Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Orientation of neural tube in embryo
|
runs down dorsal surface
|
|
|
The cranial/rostral end of the neural tube first divides into what three separate areas?
|
-forebrain (prosencephalon)
-midbrain (mesencephalon) -hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
|
|
The hollow lumen of the neural tube enlarges to become _____ but remains narrow to become _____ in other places.
|
-ventricles of the brain
-central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
What are the ventricles and central canal filled with?
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
What are the two forebrain structures?
|
-cerebrum (telencephalon)
-diencephalon |
|
|
What does the cerebrum (telencephalon) include?
|
right and left cerebral hemispheres, limbic system and basal nuclei
|
|
|
What does the diencephalon consist of?
|
thalamus and hypothalamus
|
|
|
What will the midbrain form?
|
superior end of brainstem/midbrain
|
|
|
What will the hindbrain turn into?
|
-cerebellum
-inferior parts of the brain stem |
|
|
What does the cerebellum occupy?
|
the posterior cranial fossa
|
|
|
What two things make up the inferior parts of the brainstem?
|
pons and medulla oblongata
|
|
|
When does the medulla oblongata become the brainstem?
|
foramen magnum
|
|
|
What does the gray matter of the brain contain?
|
-neuron cell bodies
-dendrites -synapses |
|
|
What is the nucleus?
|
-localized area of deep gray matter
-collection of neurons within CNS |
|
|
What are examples of deep gray matter?
|
-basal nuclei
-hippocampus -amygdala |
|
|
Highly convoluted nature of the cerebrum = ?
|
more gray matter!
|
|
|
White matter contains?
|
myelinated axons that serve to interconnect different regions of the brain
|
|
|
What is a surface fold of cerebral hemisphere?
|
gyrus
|
|
|
What is a depression or groove that separates the folds?
|
sulcus
|
|
|
How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?
|
corpus callosum
|
|
|
What is the posterior limit of frontal lobes?
|
central sulcus
|
|
|
Where is the primary motor cortex?
|
precentral gyrus, frontal lobe
|
|
|
What are the limits of the parietal lobes?
|
central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus
|
|
|
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
|
postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe
|
|
|
Where are the occipital lobes located?
|
deep to occipital bone and superior to cerebellum
|
|
|
Where is the calcarine sulcus?
|
on medial side of occipital lobes
|
|
|
Where is the primary visual cortex?
|
surrounding calcarine sulcus, occipital lobe
|
|
|
What do the temporal lobes occupy?
|
the middle cranial fossa
|
|
|
How are the temporal lobes separated from the frontal lobes?
|
the deep lateral fissure (lateral sulcus)
|
|
|
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
|
temporal lobes
|
|
|
What are the basal nuclei?
|
several interconnected nuclei that provide inhibitory control for the regulation of movement
-caudate nucleus -putamen -globus pallidus |
|
|
The basal nuclei receive ______ from neurons of the ______, a nucleus located in the _____.
|
-excitatory dopamine-releasing synaptic inputs
-substantia nigra -midbrain |
|
|
Parkinson's disease is from a progressive death of _____ resulting in what symptom?
|
-substantia nigra neurons
-tremors |
|
|
What is the limbic system and what are the three most important parts?
|
several interconnected brain regions that are involved in memory, emotions, and autonomic control of the body
-hippocampus -amygdala -cingulate gyrus |
|
|
What does the hippocampus do?
|
forms short-term memories and converts them into long term
|
|
|
What does the amydala do?
|
-generates inner emotional feelings
-contributes the emotional component to memories -mediates fear and anxiety |
|
|
What does the cingulate gyrus do?
|
-mediates interactions between higher levels of cerebrum and limbic system
-acts as a "satisfaction center" (produces positive or rewarding feelings) |
|
|
What does the diencephalon consist of?
|
-thalamus
-hypothalamus -pineal gland |
|
|
What is the thalamus?
|
sensory relay center (synaptic site within sensory pathways)
|
|
|
What does the thalamus do?
|
receives all types of sensory information and sends it to appropriate sensory processing area of cerebral cortex
|
|
|
How are right and left thalamus separated and connected?
|
separated by 3rd ventricle
connected by massa intermedia |
|
|
What is the hypothalamus?
|
homeostatic control center
|
|
|
What does the hypothalamus control?
|
autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
|
|
|
What is the hypothalamus connected to and how?
|
the pituitary gland (hypophysis) via infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
|
|
|
What are the mammillary bodies?
|
olfactory relay centers of the hypothalamus that mediate reflex and emotional responses to odors
|
|
|
What does the pineal gland do?
|
secretes melatonin
|
|
|
What are the four parts of the midbrain?
|
-cerebral peduncles
-superior colliculus -inferior colliculus -substantia nigra |
|
|
What type of matter are the cerebral peduncles and what do they carry?
|
white matter
motor fibers of corticospinal tract |
|
|
What does the cerebellum occupy?
|
posterior cranial fossa
|
|
|
What is the cerebellar cortex?
|
the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebellum
|
|
|
What is the arbor vitae?
|
inner layer of white matter of the cerebellum that each branch of supplies an individual fold of the cerebellar cortex
|
|
|
What connects the brain stem and the cerebellum functionally?
|
cerebellar peduncles (white matter)
|
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
|
-controls muscle activities and posture
-stores memory for motor activities |
|
|
What does the brainstem contain?
|
regulatory centers for basic body functions
|
|
|
What is the reticular formation?
|
several nuclei within brainstem that control consciousness and arousal
|
|
|
What receives the largest cerebellar peduncle?
|
pons
|
|
|
What are the four parts of the medulla oblongata?
|
-pyramids
-olives -gracile tubercles -cuneate tubercles |
|
|
What serve as a white matter pathway for corticospinal tract?
|
pyramids
|
|
|
What is the synaptic relay center for proprioception sensory information (body/limb position in 3D space)?
|
olives
|
|
|
What serve as synaptic relay centers for fine touch information from the body surface?
|
gracile and cuneate nuclei
|
|
|
What are the ventricles of the brain?
|
a series of interconnected, fluid filled spaces
|
|
|
The ventricles of the adult brain are derived from what?
|
the hollow interior of the neural tube
|
|
|
Description of the lateral ventricle
|
largest; elongated, C-shaped; extends through all 4 cerebral lobes
|
|
|
What are the two lateral ventricles separated by?
|
septum pellucidum, thin membrane, at midline
|
|
|
What does the third ventricle separate?
|
the right and left thalamus
|
|
|
What penetrates the third ventricle to connect the two sides of the thalamus?
|
massa intermedia
|
|
|
What connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?
|
interventricular foramen
|
|
|
What connects third to fourth ventricle?
|
cerebral aqueduct
|
|
|
What is the narrow channel that passes along midline through the midbrain?
|
cerebral aqueduct
|
|
|
What is continuous inferiorly with central canal of spinal cord?
|
fourth ventricle
|
|
|
What is the very narrow space running down center of spinal cord?
|
central canal
|
|
|
Where does the CSF fill and circulate through?
|
-ventricular spaces
-subarachnoid space |
|
|
What are the three functions of CSF?
|
-fluid shock absorber
-transports nutrients and removes waste -maintains proper ion (Na+, K+) balance |
|
|
What cells produce CSF?
|
cells of the choroid plexus
|
|
|
What is CSF derived from?
|
blood plasma
|
|
|
How is CSF removed from subarachnoid space?
|
by arachnoid granulations
|
