feel like?
|
They are not palpable
|
|
|
Which gland is swollen with mumps?
|
Parotid gland
|
|
|
Which gland is commonly enlarged with AIDS?
|
Parotid gland
|
|
|
What do normal lymph nodes feel like?
|
Freely movable, soft, discrete and non-tender
|
|
|
What is lymphadenopathy?
|
Enlargement of lymph nodes to greater than 1 cm
Causes: infection, allergy or neoplasm |
|
|
What do lymph nodes feel like with acute infection?
|
Swollen bilaterally, firm, but freely movable
|
|
|
What do clumped lymph nodes indicate? |
Chronic infection
ex: TB |
|
|
Which lymph nodes are commonly enlarged in HIV+ patients?
|
Occipital nodes
firm, non-tender and mobile |
|
|
What is Virchow's node?
|
Left supraclavicular node that is hard and enlarged, indicates neoplasm in the thorax or abdomen
|
|
|
What do lymph nodes feel like with Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
Painless, rubbery, discrete nodes that appear gradually
|
|
|
When is the trachea displaced to the unaffected side?
|
Tumor, unilateral thyroid enlargement, and pneumothorax
|
|
|
When is the trachea displaced to the affected side?
|
Atelectasis (collapsed lung) and pleural adhesions
|
|
|
What does a trachea tug indicate?
|
Aortic aneurism
(trachea tug - rhythmic pulsing of trachea with systolic pressure) |
|
|
What does a normal thyroid feel like?
|
Normally thyroid cannot be palpated
|
|
|
What are senile tremors?
|
Benign movements that include head nodding and tongue protrusions
|
|
|
What is chloasma? |
Blotchy hyperpigmentation of cheeks and forehead during pregnancy
|
|
|
What is hydrocephalus?
|
Obstruction of drainage of cerebral spinal fluid
frontal bossing, "sun setting eyes" and percussion of head sounds like a cracked pot |
|
|
Describe Paget's disease.
|
Localized bone disease that softens, thickens and deforms bone
bowed long bones, sudden fractures, frontal bossing, acorn shaped cranium, more common in males |
|
|
Describe acromegaly.
|
Excessive growth hormone after puberty
Enlarged skull, elongated head, heavy eyebrow ridge, coarse facial features |
|
|
Describe torticollis.
|
Also called wryneck
hematoma of one sternomastoid muscle from uterine malpositioning |
|
|
Describe a pilar cyst.
|
Also called a wen
smooth, firm, fluctuating swelling on the scalp, benign |
|
|
Describe fetal alcohol syndrome
|
Midfacial hypoplasia
|
|
|
Describe congenital hypothyroidism.
|
Low hairline, wide spaced eyes and protruding tongue
|
|
|
Describe down syndrome.
|
Upslanting eyes, flat nasal bridge, broad flat nose, protruding ears.
|
|
|
Describe the facial appearance of someone with Parkinson's.
|
Flat affect, "mask-like" face, elevated eyebrows with a staring gaze, oily skin and drooling
|
|
|
Describe the facial appearance of someone with Cushing's syndrome.
|
Moon face, hirstuism.
|
|
|
Describe the facial appearance of someone with Grave's disease.
|
Bulging eyes that don't blink, goiter.
(Hyperthyroidism) |
|
|
Describe myxedema.
|
Swelling around the eyes
(Hypothyroidism) |
|
|
Describe Bell's Palsy.
|
Lesion on cranial nerve VII
Cannot wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrow or close eye on affected side |
|
|
Describe facial features of a brain attack.
|
Paralysis of lower face but still able to wrinkle forehead and close eye (but may have ptosis)
|
|
|
Describe a cachectic person.
|
Gaunt, malnourished
|
|
|
Describe scleroderma.
|
"Hard skin" - connective tissue disorder that hardens and shrinks skin and other systems
|
|
|
Which of the following this the most important question?
A. Any unusual headaches? B. Have you had any headaches recently? C. Have you ever had a headache? D. When did your headaches start? |
C. Have you ever had a headache?
|
|
|
What is dysphagia?
|
Difficulty swallowing
|
|
|
Describe dizziness.
|
A lightheaded, swimming sensation or feeling of falling
|
|
|
Describe a cephalohematoma.
|
Subraperiosteal hemorrhage well-defined over one cranial bone, a result of birth trauma
|
|
|
Describe a caput succedaneum.
|
Edematous swelling of scalp caused by birth trauma
|
|
|
A large atalectasis will cause the trachea to shift ____________.
|
Toward the affected side
|
|
|
A tumor or pneumothorax will cause the trachea to shift ____________.
|
Away from the affected side
|
|
|
What is a palebral fissure?
|
Slit between eyelids
|
|
|
What is the canthus?
|
The corner of the eye, where lids meet
|
|
|
What is the caruncle?
|
Fleshy mass at the inner canthus containing sebaceous glands
|
|
|
What is the puncta?
|
Where tears drain at inner canthus
|
|
|
What is conjugate movement?
|
When two eyes move their axes remain parallel
|
|
|
Name and describe the three layers of the eye.
|
Sclera - inner fibrous layer
Choroid - middle vascular layer Retina - inner nervous layer |
|
|
What is the corneal reflex?
|
A wisp of cotton on one eye, both eyes blink
|
|
|
What does the iris do?
|
Functions as a diaphragm to control light admitted to retina
|
|
|
What does the lens do?
|
Keeps viewed objects in focus
|
|
|
Where is the anterior chamber?
|
Behind cornea, in front of iris and lens
|
|
|
Where is the posterior chamber?
|
Behind the iris, to the side of the lens
|
|
|
What is the optic papilla?
|
Optic disc, area where fibers merge into optic nerve, on the nasal side of the retina
|
|
|
Describe retinal vessels.
|
Paired artery and vein, extend to each of the 4 quadrants
|
|
|
What is the physiologic cup?
|
Inside optic disc, where blood vessels exit and enter
|
|
|
What is the arterial light reflex?
|
Sliver of light on the arteries
|
|
|
Describe the fundus.
|
Background of the retina, varies in color depending on skin color
|
|
|
What is the macula?
|
Slightly darker pigmented area around the fovea
|
|
|
Describe the fovea centralis.
|
Area of sharpest and keenest vision, temporal side of retina
|
|
|
Describe the optic chiasm
|
Where nasal optic fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain
|
|
|
Describe the visual field carried by the left optic tract.
|
Fibers from the left half of each visual field travel to the right side of the brain. (Opposite for the right optic tract)
|
|
|
Describe the papillary light reflex.
|
Normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on retina
|
|
|
Describe the direct light reflex versus the consensual light reflex.
|
Direct light is the reaction of the light receiving the stimulus, the other eye also responds consensually
|
|
|
Describe fixation.
|
Reflex towards an object attracting attention
|
|
|
Describe smooth pursuit. |
Movements to track and keep and object in the fovea
|
|
|
Describe accommodation.
|
Adapting the eye for near vision, can be observed with convergence and narrowed pupils
|
|
|
Name the three most common causes of decreased vision in adults.
|
Cataracts, glaucoma (higher risk for men), and macular degeneration (higher risk for women)
|
|
|
Describe presbyopia and when it begins.
|
Lens looses elasticity, glass-like , cannot accommodate for near vision, starts around age 40
|
|
|
Describe a senile cataract.
|
Lens thickens and yellows around age 70 (also called nuclear sclerosis)
|
|
|
What is nuclear sclerosis?
|
A senile cataract
|
|
|
Glaucoma is most common in which race?
|
Blacks
|
|
|
Visual limitations are most common with which races?
|
American Indians, Alaska Natives and Blacks
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of blindness in white adults?
|
Macular degeneration and cataracts
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of blindness in black adults?
|
Glaucoma and cataracts
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of blindness in hispanic adults?
|
Glaucoma
|
|
|
What is tropia?
|
Consistent misalignment of the eyes.
|
|
|
What is phoria?
|
Mild eye weakness, eye drifts.
|
|
|
What is the cover test?
|
Determines phoria.
|
|
|
What is strabismus?
|
True disparity in the axes of the eyes
|
|
|
What does the medial rectus muscle do?
|
Moves the eye straight toward nose
|
|
|
What does the inferior oblique muscle do?
|
Moves the eye up and nasal
|
|
|
What does the superior rectus muscle do?
|
Moves the eye up and temporal
|
|
|
What does the lateral rectus muscle do?
|
Moves the eye straight temporal
|
|
|
What does the inferior rectus muscle do?
|
Moves the eye down and temporal
|
|
|
What does the superior oblique muscle do?
|
Moves the eye down and nasal
|
|
|
Describe a chalazion.
|
Infection or retention cyst of a mibomian gland, not on lid margin
|
|
|
Describe a hordeolum.
|
A stye, localized infection on the lid margin follicles
|
|
|
Describe a dacryocystitis.
|
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
|
|
|
Describe dacryoadenitits
|
Inflammation of the lacrimal gland
|
|
|
What is anisocoria?
|
Unequal pupil size
|
|
|
Miosis
|
Constricted and fixed pupils
narcotics and glaucoma drops |
|
|
Mydraisis |
Dilated and fixed pupils
circulatory arrest, anesthesia |
|
|
Argyll Robertson pupil
|
small and irregular bilaterally
chronic alcoholics |
|
|
Tonic pupil
|
Adie's pupil, sluggish in reaction to light, not clinically significant
|
|
|
Damage to cranial nerve III
|
unilateral dilated pupil, ptosis on that side
|
|
|
Horner's syndrome
|
unilateral small pupil, ptosis on that side
|
|
|
Macula
|
central blind area
|
|
|
localized eye damage
|
blind spot
|
|
|
What does increasing interocular pressure cause?
|
decreased peripheral vision
|
|
|
Retinal detachment
|
shadow or diminished vision in one quadrant or half (acute onset of floaters)
|
|
|
Lesion in globe or optic nerve
|
one blind eye
|
|
|
lesion in optic chiasm
|
loss of temporal part of each field
|
|
|
lesion of outer uncrossed fibers
|
nasal unilateral blindness
|
|
|
Describe an image on the retina.
|
Backward and upside down
|
|
|
Homonymous hemianopsia
|
loss of same half of visual field in both eyes
|
|
|
What could halos around lights indicate?
|
Glaucoma
|
|
|
Scotoma
|
a blind spot in visual field
|
|
|
Night blindness causes
|
Vitamin A deficiency, glaucoma, optic atrophy
|
|
|
Sudden onset of eye problems
|
may be an emergency
|
|
|
Photophobia
|
inability to tolerate light
|
|
|
diplopia
|
double vision
|
|
|
epiphora
|
excessive tearing
|
|
|
vaginal infections from mother at time of delivery that have eye sequelae for newborn
|
genital herpes and gonorrhea
|
|
|
snellen eye chart
|
Distance vision, 20 feet from chart
top number is distance from the chart, bottom number is the distance at which a normal eye could have read the line |
|
|
Jaeger eye chart
|
Near vision, 14 inches from the eye, top number is the distance from the chart, bottom number is the distance at which a normal eye could have read that line (14/14)
|
|
|
confrontation test normal results
|
50 upward
60 nasal 70 down 90 temporal (increasing counter clockwise) |
|
|
corneal light reflex
|
shining a light on the eye should yield reflection from cornea in exactly the same spot
|
|
|
cover test
|
for deviated alignment, if muscle is weak the alignment will drift on the covered eye
|
|
|
diagnostic positions test
|
tests 6 cardinal directions for muscle weakness
|
|
|
nystagmus
|
fine oscillation of the eye, normal at extreme lateral gaze
|
|
|
lid lag
|
white rim of sclera visible at the top of the iris, present in hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
Pallor near the outer canthus of lower lid
|
may indicate anemia
|
|
|
Sclera of blacks
|
may be grayish-blue or "muddy" colored
may have "freckles" may have yellowish fatty deposits beneath lids |
|
|
scleral icterus
|
even yellowing of the sclera indicates jaundice
|
|
|
corneal abrasion
|
appears as if light is shattered on the cornea
|
|
|
visual exam documentation of R=3/1 L=3/1
|
means resting pupils at 3mm, constrict to 1mm with light
|
|
|
PERRLA
|
Pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation
|
|
|
diopter
|
unit strength of lenses in ophthalmasocope, + is for near objects, - is for far objects
|
|
|
examining a persons right eye you should use your ______________.
|
right eye
|
|
|
red reflex
|
reflection of light off the retina
|
|
|
normal color of the optic disc
|
creamy yellow-orange to pink
|
|
|
scleral crescent
|
gray-white new moon shape around optic disc, normal
|
|
|
pigment crescent
|
black accumulation of pigment around optic disc, normal
|
