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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cervical sympathetic chain runs where in relation to the carotid sheath? ie. within, anterior, posterior, lateral
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Posterior to
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How do sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion reach their adrenergic
effectors in the head? |
The postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion form a
perivascular plexus around the internal carotid artery to reach adrenergic effectors in the head. |
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Branches of the thyrocervical artery (trunk) include all of the following EXCEPT
a. Ascending cervical artery b. Transverse cervical artery c. Vertebral artery d. Superficial cervical artery e. Suprascapular artery |
The vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian. The ascending cervical artery is a branch of the inferior thyroid artery, which is in turn a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The other branch of the inferior thyroid is the inferior laryngeal.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding venous drainage?
a. The external jugular vein is formed by the union of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein b. The level of the column of blood in the external jugular vein is a useful indication of right atrial pressure c. The internal jugular vein runs within the carotid sheath d. The internal jugular vein is responsible for draining most of the head and the visceral and somatic neck |
d. The internal jugular vein drains the head and the anterior triangle; it receives no branches from the posterior triangle.
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Which of the following arteries that supply the scalp come from the internal carotid artery?
i) Occipital ii) Superficial temporal iii) Supraorbital iv) Supratrochlear a. I and II only b. III and IV only c. I, II, and III only d. I, II, III, and IV |
b. Occipital and superficial temporal (and posterior auricular) are branches of the external carotid
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Provide the following nerves with their descriptions:
(a) Greater occipital nerve (b) Lesser occipital nerve (c) Least occipital nerve (d) Great auricular nerve (e) Supraorbital nerve (f) Zygomaticotemporal nerve (g) Auriculotemporal nerve |
(E) Arises from CN V1 and supplies the forehead
(C) Arises from the posterior primary ramus of C3 and innervates the posterior-inferior portion of the scalp (F) Arises from CN V2 and supplies the lateral regions of the forehead (A) Arises from the posterior primary ramus of C2 and supplies the posterior regions of the scalp (D) Arises from the anterior primary rami of C2-C3 and supplies regions immediately anterior and posterior to the ear (G) Arises from CN V3 and supplies the regions anterior and superior to the ear (B) Arises from the anterior primary rami of C2-C3 and supplies the scalp posterior to the ear |
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. The inferior orbital fissure lies between the greater wing of the sphenoid and the maxilla b. The medial pterygoid plate gives rise to the superior pharyngeal constrictor c. The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles originate from the medial and lateral pterygoid plates, respectively d. The pterygopalatine fossa is bounded by the maxillary tuberosity, pterygoid process of the sphenoid, and the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid |
c. Both medial and lateral pterygoid muscles originate from the lateral pterygoid plates.
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Which foramen, fissure, or canal is INCORRECTLY matched with the structures that it transmits?
a. Pterygoid canal – vidian nerve b. Foramen ovale – CN V3 c. Foramen spinosum – middle cerebral artery d. Petrotympanic fissure – chorda tympani nerve e. Stylomastoid foramen – CN VII |
c. The foramen spinosum passes the middle meningeal artery.
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Which of the following is/are TRUE?
a. The crista galli provides attachment for the falx cerebri b. The foramen cecum transmits an emissary vein that provides communication between veins of the frontal sinus and nasal cavity with the superior sagittal sinus c. The superior orbital fissure is the space between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid d. The optic canal contains the optic nerve, the ophthalmic artery, and the central vein of the retina e. All of the above are true |
E.
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What structures pass through the following:.
(a) Superior orbital fissure (b) Foramen rotundum (c) Foramun ovale (d) Foramen spinosum (e) Foramen lacerum (f) Internal auditory meatus (g) Jugular foramen (h) Anterior condylar (hypoglossal) canal (i) Posterior condylar canal (j) Foramen magnum (k) Foramen cecum (l) None of the above |
(B) CN V2
(D) Middle meningeal artery (E) Greater superficial petrosal nerve (H) CN XII (G, J) CN XI (two answers) (A) Abducens nerve (L) Ophthalmic artery (optic canal) (F) Vestibulochoclear nerve (A) CN V1 (J) Vertebral arteries (A) Trochlear nerve |
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Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The superior sagittal sinus lies primarily within the falx cerebri b. The transverse sinus lies primarily within the tentorium cerebelli c. The straight sinus is the joining of the inferior sagittal sinus and the cerebral vein that drains the thalamus and posterior aspect of the midbrain d. The right transverse sinus primarily drains the straight and occipital sinuses while the left transverse sinus primarily drains the superior sagittal sinus |
D. Just the opposite; R drains superior sagittal, and L drains straight and occipital.
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Symptoms of which of the following includes pain behind the eye, cranial nerve palsies
affecting eye movement (ophthalmoplegia), and edema of the optic disk from venous engorgement of the retina with retinal blindness? a. Cavernous sinus thrombosis b. Tentorial herniation c. Extracranial hematoma d. Subdural hematoma |
a. The cavernous sinus communicates with the ophthalmic vein and central vein of the retina, thus thrombosis causes venous engorgement of the retina. Numerous cranial nerves run close to the cavernous sinus, i.e. CN III, IV, V1, VI. Thus compression may result in occulomotor defecits.
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Which of the following is TRUE?
a. Epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hematomas are all associated primarily with rupture of arteries b. The brain has an intrinsic ability to sense pain and pressure c. Blood in a lumbar tap suggests subdural hematoma d. Pial hemorrhage results in atrophy, degeneration, sclerosis, and corresponding loss of function |
d. Subdural hematomas are associated with rupture of cerebral veins. The brain is not directly sensitive to pain or pressure. Blood in a lumbar tap (in subarachnoid space) suggests subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Indicate whether each of the cranial nerves is
a. Sensory only b. Motor only c. Both sensory and motor |
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
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What are the following resultant visual defects with the lesion:
(a) Total blindness in ipsilateral eye (b) Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia (tunnel vision) (c) Ipsilateral nasal hemianopsia (loss of nasal visual field in ipsilateral eye) (d) Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (loss of contralateral visual field in both eyes) |
(D) Lesion in the optic radiation
(A) Lesion in the optic nerve (B) Lesion in the middle of the optic chiasm (C) Lesion on the lateral side of the optic chiasm |
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The two layers of the dura mater are fused everywhere EXCEPT
i) In the region of dural sinuses ii) Where the meningeal layer of the dura invaginates to form septa between regions of the brain iii) Around the meningeal blood vessels |
e. I, II, and III
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Which of the following foramina represent(s) a potential route for infection from the
superficial face into the cranial cavity? i) Foramen cecum ii) Superior orbital fissure iii) Inferior orbital fissure |
e. I, II, and III
The foramen cecum allows infection to track from veins in the nasal cavity into the superior sagittal sinus. The superior orbital fissure transmits the superior ophthalmic vein, which bridges the angular vein in the region of the nose with the cavernous sinus. The inferior orbital fissure transmits the inferior ophthalmic vein, which also anastomoses with the angular vein |
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Which of the following nuclei give(s) rise to lower motor neurons that provide contralateral innervation to their (its) target?
i) Oculomotor nucleus ii) Trochlear nucleus iii) Trigeminal motor nucleus |
d. I and II only
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The lower motor neuron that innervates the anterior belly of the digastric has its cell body in which nucleus?
a. Trigeminal motor nucleus b. Dorsal motor nucleus c. Principal nucleus of V d. Facial motor nucleus |
a. Dorsal motor nucleus is a parasympathetic nucleus. The principal nucleus of V is an afferent nucleus, and the facial motor nucleus contains LMN that innervates posterior belly of digastric.
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Increased pressure on the central artery of the retina likely results in which of the following?
a. Activation of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus b. Increased afferent nerve firing in the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve c. Increased vagal parasympathetic activity d. Increased parotid gland secretions |
c. Increased pressure on central artery of the retina is sensed by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, which can activate neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus to slow down the heart.
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The lesser petrosal nerve carries parasympathetic fibers on its way to
a. Otic ganglion b. Submandibular ganglion c. Inferior salivatory nucleus d. Pterygopalatine ganglion |
a. The lesser petrosal nerve carries parasympathetics from the inferior salivatory nucleus, via the tympanic nerve of Jacobsen to the otic ganglion.
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Match the following nuclei with the muscles/targets that efferent or parasympathetic neurons within the nucleus innervate:
(a) Oculomotor nucleus (b) Trochlear nucleus (c) Abducens nucleus (d) Hypoglossal nucleus (e) Spinal accessory nucleus (f) Trigeminal motor nucleus (g) Facial motor nucleus (h) Nucleus ambiguus (i) Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (j) Superior salivatory nucleus (k) Inferior salivatory nucleus (l) Dorsal motor nucleus Iridial sphincter Styloglossus muscle Stapedius muscle Cricothyroid muscle Lacrimal gland Parotid gland Ciliary muscle Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Tensor veli palatini muscle Platysma Anterior belly of the digastric muscle Mylohyoid muscle Stylopharyngeus muscle |
(I) Iridial sphincter
(D) Styloglossus muscle (G) Stapedius muscle (H) Cricothyroid muscle (J) Lacrimal gland (K) Parotid gland (I) Ciliary muscle (A) Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (E) Sternocleidomastoid muscle (F) Tensor veli palatini muscle (G) Platysma (F) Anterior belly of the digastric muscle (F) Mylohyoid muscle (H) Stylopharyngeus muscle |
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Bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can be rapidly fatal due to
a. Spasms of the superior pharyngeal constrictors b. Uncontrollable gag reflex c. Vocal chord fibrosis d. Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle |
d. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only abductor of the vocal chords.
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The orbital cavity is composed of:
a. A roof consisting of frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid b. A medial wall consisting of the ethmoid bone and the small lacrimal bone c. A lateral wall consisting of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid d. A floor formed by the maxilla with a minor contribution from the palatine bone e. All of the above |
e. all of the above
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Which one of the following is FALSE? The inferior orbital fissure
a. Transmits the infraorbital nerve b. Transmits the infraorbital artery c. Transmits the inferior ophthalmic vein d. Connects the orbital cavity with the middle cranial fossa |
d. The inferior orbital fissure connects the orbital cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa.
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The secondary actions of the inferior rectus muscle are cancelled by which of the following?
a. Superior oblique b. Inferior oblique c. Superior rectus d. Lateral rectus |
a. The inferior rectus produces the secondary actions of adduction and extorsion on the globe.
The superior oblique produces the secondary actions of abduction and intorsion. The inferior oblique results in abduction and extorsion, and the superior rectus results in adduction and intorsion. The lateral rectus has no secondary actions. |
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Short ciliary nerves carry
i) Afferent fibers ii) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers iii) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers a. I only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III |
e. I, II, and III
Sensation from the cornea is carried by short ciliary nerves back to the nasociliary nerve. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion go to innervate the iridial sphincter and the ciliary muscles via the short ciliary nerves. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers course initially with the arteries, but eventually pass through the ciliary ganglion and reach their targets (iridial dilator and ciliary muscles) via short ciliary nerves (see Netter plate 115). |
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Which of the following are branches of the nasociliary nerve?
a. Short ciliary nerves b. Long ciliary nerves c. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves d. Infratrochlear nerve e. All of the above |
e
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Branches of the ophthalmic artery include
a. Central artery of the retina b. Anterior and posterior ciliary arteries c. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries d. Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries e. All of the above |
e. In addition, the ophthalmic artery also gives off twigs to the extraocular muscles as well as the lacrimal arteries.
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Ciliary muscle contraction results in _______; relaxation results in _______.
a. Near accommodation, far accommodation b. Far accommodation, near accommodation |
a.
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Glaucoma usually results from
a. Impaired drainage of vitreous humor b. Degenerative changes resulting in disorganization of the regularity of connective tissue fibers of the lens c. Increased secretions from the ciliary bodies d. An increase in the ratio of ciliary body secretion to aqueous drainage |
d. Glaucoma is an impaired drainage of aqueous humor. (B) describes cataract. (C) doesn’t usually happen; glaucoma is usually a drainage problem.
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103The chorda tympani nerve contains
i) Afferent fibers conveying taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue ii) Efferent fibers innervating intrinsic tongue musculature iii) Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers en route to the submandibular ganglion a. I only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III |
c. (II) is carried by the hypoglossal nerve.
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Match the muscle with its description
(a) Tensor tympani (b) Stapedius Facial nerve palsy can result in paralysis of this muscle and corresponding hyperacusis This muscle decreases noise associated with chewing |
(B) Facial nerve palsy can result in paralysis of this muscle and corresponding hyperacusis
(A) This muscle decreases noise associated with chewing |
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The tendon of insertion for which muscle splits for the passage of the central tendon of the digastric muscle?
a. Sternocleidomastoid b. Stylohyoid c. Hyoglossus d. Mylohyoid |
b
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Match the following muscles with their innervation:
(a) Superior ramus of ansa cervicalis (C1) (b) Inferior ramus of ansa cervicalis (C2) (c) CN V (d) CN VII (e) CN XII Anterior belly of the digastric Mylohyoid Thyrohyoid Inferior belly of omohyoid Stylohyoid Sternohyoid Geniohyoid |
(C) Anterior belly of the digastric
(C) Mylohyoid (A) Thyrohyoid (B) Inferior belly of omohyoid (D) Stylohyoid (A) Sternohyoid (A) Geniohyoid |
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The ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery anastomoses with which of the following
branches of the external carotid artery? i) Superficial temporal ii) Facial iii) Occipital |
c. The occipital branch goes posteriorly towards the back of the head and doesn’t directly anastomose with the ophthalmic artery.
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All of the following are branches of the external carotid artery EXCEPT
a. Lingual b. Ascending cervical c. Posterior auricular d. Superior thyroid |
b. The ascending cervical artery is a branch of the inferior thyroid artery, which comes off the thyrocervical trunk. The ascending pharyngeal artery, on the other hand, is a branch of the external carotid.
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Central venous lines are placed in the internal jugular vein as opposed to external jugular vein because
i) The external jugular vein is highly variable and is sometimes absent ii) The external jugular vein variably contains two downward-directed valves that can interfere with placement of venous lines iii) The internal jugular vein lacks valves and lies anterior to the corresponding arteries immediately posterior to the sternomastoid muscle a. I only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. I, II, and III |
d.
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Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by CN XII?
a. Styloglossus b. Hyoglossus c. Genioglossus d. Palatoglossus |
d. The palatoglossus is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.
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Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The ansa cervicalis provides motor and sensory innervation to the strap muscles b. The inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle attaches at the scapular notch c. The stylohyoid muscle passes between the external and internal carotid arteries d. The inferior laryngeal artery runs parallel to the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
a. The ansa cervicalis provides only motor innervation.
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The ethmoid bone
a. Contributes to the roof, walls, septum, sinuses, and conchae of the nasal cavity b. Contributes to the medial wall of the orbit c. Contributes to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa d. All of the above |
d.
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The hard palate is formed from
i) Palatine bone ii) Maxillary bone iii) Ethmoid bone a. I only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. I, II, and III |
b. The horizontal palatine processes of the maxillary bone fuse at the midline to form the anterior 4/5 of the hard palate. The horizontal palatine process of the palatine bone forms the posterior 1/5 of the hard palate.
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Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons from the inferior salivatory nucleus course through which of the following nerves on their way to the otic ganglion?
a. Deep petrosal nerve b. Chorda tympani nerve c. Auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve d. Lesser superficial petrosal nerve |
d. The deep petrosal nerve carries axons of post-synaptic sympathetic neurons on their way to the pterygopalatine galglion. The chorda tympani nerve carries presynaptic parasympathetics
from the superior salivatory nucleus to the submandibular ganglion. The auriculotemporal branch of V3 carries postsynaptic arasympathetics from the inferior salivatory nucleus on their way to the parotid gland. |
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The auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve contains axons of neurons that mediate
i) Sensation ii) Parasympathetics iii) Sympathetics iv) Motor function a. I and II only b. I, II, and III only c. I, II, and IV only d. II and IV only e. I, II, III, and IV |
b. The auriculotemporal branch mediates cutaneous sensation around the region of the temple, carries post-ganglionic parasympathetics from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland, and contains sympathetic sudomotor fibers to sweat glands of the scalp. It does not have a motor function.
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Which of the following does NOT lie in the infratemporal fossa?
a. CN V3 b. Middle meningeal artery c. Pterygoid venous plexus d. CN V2 |
d. The maxillary nerve lies in the pterygopalatine fossa.
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Which of the following nerves carries both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons?
a. Chorda tympani nerve b. Zygomaticofacial branch of CN V2 c. Deep petrosal nerve d. Lacrimal nerve a. I only b. II only c. II and IV only d. I and III only e. I, II, III, and IV |
c. The chorda tympani conveys taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of the tongue as well as parasympathetics from the superior salivatory nucleus to the submandibular ganglion. It does not receive sympathetics. The deep petrosal nerve carries sympathetics from the carotid
perivascular plexus to nasal mucosa and lacrimal gland. The zygomaticofacial branch of CN V2 carries post-ganglionic parasympathetics from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland. It also carries post-ganglionic sympathetics coming from the superior cervical ganglion to the lacrimal gland. The route of these postganglionic sympathetics are as follows: they exit the superior cervical ganglion and course through the carotid perivascular plexus, the deep petrosal nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion (without synapsing there), zygomatic branch of V2, (joins the) lacrimal nerve, lacrimal gland. (The zygomaticofacial nerve also mediates sensation to small areas of skin lateral to the eye) The lacrimal nerve receives the zygomatic branch of V2 distally before diving into the lacrimal gland. Thus the lacrimal nerve also contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic axons. |
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Which of the following pairs of muscles act synergistically?
a. Posterior fascicles of the temporalis muscle and both the left and right lateral pterygoid muscles b. Posterior fascicles of the temporalis muscle and the masseter muscle c. Masseter muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle d. The medial pterygoid muscle and the geniohyoid muscle |
a. The posterior fascicles of the temporalis retract the jaw, while both lateral pterygoid muscles work together to protrude the jaw. The masseter and the medial pterygoid elevate the jaw, while the anterior digastric and geniohyoid depress the jaw.
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial artery?
a. Tonsillar b. Superior labial c. Angular d. Transverse facial |
d. The transverse facial is a branch of the superficial temporal artery.
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The maxillary artery
a. Supplies cranial meninges via the middle meningeal artery b. Supplies muscles of mastication via masseteric, buccal, deep temporal, and pterygoid branches c. Supplies maxillary and mandibular teeth via alveolar branches d. Supplies the nasal cavity via the nasopalatine branch e. All of the above |
e. In addition, it also supplies the pharyx via the pharyngeal branch, facial structures through the infraorbital artery, the hard and soft palate via the descending palatine artery, and the ear through tiny tympanic branches.
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Which of the following is a branch of CN VII?
a. Auriculotemporal nerve b. Great auricular nerve c. Posterior auricular nerve d. None of the above |
c. The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of V3. The great auricular nerve comes from cervical spinal nerves (C2-C3).
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. The sphenopalatine nerve carries postsynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to glands in the nasal mucosa, in addition to sensory fibers b. The posterior-superior alveolar and inferior alveolar nerves arise from the maxillary nerve c. The buccal branch of CN V3, in contrast to the buccal branch of CN VII, is entirely sensory d. A sensory meningeal branch of CN V3 follows the middle meningeal artery through the foramen spinosum e. The inferior alveolar nerve provides motor innervation to the mylohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric via the mylohyoid branch, and mediates general sensation from the mandibular molars and premolars |
b. The inferior alveolar nerve arises from the mandibular nerve.
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145The lingual nerve contains axons that mediate
i) Sensation ii) Motor function iii) Parasympathetics iv) Sympathetics a. I and II only b. I and III only c. I, II, and III only d. I, III, and IV only e. I, II, III, and IV |
b. Lingual nerve provides general sensation (CN V3) as well as taste (CN VII; joined by chorda tympani) from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. It also conveys presynaptic parasympathetics from the superior salivatory nucleus to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The lingual nerve contains no motor axons and no sympathetics.
Sympathetics reach the submandibular gland via perivascular plexuses around the lingual and facial arteries (Netter 127). |
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The recurrent laryngeal nerve is important because
a. It innervates the only abductor of the vocal folds b. It runs posterior to the thyroid gland, and hence is a surgical consideration when performing thyroidectomy c. Of its recurrence on first year medical school anatomy examinations d. All of the above |
d.
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