Head And Neck Anatomy

Front 1

What is the Clavaria? What is the Diploe?

Back 1

The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural calvariae; however, many medical texts list the word as calvarium, neuter Latin noun with plural calvaria) is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. \

The Diploe is composed of cancellous bone between the upper and lower table components that form the Clavaria, it contains red bone marrow inside.

Front 2

Where is the Epidural& subdural located?

Back 2

Epidural ("Extradural") is located between the Lower table and the Dura matter.

The Subdural layer is located between the dura matter and the Subarachnoid space.

Front 3

Where are the Dural/ Venous Sinuses located in the skull?What do they do? Where do they drain?

Back 3

Located between/within Dura matter.

They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein.

Front 4

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Back 4

Skin

Dense C/T

Aponeurosis

Loose C/T

Pericranium

Front 5

What are the two layers the Dura Matter is composed of?

Back 5

Periosteal layer: Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue, which attaches the Dura Sinues and the Calvaria to ensure they don't collapse.

The meninges are three layers of protective tissue called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater that surround the neuraxis.

Front 6

Label the Sinus's in this image.

Back 6

1.) Superior Petrosal

2.) Inferior Petrosal

3.) Carotid groove for Cavernous Sinus

4.) Transverse Sinus

5.) Occipital sinus

6.) Frontal crest for Sup. Sagital Signus.

Front 7

Label the colored regions.

Frontal bone

Zygomaic

Maxilla

Mandible

Inferior Nasal Concha (INC)

Ethmoid

Vomer

Back 7

Front 8

Label the colored regions

Parital

Temporal Squamous

Pterion

Gr. Wing

Frontal Squamous

Occiptal Squamous

Zygomatic

Back 8

Front 9

Label the following Sutures.

Coronal

Sagital

Lamboid

Back 9

Front 10

Label the margins and angles of the Partial bone (Orange)

Back 10

Angles:

S- Sphenoid

M- mastoid

F- Frontal

O-Occiptal angle

Front 11

Where is the superior sagital sinus located?

Back 11

From the frontal margin to the occiptal margin.

Front 12

At what age are these Fontanelle's fused in the skull?

Back 12

Posterior Fontanelle - 1st year

Anterior Fontanelle - 18 months

Mastoid/Sphenoid Fontanelle - 28 dyas

Mandible Fontanelle - 2nd year

Front 13

What condition is?

Scaphoncephaly, Oxycephaly? Or Plagiocephaly?

Which suture closes prematurely to cause this deformaty?

Back 13

Scaphoncephaly.

Premature closure of the sagital Sutures will cause this deformity

Front 14

What condition is? Scaphoncephaly, Oxycephaly? Or Plagiocephaly?

What sutures in the skull would have had to prematurely close to get this deformity?

Back 14

Oxycephaly

This caused by premature closure of the Coronal Sutures.

Front 15

What condition is? Scaphoncephaly, Oxycephaly? Or Plagiocephaly?

What sutures in the skull would have had to prematurely close to get this deformity?

Back 15

Plagiocephaly. Caused by premature closer of the lamdboid sutures unilaterally.

Front 16

When does "Obliteration"/full fusion of the sutures in the Clavaria happen?

Back 16

Age 40-50 years old.

Front 17

Anterior cranial fossa1.Foramen cecum2. Frontal crest &sulcus of sup.sagittal sinus3.Cribriform plate/lamina cribrosa: 4. Ant.+post.ethmoidal foramina: ant.+post. ethmoidal nerves & vessels 5. Lesser wings of sphenoidMiddlecranial fossa6.Sella turcica: hypophysealfossa,dorsum, tuberculum: forpituitary gl.7. Optic canal: CN II, ophthalmicartery8. Prechiasmaticsulcus: optic chiasma9. Sup.orbital fissura:CN’s: III, IV, V1,VI, sup. + inf. ophthalmic veins; sympathetic postg. Nn.10.Foramen rotundum: CNV2 11.Foramen ovale: CNV3,lesser petrosal n (CNIX), accessory meningeal a.12. Foramen spinosum: Middlemeningeal a/v,meningeal br. of mandibular n.13.Internal opening of carotid canal&Foramen lacerum:InternalCarotid a.& Sympathetic carotid nerve plexus; Greater petrosal n.(CNVII); Deep petrosal sympathetic n.14. Hiatus & groove for Greater petrosal n & Hiatus & groove for Lesser petrosal n 16. Internal acoustic opening&meatus: CNVII, CN VIII, labyrinthine a/v17. Jugular foramen: CNIX, X, XI, Int. Jug. V., mening.br.ofascending pharyngeal &occipital aa.18.Hypglossal canal: CNXII19. Foramen magnum: brainstem- spinalcord, Spinal accessory n, Vertebral aa/vv, Symp. Posg. N.

Back 17

Anterior cranial fossa 1.Foramen cecum 2. Frontal crest &sulcus of sup. sagittal sinus 3.Cribriform plate/lamina cribrosa: CN I 4. Ant.+post. ethmoidal foramina: ant.+post. ethmoidal nerves & vessels 5. Lesser wings of sphenoid Middle cranial fossa 6.Sella turcica: hypophyseal fossa, dorsum, tuberculum: for pituitary gl. 7. Optic canal: CN II, ophthalmic artery 8. Prechiasmatic sulcus: optic chiasma 9. Sup.orbital fissura: CN’s: III, IV, V1,VI, sup. + inf. ophthalmic veins; sympathetic postg. Nn. 10.Foramen rotundum: CNV2 11.Foramen ovale: CNV3, lesser petrosal n (CNIX), accessory meningeal a. 12. Foramen spinosum: Middle meningeal a/v, meningeal br. of mandibular n. 13.Internal opening of carotid canal & Foramen lacerum: Internal Carotid a. & Sympathetic carotid nerve plexus; Greater petrosal n.(CNVII); Deep petrosal sympathetic n. 14. Hiatus & groove for Greater petrosal n & Hiatus & groove for Lesser petrosal n 16. Internal acoustic opening&meatus: CNVII, CN VIII, labyrinthine a/v 17. Jugular foramen: CNIX, X, XI, Int. Jug. V., mening.br.of ascending pharyngeal &occipital aa. 18.Hypglossal canal: CNXII 19. Foramen magnum: brainstem- spinal cord, Spinal accessory n, Vertebral aa/vv, Symp. Posg. N.

Front 18

In the Neurocranium: Base: Internal surface of the skull, what plate is a continuation of the cribiform plate?

Back 18

The cribiform plate and the Cristae Galli is seen in the internal neurocranial base and is part of the ethmoid.

Front 19

What does the Sella Turcica/Hypphseal Fossa contain? What boney region in the Internal Neurocraniual base does the Sella Turcica reside

Back 19

Pituitary Gland. The sphenoid bone.

The Hypophseal fossa sits within the Sella Turcica

Front 20

What vessels leave through the Sup.orbital fissure?

Back 20

CN’s: III (Occulomotor), IV (Trochlear), V1 (Opthalmic),VI (Abducent), sup. + inf. ophthalmic veins; sympathetic postg. Nn.

Front 21

What nerve leaves through the Foramen Rotundum

Back 21

Foramen rotundum: CNV2 (Maxillary)

Front 22

What nerve exits Foramen Ovule?

Back 22

CNV3 (Mandibular), Lesser Petrosal nn (CNIX), accessory Meningeal a.

The lesser petrosal nerve is the General visceral efferent (GVE) component of the glossopharyngeal nerv

Front 23

What vessels exit the Foramen Spinosum?

Back 23

Middle Meningeal a/v and the Meningeal branch of the mandibular n.

Front 24

What vessels exit the Carotid opening and the Foramen Lacerum?

Back 24

Internal Carotid a. & Sympathetic carotid nerve plexus; Greater petrosal n.(CNVII); Deep petrosal sympathetic n.

The greater (superficial) petrosal nerve originates at the geniculate ganglion, where the nervus intermedius and facial nerve join. It contains mainly preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and some sensory taste afferent from the soft palate

Front 25

What vessels exit the External Auditory Meatius?

Back 25

CNVII (Fasical) , CN VIII (Auditoy/Vestibulochochlear), labyrinthine a/v

Front 26

What vessels exit the Jugular foramen?

Back 26

CNIX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory), Int. Jug. V., mening.br.of ascending pharyngeal &occipital aa.

Front 27

What vessels exit the Hypglossal canal?

Back 27

CN XII hypoglossal nerve

Front 28

What exits the Foramen Magnum?

Back 28

Foramen magnum: brainstem- spinal cord, Spinal accessory n, Vertebral aa/vv, Symp. Posg. N.

Front 29

What exists the Cribiform

Back 29

CN I (Olfactory)

Front 30

What exits the Foramen Cecum?

Back 30

Emissary Vien. The emissary veins connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous sinuses. They connect the veins outside the cranium to the venous sinuses inside the cranium. They drain from the scalp, through the skull, into the larger meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses.

Front 31

Locate the Sphenoid bone and the Temporal bone on this external base skull diagram.

For the Sphenoid, located the following:

- Greater Wing

- Ptergoid's plates (Medial/Lateral)

For the Temporal, locate the following:

-Sqamous

-Tempanic

-Mastoid

-Petrous

Back 31

Sqaumous part is the top portion of the tempral region.

Tempanic is near the ear

Mastoid part is at the mastoid process

Petrous is inferior portion of the Temporal bone.

Front 32

Where is the Pyterygoid canal located? What does it contain?

Back 32

Contains the Greater Peterosal N. of CN VII (Fascial) and the Deep Petrosal N symp. n

Front 33

Where is the Pterygopalatine fossa? What does it contain?

Back 33

btwn the pterygoid process &infratemporal surface of maxillary body

Front 34

What are the functional components of the Olfactory nerve? (CNI)

Back 34

Special viceral sensory for SMELL

Front 35

Functional Components of the Optic nerve? (CNII)

Back 35

Special Somatic sensory for VISION (Balance, vision,

Front 36

Functional Components of the oculomotor nerve? (CNIII)

Back 36

Somatic motor to all the Extraocular muscles (Except the superior oblique & lateral rectus)

General Visceral Motor = Parasympathetic preganglionic to cilary parasympathetic ganglion, then from it, via postganglionic parasympathetic to cilary smooth muscle for reflex and to pupillae smooth muscle for pupillary reflex.

Preganglionic autonomicneurons originate from the brain or spinal cord; postganglionic neuronsoriginate from ganglia located outside the CNS.

Front 37

Functional Components of the oculomotor nerve? (CNIV)

Back 37

Somatic Motor to superior oblique muscle

Front 38

Functional Components of the Trigomental nerve? (CNV)

Back 38

General Somatic sensory from face, anterior scalp, eyes, sinues, nasal &oral cavities, anterior two thirds of the tongue, external surface of tempanic membrane

Special Visceral Motor = Mastication, tensor tempani, tensor veli palatatini, mylhyooid & anterior belly of digasric muscle.

Front 39

Functional Components of the Abducent nerve? (CNVI)

Back 39

Somatic motor to lateral rectus occular muscle.

Front 40

Functional Components of the fascial nerve? (CNVII)

Back 40

Special visceral (Brachial) motor to muscles of fascial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid & posterior belly of diagasric.

General Visceral motor = parasympathetic preganglionic to a.) pterygopalatine parasympathetic ganglia. Than to lacrimal gland and glands of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. B.) to submandibular parasympathetic ganglion to submandibular, sublingual, and intralingual salviary glands and the glands of the oral mucosa.

Special visceral sensory for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

General somatic sensory from skin of concha of auricle, & external surface of tempanic membrane.

Front 41

Functional Components of the Vestibulocochlear nerve? (CNVIII)

Back 41

Vestibular division - Special somatic sensory for BALANCE

Cochlear division" Special somatic sensory for HEARING

Front 42

Functional Components of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Back 42

General somatic sensory from: posterior 1/3rd of tongue, tonsils, pharynx, and tympanic cavity including the internal surface of tympanic membrane.

General Visceral sensory from: carotid sinus (Baroreceptors internal carotid artery), and carotid body (chemoreceptors from bifurcation of common carotid artery).

Special visceral sensory for taste of posterior 1/3rd of tongue

Special visceral motor (Brachial) to stylopharyngeus muscle

General visceral motor preganglionic to otic ganglion and then to parotid gland.

Front 43

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

This nerve also innervates what gland via the otic ganglion?

Back 43

CN Nine glossopharyngeal

Parotid gland

Front 44

Which CN innervate these glands?

Back 44

Parotid is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Sunlingual and Submandibular glands are innervated by the facial nerve.

Front 45

Functional Components of the Vagus nerve (CNX)

Back 45

General Somatic sensory = External ear, external tympanic membrane, dura mater of posterior cranial fossa and root of tongue.

General Visceral sensory = Pharynx, Larynx, thoracic and abdnomnal viscera, and aortic body chemoreceptor.

Special visceral sensory for TASTE from root of tongue and epiglottis

Special visceral motor (Brachial) to muscles; soft palate, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.

General visceral motor = preganglionic parasympathetic to parasympathetic ganglia to smooth muscles and glands of the pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera and cardiac muscle.

Front 46

Functional Components of the Accessory nerve (CNXI)

Back 46

Spinal root: Somatic motor and visceral motor to SCM and traps. (Dual origins from Brachial arch IV and occipital myotomes/CN XI)

Cranial Root of Accessory CN joins vagus nerve to intrinsic muscles of larynx and soft palate.

Front 47

Functional Components of the Hpoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Back 47

Somatic motor to intrinic and extrinic muscles of tongue except platoglossus (CNX) and Geniohyoid (C1N)

Front 48

What structure is formed from the 1st pharyngeal arch? What nerve emerges from this arch? What mj muscles/bones/ligaments are innervated by it?

Back 48

Mandible

CNV (Trigemental)

Mastication muscles

- MEDIAL/Lateral pterygoid

- Masster

- Temporalis.

Mylohyoid

Anterior belly of Diastric

Tensor Tympani

Tensor Veli Palatini

Malleus (Bone)

Incus (Bone)

Sphenomandibular lig.

Front 49

What structure is formed from the 2nd pharyngeal arch? What nerve emerges from this arch? What mj muscles/bones/ligaments are innervated by it?

Back 49

Hyoid

Fasical CNVII

Stapedius

sTYLOHYOID

Posterior belly of digastric

Fascial expression muscles

- Buccinator

-Auricularis

- Occipitalfrontalis

- Platysma

Stapes (bone)

Styloid Process (bone)

Lesser conu of Hyoid (bone)

Upper body of hyoid

Stylohyoid ligament

Front 50

What structure is formed from the 3rd pharyngeal arch? What nerve emerges from this arch? What mj muscles/bones/ligaments are innervated by it?

Back 50

forms part of Hyoid

Glossopharyngeal CNIX

Styolopharyngeus

Greater conu of Hyoid

Lower body of Hyoid,

Front 51

What structure is formed from the 4th - 6th pharyngeal arch? What nerve emerges from this arch? What mj muscles/bones/ligaments are innervated by it?

Back 51

Superior and Recurrent laryngeal branch of Trigemental nerve (CNV)

Cricothyroid

Levator Veli Palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatpharyngeus

- Striated muscle of Esophagus

- Contriction muscle of Pharynx

- Intrinisic muscle of Larynx

Stylohyoid ligament (Same with Arch 3/Glossopharyngeal)

Front 52

Label the muscles in this diagram

Back 52

Front 53

Where is the Inion? (Point to it)

Back 53

the projecting part of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.

Front 54

Where is the Nasion?

(Point to it)

Back 54

he point where the bridge of the nose meets the forehead

Front 55

Where is the Glabella (point to it)?

Back 55

the smooth part of the forehead above and between the eyebrows.

Front 56

Where is the Lambda?

Back 56

Where the Lamboid and sagittal suture meet

Front 57

Where is the Bregma?

Back 57

point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture

Front 58

Where is the Asterion?

Back 58

n human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial suturesmeet:the lambdoid,parieto-mastoid, andoccipito-mastoid sutures,

Front 59

What lies under the Pterion?

Back 59

Anterior branches of the Middle Menigeal Artery

Front 60

What are "Sensory Ganglion"?

List the sensory ganglion of the brain.

Back 60

They are unipolar neurons outside the brain and skull cavity.

Trigeminal Ganglion: Trigeminal CN. Ophthalmic, mandibular, maxillary NN.

Geniculate Ganglion: Fascial NN.

Vestibular Ganglion: Vestibulocochlear

Spiral Ganglion: Vestibulocochlear

Superior/Inferior CN IX Ganglion: Glossopharyngeal

Superior/Inferior CN X Ganglion:

Vagus

The signal passes from the sensory ganglion (in the skull cavity) to the sensory nuclei (in the brain).

Front 61

Where is the spiral Ganglia located?

What ganglion is located in the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 61

Located inside the cochlea.

The vestibular ganglion in vestibular.

Front 62

What is located inside the Petrous part of the temporal bone? (Regions of the ear)

What is the Eustachian tube?

Back 62

External and middle and Internal ear.

Eustachian tube - where air enters the typanic membrane. Permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum.

Front 63

From which nerve does the "Nerve to stapedius" branch from? What does this nerve do?

Back 63

Nerve to stapedius branches from the facial nerve. It attached to the stapedius mescle which works to "dampen" the vibrations of the stapeus bone.

If you clap in front of a persons ear, and they complain its loud. This may be an indication that this muscle/nerve isn't working.

Front 64

When a child has "rhinitis", what other structures are effected? What does this cause?

Back 64

rhinitis is a mucosal irritation caused commonly by allergies in the nasal cavities.

The Eustichian tube is effected in this state and causes inflammation. This can put pressure and cause pain. If a FRACTURE was to occur to the Petrous part of the temporal bone, this could cause somatic sensory and somatic motor loss for the fasical and vestibulocochlear nerves.

Front 65

What nerve is exiting the Petrotympanic fissure?

Back 65

The petrotemporal fissure is located behind the TMJ. it provides passage for the Chorda tympani which provides taste sensation (Seneory special) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Front 66

What nerve exits the Stylomastoid foramen?

Back 66

The fasical Nerve

Front 67

What is contained in the Tympanomastoid fissue?

Back 67

The Auricular Branch of the vagus nerve (Arnold's nerve). Stimulating this nerve (acupuncutr) can help stimulate the vagus nerve.

Front 68

Where is the role of the infraorbital nerve?

Back 68

Off from the maxillary nerve and provides sensory innervation for the upper lip, lower eyelid and Anterior Nasal cavity.

Front 69

What is the branch of the Zygomatico-orbital foramina from?

Back 69

It is a branch from the Zygomaticofacial nerve (branch of maxillary N)

Front 70

Where is the Supraorbital foramen located? What exits it?

Back 70

Supraorbital A/V/N

Front 71

What bone contains the Cribiform plate? What nerve exits the cribform plate?

Back 71

Ethmoid bone. The olfactory nerve leaves the cribiform plate.

Front 72

label the mandible

Back 72

Front 73

label the mandible

Back 73

Front 74

What enters the Pterygopalantine fossa?

Back 74

Acts as a union station for the

Nasal cavity

Foramen rotundum (Trigamental nerve)

Greater and Lesser Palatine fossa

Pterygoid fossa

Front 75

Describe the path of the Tigeminal nerve (Opthalmic)

Back 75

The trigeminal nerve is composed of 4 nuclei (3 sensory, 1 motor)

The trigeminal nerve comes from the midbrain, upper SC and the PONS (mAIN CORD). The cord branches to the Trigeminal ganglion and creates three branches; Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular.

Opthalmic branch enters the Superior orbital fissure and splits into branches: Frontal, nasocilary, lacrimal branch.

The FRONTAL branch supplies the Forehead, Scaplp and Ethmoidal sinuses

The Nasocilary branch supplies sensory innervation to the Cornea, upper eyelid, and the Dorsum of the Nose.

The Licrimal Branch supplies the Lacrimal Gland

Front 76

Describe the path of the Tigeminal nerve (Maxillary)

Back 76

Maxillary branch enters the foramen rotundum. It divides into 14 branches. It supplies many parts of the face; Lower eyelid, cheek, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, upper lip, upper teeth, superior palate.

Front 77

Describe the path of the Tigeminal nerve (Mandible branch)

Back 77

Exits the Foramen Ovale.

Branches into 4 branches: Buccal, inferior alveolar, aurticulartemporal, linguinal.

Suppleis the Mucos membrane of the Oral cavity, external ear, lower lip, chin, anterior 2/3rd of tongue.,

Mandibular branch also supplies motor innervation to the first brachial arch; Mastiffication muscles.

These include: Temporalis, med/lat ptyergoid, Masseter, Tensor Tempani and Tensor palinti.

The mandibular brnaches withthe Fascial nerve to form the "LINGUINAL NERVE" that enters the submandibular ganglia and the postganglionic fibers innervate the Submandibular and Sublinguinal Salivary Glands

Front 78

What is the significance of the Pterygopalatine fossa?

Back 78

It acts like a union station that connects the

Interior Orbital Fissure.

sPHENOPALATINE fORAMEN

Greater/Lesser palatine foramen

Pterygoid canal

Foramen rotundun (Trigamental, Maxillary nerve exiting)

Front 79

What nerve is in the Pterygoid canal?

Back 79

Greater petrosal N of CNVII + Deep Petrosal N sympathetic nerve.

Front 80

Where doe the Facial Nerve originate (Neurons origins), what structure does it enter? What branches from it? What does it innervate?

Back 80

The fascial nerve arrises from the Pons and Medulla junction. The Fascial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus (Along with the Vestibulocochlear nerve).

It travels through the Acustic Canal until it reaches the Genicular Ganglion. From there it branches into the Greater Petrosal Nerve. This nerve turns up into the internal skull and enter the Foramen Lacerum. The fibers meet with the Pterygopalatine Ganglion (Parasympathetic) and than innervates the Lacriminal Gland

The Facial nerve (from the Acustic canal) will run a branch called the "Horizontal segment". From here, Nerve to Stapedius and Chorda Tympani branch. The nerve to stapedius innervates the Stapedius muscle, and the Chorda Tympani will exit through the Petrotempanic fissure. It becomes the Lingual Nerve joining with a branch from the Mandibular nerve. The Facial nerve picks up taste from the anterior 2/3rds via the Tensor Tympani.

The Facial nerve from the horizontal segment it exits the Stylomastoid Foramen. Here it gives off three branches.

Posterior Auricular nerve

Nerve to posterior digastric

Nerve to Stylomastoid.

These muscles originate from the 2nd brachial arch.

The nerve carries on and enters the Partoid gland where it branches into 5 branches:

Tempral

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical.

These branches supply the muscles of fasical expression.

Front 81

What nerves enter through the internal auditory meatus?

Back 81

CN VII (facial)

CN IX (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR)

Front 82

Label the following foramen

Back 82

Front 83

What nerve exits the Peterotempanic fissure?

Back 83

Chorda Tympani which is a branch from the Fascial nerve.

Front 84

What is the Lingual Nerve made up of? WHAT DOES it do?

Back 84

The lingual nerve is composed of the Fascial and Mandibular nerve (CN VII and CNV3).

The Lingual nerve innervates the tongue. The Mandibular branch recieves Sensory Innervation from the Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue. The Facial Nerve picks up TASTE sensation from the anterior 2/3rds.

Front 85

Label the Sphenoid bone

Back 85

Front 86

What nerve does the Varicella virus (Chickenpox) lay latent in?

Back 86

The trigomental nerve (Mc in the Opthalmic nerve). Called Herpes zosters opthalmicus

Front 87

What are the attachments for the Buccinator muscle?

Back 87

Origin: from the alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible, temporomandibular joint

Insertion: in the fibers of the orbicularis oris

Front 88

What are 5 important features of the Muscles of Fascial Expression?

Back 88

1. Attached to the skin

2. In the Subcutaneous fasica

3. Surround openings (Nasal, orbit, oral)

4. Developed from the 2nd brachial arch

5. Innervated by the Facial nerve.

Front 89

What are the CN "ganglia"?

Back 89

The parasympathetic ganglia and met by preganglionic nerons within the spinal cord/Medulla/Pons that synapse at the Ganglia and emerge Post ganglionic nerves to Smooth muscle and glands.

Front 90

What pre/pot ganglionic nerurons are associated with the Cillary Ganglia?

Back 90

The Cillary Ganglia is located in the posterior Orbit cavity.

The preganglionic nerves emerge from the Edinger-Westphal necleus in the midbrain which is associated with the Occulomotor Nerve (Inferior division)

The Short Cillary nerve emerges as the postganglionic nerve and innervates the Cillary mm. Iris, Cornea.

Front 91

What post ganglionic neurons are associated with the Trigeminal Ganglia?

Back 91

Opthalmic which enters the Superior orbital fissure.

Maxillry which enters the Foramen rotundum

Mandibular which enters the Foramen Ovale

Front 92

Whee does the Fascial nerve enter and emerge from?

Back 92

Fascial nerve enters through the internal auditory meadius and emerges through the stylomastoid fossa (Between the Styloid and Mastoid processes of the temporal bone)

Front 93

Describe the Greater petrosal nerves role.

Back 93

The Greater Petrosal nerve carries Preganglionic nerve fibers from the Superior Salvitory Neuron in the PONS. The greater petrosal nerve travels through the Internal Auditory Meatus along with the facial nerve and exits through a Fossa in the petrous part of the temporal bone. The nerve carries to the Foramen Lacerum which is near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. There it emerges with the DEEP Petrosal nerve through the Pterygoid canal (NOT THROUGH THE FORAMEN LACERUM, nothing emerges this foramen!) The DEEP petrosal nerves are Post Sympathetic nerve fibers that arise from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia

Front 94

What post ganglionic neurons are associated with the Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion?

Back 94

The deep petrosal nerve is a sympathetic postganglionic nerve that emerges from the Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion. The deep petrosal nerve wraps around the Internal Carotid Artery and enters the petrous part of the temporal bone. There it branches off to the Foramen Lacerum where it joins with the fibers of the Superior Petrous nerve and form the Vidian/Pterygoid Canal nerve. This nerve passes through the Pterygoid canal.

The Vidian/Pterygoid canal nerve emerges through the Pterygoid fossa and synapases with the Pterygopalatine Ganglia.

This pterygopalatine Ganglia does not relay the Sympathetic cervical fibers. Only the parasympathetic fibers from the Superficial Petrosal nerve.

Front 95

What nerve merges with the Lacriminal Nerve (Opthalmic VI)?

Back 95

The Zygomatic branch from the Maxillary branch, off the Pterygoidpalatine Ganglia communicates with the Lacriminal Nerve.

Front 96

What nerves emerge from the Pterygopalatine ganglia?

Back 96

The Greater palantine N. which has nasal branches that enter via the Sphenopalantine fossa.

The Lesser Palantine N. which sends Pharngeal branches.

This nerve can stimulate Hay fever due to its conenctions with the Pterygopalatine fossa which has Lacrimal Branches, Basal Branches, and Pharynx Branches.

The Zygomatic n. from the Maxillary branch which leads to the Lacrimal Gland.

The Greater Petrosal and Deep Petrosal nerve are the preganglionic parsympathetic (sympathetic) neurons that synpase at the pterygopalatine ganglia.

Front 97

What nerves emerge from the Otic ganglia?

Back 97

The Otic ganglia is located next to the Mandibular Nerve near the tensor palantine muscle.

It recieve Preganglionic Parasympathetic neuclus from the Inferior Salvivary nuclus located in the PONS. These preganglionic fibers leaves the PONS via the GLossopharngeal nerve. The Glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the Jugular FOramen, and gives rise to a Typanic Branch that returns back up through a small foremen near the Jugular foramen and forms the Tympanic Plexus.

Emerging off the Tympanic Plexus is the Lesser Petrosal Nerve, this nerve enters the Foramen Ovale and synapses with the Otic Ganglia. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers will innervate the Parotid Gland via the Auriculotemporal N. (Branch of the mandibular nerve)

Front 98

What is contained within the Tympanic Plexus?Where does it arise from?

Back 98

tYPMANIC PLEXUS is from a branch from the Glossopharyngeal near, that contains preganglionic parasympatheitic fibers from the Inferior Salvitory Nuceli within the PONS.

Front 99

Explain the Submandibular ganglia.

Back 99

It is attached to the Mandibular nerve, more specifically the Linguinal Nerve. Its Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers are derived from the mid brain Superior Salivary neuron. The parasympathetic neurons travel within the Inferior Auditory Meiatus along the facial nerve. Just before the facial nerve exits the Stylomastoid foramen, it sends off a branch that enters the bone and passes over the tempanic membrane. This nerve is called the Chorda Tympani. It supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

Front 100

What muscles in the face cause wrinkling of the forehead and/or raising of the eye brows?

Back 100

Frontalis muscle - wrinkles and raises eye brows

Corrugator - wrinkles forehead

Front 101

What muscles causes the lips to be puckered?

Back 101

Orbicularis Oris

Front 102

What is the role of the Buccinator muscle? What are its attachments?

Back 102

Buccinator sucks the cheeks inward close to the teeth.

Atachments: alveolar processes from the mandible and the maxilla and inserts to the Obicularis oris muscle of the face.

Front 103

What muscle is involved in making a made face in the eyes and wrinkling the skin b/w the eyes?

Back 103

Procerus

"Pro-se-rus"

Front 104

What muscle is responsible for flaring of the nostrils?

Back 104

Nasalis

Front 105

What muscle is responsible for doing this fascial action?

What is the muscles innervations (2 branches)

Back 105

Orbicularis Oculi. The palpebral part of the muscle performs gentle closure of the eyelid, whereas the orbital portion closes more forcefully.

Temporal and Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.

Front 106

Label the muscles used in these images of facial expression

Back 106

Front 107

Which branch communicates with the Lacrimal Nerve branch (Opthalmic nerve) to innervate that Lacrimal gland?

Back 107

Zygomatic branch from the Facial nerve carrying parasympathetic postganglionic fibers from the Pterygopalatine ganglia.

Front 108

What nerves branch off from the Maxillary nerve?

Back 108

Nasopalatine n

Palatine n

Zygomaticotempral n

Zygomaticofacial n

Infraorbital n.

Front 109

What branches off from the Mandibular nerve?

What is the nerve course/anatomy when it passes through the mandibular foramen?

Back 109

Med + Lat Pterygoid.

Temporal n.

Buccal n.

Massentric n.

Linguinal n (merge with Chorda Tympani n)

Mandibular foramen -> Inferior Alveolar nerve -> Mental foramen -> Mental nerve.

Front 110

What nerves innervate the posterior and anterior Digastric muscle?

Back 110

Posterior Digastric - Facial nerve.

Anterior Digastric - Mandibular nerve (N. to Mylohyoid)

Front 111

Muscle nerves supply innervation to the tongue?

Back 111

Anteriro 2/3rds of tongue - Facial (chorda Tympani) nerve. + Mandibular n (Linguinal N)

Posterior 1/3rd - Glossopharyngeal nerve.

Front 112

What is the parotid gland innervated by?

Back 112

Postganglionic neurons from the Otic Ganglia supplied by the Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 113

What nerve innervates the levator palpebrae?

Back 113

Occulomotor nerve.

Front 114

What nerve is the Auriculotempral nerve a branch of?

Back 114

Mandibular nerve (trigeminal)

Front 115

What are the 3 meninges of the skull cavity?

Between what two layers is the CSF?

What are they innervated by?

Back 115

Dura matter - right under the skull. Made up of two layers. Periostium layer (Most superfical layer in the skull) and Menengeal layer. They are stuck together except at sinuses.

Arachnoid matter - Next layer over the dura layer

Pia matter - layer over the arachnid layer that covers the convolution of the brain.

The CSF is between the Pia and Arachnid matter layers

The opthalmic nerve innervates the tentrium dural sac.

The VAGUS NERVE sends a recurrent menigeal branch from the Jugular ganglia to the posterior dural sac.

Front 116

where does the emissary vein run through?

Back 116

It runs through the nasal cavity (Cribiform plate) when it helps drain fluid from the superior sagital sinus.

Front 117

What are the three Dural folds in the skull?

Back 117

Falx Cerbri - separating the cerebrum into left asnd right hemispheres

Falx Cerebelli - Separating the cerebellum into left and right hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli - separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

Front 118

Where does the temporalis muscle insert?

Back 118

Cornoid process (Anterior tubercle on mandible) So performs some closing of the jaw.

Front 119

What two arteries form the circle of willis?

Back 119

Vertebral artery and the Internal carotid artery

Front 120

what does the common carotid artery branch in too? What is the vertebral level this happens at?

Back 120

internal and external carotid arteries

at level of c4

Front 121

what are the main branches of the internal carotid artery?

Back 121

The internal carotid artery splits into the Middle Cerebral Artery, which runs through the lateral sulcus/fissure and terminates, and the Anterior Cerebral Artery which runs through the interhemspheric fissure.

The aanterior cerebral arteries merge together via the Anterior communicating branch and they also merge with the posterior cerebral arteries via the posterior communicating branches

The artery also supplies a branch for the eyes called the Opthalmic artery that runs with the optic nerve.

As well as the Hypophseal branch to the pituitary gland

Ophthalmic artery

Superior hypophyseal

Posterior communicating artery

Anterior choroidal artery

Anterior cerebral artery (a terminal branch)

Middle cerebral artery (a terminal branch)

Front 122

what are the main branches of the external carotid artery?

Back 122

The internal carotid has no branches in the neck, but the external carotid artery has 8 branches

3 anterior branches

2 posterior branches

1 middles branch

2 terminal branches

"Some Ancient Lovers Find Old Positions More Stimulating"

Superior thyroid

Ascending pharyngeal

Lingual

Facial - at the edge of the mandible (palpable)

Occipital

Maxillary

Superficial Temporal

Front 123

what are the main branches of the vertebral artery?

Back 123

Vertebral artery join at the Pons and form the basilar artery that travels up the mid line of the Pons and than splits into the POSTERIOR Cerebral Arteries that merge with the anterior Cerebral arteries in the brain.

Front 124

What enters /exits the Mastoid foramen?

Back 124

Posterior meningeal artery

Small branch for optic artery

Mastoid emissary vein.

Front 125

What nerve is the Frontal nerve a continuation of? What does the Frontal nerve split into?

Back 125

It is a continuation of the Opthalmic nerve that runs throug hthe Superior orbital fissure, outside the COmmon tendinous ring, and runs over the Levator palpebrae Superiorus. It splits into the Supraorbital n. and the Supratrochlear n.

Front 126

The Levator Palpabrae Superioris is a striated muscle that also has a smooth muscle section called the Superior tarsal muscle. What are the innervation for the smooth and striated muscle?

Back 126

The Striated muscle is innervated by the Occulomotior nerve.

While the Superior tarsal muscle is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 127

What is the conjunctiva? It has two layers, what are they? What are they innervated by?

Back 127

The conjuctiva is a muscus membrane that surrounds the eye. It has two layers, a Palpebral layer and a bulbar layer. The two layers are continuous with one another, with the Palpebral layer coming off the Palpebral Epidermis and the Bulbar layer surrounding the eye.

The Conjuctiva is innervated by many nerves that is arranged in 4 sections:

Superior:

-Supraorbital n

- Supratrochlear n

-Infratrochlear n

Inferior:

Infraorbital n

Lateral:

-lacrimal n.

Cornea:

- Long Cillary Nerve (Off the Nasocillary)

Front 128

What are the components of the Eyeballs

1. Nucleous

2. Capsule.

What is the innervation of the Iris (smooth muscle)?

Back 128

1. The nucleus is composed of the Lens and the Vitreous body,

2. The Capsule is composed of a Fibrous layer: Sclera, Cornea.

A vascular Layer: Choroid, and smooth m Cillary bodies + Iris (Long Cillary N. Inn)

And a internal layer: Retina.

Front 129

What causes Midriasis (Pupil Diolation) (What nerve)

What causes Mitosis (Pupil constriction.

Back 129

Midriasis is caused by postganglionic sympathetic nerves that stimulate the dilator pupil muscle (Long cillary nerve)

Front 130

Explain the accommodation reflex.

What muscle is being stretched/relaxed? What feedback is causing the change in DISTANT or NEAR vision?

Back 130

The accomidation reflex is a change in the lens shape, lens convergence, and pupil size to accommodate for near or distant focus.

When focuses is on a distant object the Zonular ligament is under tension (It is relaxed) and causes the lens to be stretched.

When focuses is on a near image, the Parasympathetic nervous system acts on the Zonular ligament, causing it to contract, and causes the lens to widen.

Front 131

Label the following eye moments for the muscles being recruited.

Back 131

Top left - IO

Top Right - SR

Middle Left - LR

Middle Right - MR

Bottom left - SO

Bottom right - IR

Front 132

Label the following ligaments for the mandible.

What are the roles of each of the ligaments?

Back 132

Lateral ligament - prevents posterior dislocation.

Sphenomandibular + Stylomandibular ligament - prevent excessive opening of the jaw.

Front 133

Where do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles attach? What is their role?

Back 133

The medial pterygoid attaches to the Lateral Pterygoid plate. and the Palate

The Lateral pterygoid plate is superior to the middle pterygoid and is attached to the Articular Disk of the jaw and the Synovial sheath and the Condyloid process

Front 134

What vessels run under the Sphenomandibular ligament?

Back 134

Auriculotemportal N.

Maxillary artery

Middle meningeal artery

Inferior alveolar artery and mylohyoid nerve.

Front 135

What preganglionic nerves innervate the Pterygopalatine ganglia?

What nuceli from the pons/midbrain are carried.

What Postganglianioc nerves come off the Pterygopalatine Ganglia?

Back 135

The greater petrosal, from CN7/Facial Nerve, carries Parasympathetic Pregangliatic nerves from the Inferior Salvitory Nuceli to the Pterygopalatine ganglia. These parasympathetic neurons supply the Lacrimal Gland

The Ganglia is also innervated by sympathetic nerve (efferent) fibers from the Deep Petrosal nerve from the Superior Cervical ganglia.
As well, sensory nerve roots from the maxillary nerve

Postganglionic Parasympathetic+Sensory+Sympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglia follow the Maxillary nerve path branches. These include; Greater Palatine, Lesser Palatine, Nasopalatine, Sphenopalatine, N. to pharyngeal, Zygomatic (Zygomatictemporal/facial), Communicating branch from Pterygopalatine ganglia to Lingual nerve to Lingual gland

Front 136

What are the terminal branches off the maxillary artery?

Back 136

Maxillary artery is abranch off the EC aa.

The maxillary artery has 3 regions of ateries it splits into.

Mandibular - Deep Auricular, Anterior tympanic, Inferior alveolar, Middle meningeal, Accessory Minengeal.

Pterygoid - Pt (med+lat), Deep temporal, Massenteric, Buccal,

Pterygopalatine - Sphenopalatine, superior alveolar, Infraorbital, Pterygocanal.

Front 137

What nerve does the Pharyngeal N branch from? What are the innervations of the pharyngeal nerve?

Back 137

Pharyngeal nerve is branched from the Maxillary nerve (CNV2) and innervates the Tympanic cavity, Pharynx mucosa (Auditory tube)

Front 138

What is the terminal branch of the Nasopalatine nerve?

Back 138

Incisive nerve, passign throug hthe Incisive foramen.

Front 139

What are the branches of the Maxillary Nerve and the Pterygopalatine ganglia?

Back 139

Blue is sensory from Maxilalry nerve

Red is Deep petrosal

Green is Greater petrosal.

Front 140

What are the 5 contents of the Pterygopalatine Fossa? (Nerves, Artery/vein, Ganglia)

Back 140

1.) Maxillary Nerve and its branches

2.) Pterygopalatine Ganglion

3.) Nerve to pterygoid canal

4.) Maxillary artery (3rd branch, Ptergopalatine)

5.) Maxillary Vein.

Front 141

What are the Parasympathetic nerve roots for the Pterygopalatine ganglia?

Back 141

Sensory Root - Pterygopalatine nerve (Maxillary)

Parasympathetic Root - Greater petrosal nerve ( Facial nerve)

Front 142

Name all the nerves that innervates the Lacrimal Gland?

Back 142

Everything that synpases with the Ptyergopalatine ganglia.

Parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from the Greater petrosal nerve from that Facial nerve.

Sympathetic fibers from the Deep petrosal nerve.

Maxillary nerve branch.

Front 143

What are the Preg. parasymp nerve for the

Otic ganglia?

Pterygopalatine G?

Submandibular G?

Ciliary G?

Back 143

Greater Petrosal < Pterygopalatine G

Lesser Petrosal < Otic G.

Chorda Tympani < Submandibular G.

Inf. Ramus < Cililary G.

Front 144

Describe all the neurological components that synapse with the Cillary Ganglia? (Pre+Post)

Back 144

The Cillary Ganglia contains 3 components:

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons from the Cervical sympathetic plexus.

Somatosensory preganlionic neurons from the Nasocillary N.

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons from the Edinger-Westphal neuron from the brain stem, that is carried via the Occulomotor nerve with branches into the Inf. Ramus nerve synapse with the Ganglia.

Short Ciliary neurons branch from the Ciliary ganglia which carry the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers to the Sclera, Iris and Cornuea of the eye.

Front 145

Describe all the neurological components that synapse with the Otic Ganglia? (Pre+Post)

Back 145

The Otic ganglia contains the following:

Sympathetic nerve fibers from the Middle Meningeal artery plexus from the Superior Cervical Ganglia. These post ganglionic fibers innervate the Parotid gland.

Parasympathetic nerve fibers from the Inferior Salivary Nuclei in the Pons that are carried via the Glossopharyngeal nerve, through the tympanic cavity and carried further by the Lesser Petrosal nerve. These supply the Partoid gland and control secretomotor functions of it.

Somatosensory nerves from the Mandibular nerve (Auriculotemporal division) that supply the Parotid gland

Front 146

Describe all the neurological components that synapse with the Submandibular/maxillary Ganglia? (Pre+Post)

Back 146

The Ganglia is synapsed with

- Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers from the Superior Salivtory Nuceus within the Pons. These are carried via the Facial nerve (CN7) and the Chorda Tympani.

- Somatosensory nerve fibers from the Lingual Nerve. (Mandibular nerve)

- Sympathetic nerves from the External carotid Cervical plexus.

This Ganglia sends parasympathetic nerve fibers to the Submandibular gland and the Sublingual gland.

Front 147

Describe all the neurological components that synapse with the Pterygopalatine Ganglia? (Pre+Post)

Back 147

Pterygopalatine Ganglia is synapses with

- Sympathetic nerves from the Deep Petrosal nerve from the Inferior Salivary ganglia

- Parasympathetic nerves from the Facial nerve which is than carried further by the Greater Petrosal nerve to the ganglia. There is a connecting branch to the Lacrimal nerve that helps innervate the Lacrimal gland.

The Greater Petrosal nerve also innervates the Nasal Glands.

- Somatosensory nerves from the Maxillary nerve (Pterygopalatine nerve).

Front 148

What supplies somatosenosry innervation of the Dura matter?

Back 148

The sensory innervation of the meninges is primarily by meningeal branches of both the trigeminal and vagus nerves with a smaller contribution from the upper cervical spinal nerves 1,2. The supratentorialdura mater is mainly supplied by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve 3.

Front 149

Maxillary sinusitis and ethmoidal sinus inlammation will cause what symptoms?

Back 149

Headaches Becuase they share the maxillary somatosensory innervation to the Dura Matter.

Front 150

What is a potential cause of a nose bleed?

Back 150

High blood pressure.

Front 151

What is the source for the Ethmoidal arteries?

Grerater palatine and Sphenopalatine?

Back 151

Opthalimic artey

Maxillary artery branch from Extenal Carotid.

Front 152

What arteries anatomose at the Kisselback Septal Area?

Back 152

Anterior and posterior Ethmoidal aa.

Sphenopalatine.

Insivsive (Sphenopalatine continuation)

Greatger Palatine

Septal branch of the Superior labial branch of the facial aa.

Front 153

What are some influences of a deviated septum?

Back 153

Decreased air circulation on one side. And all sinuses (Ethmoidal, maxillary, etc on same side) are affected and increases chances of infection

Front 154

WHAT is Rhinitis?

Back 154

Inflammation of the nasal muscoa. Causing a loss of Smell. (Bloackage of the Olfactory mucosa cells)

Front 155

Since the Superior Alveolar nerves supply both the maxillary teeth and the mucosa of maxillary sinus, what will occur with a sinusitus issue?

Back 155

A tooth ache probably.

Front 156

What is the membrane at the bottom of the tongue? What is it a landmark for?

Back 156

Frenulum

Submandiublar ducts

Front 157

Soft palate muscles?

Supplied by which nerve?

Back 157

Palatoglossal muscle (continuous with tonuge muscle, attach to palatine apernorosus)

Palatopharyngeus muscle

Musculus Uvulae

Levator Veli Palatini

Tensor Veli Palatini

Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve.

Front 158

If the Uvulae is deviated to the left side, where is the lesion?

Back 158

The right Vagus nerve lesion.

Front 159

What innervqates the tongue?

What are the Extrisic muscles?

Back 159

Hypoglossal nerve CN 12.

Styloglossus

-

Hyoglossus - Will flatten tongue

Genoglossus - Vertical fibers of tongue, cause tongue to be pushed forward.

Genohyoid muscle will retract tongue (NOT AN EXTRINSIC MUSCLE OF TONGUE THO)

Palatoglossus is not innverated by the Hypoglossus, it is suppllied by the vagus, as it is considered a muscle of the Pharynx.

Front 160

Posterior 1/3rd of tongue is inervated by? (Special sensory and somatosensory)

Anterior 2/3rd of tongue?

Back 160

CN 9 Glossopharyngeal

Special sensory for taste from Tympani Nerve CN7

Somatosensory from Lingual nereve CN5(3)

Front 161

What muscle does the APR root of C1 innervate? What clinical problems can this cause?

Back 161

Genohyoid

Stabilizes the Hyoid bone.

May cause difficulty swolling if not functioning.

Front 162

If the tongue is protruded, and deviated to 1 side, what CN has lesion?

Back 162

Ipsilateral paralysis to the Hypoglossal N,

Genuglossus muscle pushes the tongue to the weak side.

Front 163

After the greater petrosal nerve/vidian nerve (CN7/Facial nerve) synapses with the Pterygopaslatine ganglia, what postganglianic parasympathetic branches does it send?

Back 163

Pharyngeal nn

Lacrimal gland branches

Pos. Lat. Sup+Inf Nasal nn.

Palatine branches. (greater/lesser)

Alveolar branches (anterior/posterior/middle)

Front 164

if the maxillary nerve was cut off after it entered the IOF, what would occur?

Back 164

After the IOF the maxillary nerve branches the; Anterior/middle alveolar nerves, Infraorbital, zygomaticfacial and zygomtictemporal.

There would be decreased sensation to the middle and anterior teeth but not the posterior.

Front 165

What are the connecting/emerging branches from the Nasopalatine nerve off the Pterygopalatine Ganglia.

Back 165

The Pterygopalatine ganglia gives off the Nasopalatine branch. This nerve branches into the

- Posterior superior lateral + Posterior Inferior Lateral nasal branches.

- Sphenopalatine banch that tavels alog the anterior nasal septum, diverges through the Incisive foramen and anastomoses with the greater palatine branch.

Front 166

this nerve branches into the Zygomaticotemporal/facial nerves?

Back 166

Zygomatic branch off maxillary nerve.

Front 167

What are the somatosensory actions of the Zygomatictemporal/facial nerves? (Where do they emerge)

Back 167

The Zygomaticofacial nerve emerges from the Orbicularis occuli muscle and supplies the skin over the cheek bone

The Zygomaticotemporal nerve emerges 2cm above the zygomatic arch and supples the Anterior 1/3rd of the Temporal fossa.

Front 168

The Zygomatic nerve, in the pterygopalatine fossa,receives the Communicating postganglionicparasympathetic branch from the parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglion! What does it innervate?

Back 168

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers from the Greater Petrosal nerve from the Pterygopalatine ganglia send communicating branch to the Zygomatic nerve that than branches off and sends post ganglionic parasympathetic nerurons to the Lacrimal gland

Front 169

what is the infraorbital nerve a direct continuation of? What branches does it give off?

Back 169

A direct continuation of the Maxillary nerve. If gives branches; superior middle and anterior alveolar branches (supplying mucosa of the maxillary sinus and superior middleand anterior maxillary teeth)

Front 170

What nerve rusn through the Greater Palatine foramen? What does it anastomose with?

Back 170

The greater palatine nerve enters the Greater palatine foreman, runs anterior along the hard palate and anastomoses with the Incisive nerve.

Front 171

Facial nerve --> Greater petrosal nerve --> Chorda tympani.

Back 171

xc

Front 172

Where do the deep and Greater petrosal nerve join?

Back 172

Foramen lacerum.

Front 173

What are the branches of the maxillary, mandibular region aa.? (MMA MMA)

What are the branches of the maxillary, PTERYGOID region aa.? (MMA MMA)

What are the branches of the maxillary, Peterygopalatine region aa.? (MMA MMA)

Back 173

-InferiorAlveolar

Deep Auricular

Middle Meningeal

Accessory meningeal

Mental

Mylohyoid“MMA MMA”

Deep temporal

Buccal

Pterygoid

Masseter

Pterygoid canal

Shenopalatine

Sup. Pos. Alveolar

Greater and leser palatine

Infraorbital

Front 174

Which Nasal Meatus/Concha is 1cm anterior to the Eustian tube?

Back 174

The inferior Conchae /Inferior meataus

Front 175

What sinuses are connected with the Superior Nasal Conchae/Meataus?

What sinuses are connected with the MIDDLE Nasal Conchae/Meataus?

What duct is connected with the Inferior Nasal Conchae/Meataus?

Back 175

The Superior Nasal Conchae lets air into the SPHENOID SINUS into Sphenoethmoidal recess. It also leads into POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinuses.

The Middle Nasal Meataus is longer and deeper.

The frontal sinus is lead from the Infundibulum - smilunar hiatus - maxillary sinus

The Inferior meataus contains the Lacrimal duct anterior to it

Front 176

Para-nasal Sinuses = Sphenoid, Frontal, Ethmoidal, Maxillary. What are the Parasympathetic innervation of these sinuses?

Back 176

All sinuses parasympathetic secromotor Innervated by the Pterygopalatine ganglia

Frontal Sinus - Supraorbital n

Ethmoidal sinuses - Ant/post Ethmoidal n

Sphenoid Sinus - pos Ethmoidal nn

Maxillary sinus - Ant/mid alveolar branches

Front 177

What nerve supplies the postero-inferior poriton of the nasal mucosa?

What nerve supplies the anterr-superior porition?

Back 177

Postero-inferior = Maxillary nerve (Nasopalatine branch)

Antero-superior = Ant/Post ethmoidal nerve (Nasocillary branch/Opthalmic nn)

Front 178

Describe the path and innervations of the Palatine nerves

Back 178

Palatine nerves:nasopalatine, greater palatine, lesser palatine. The palatine nerves arise from the maxillary division in thepterygopalatine fossa ; they run via the pterygopalatine canal ; within the canal the Nasopalatine nerves branch off such as the : Posterior superior lateral and Posterior inferior lateral nasal branches to mucosa of posterior-inferior aspect of lateral nasal wall

Spenopalatine branch traverses the sphenopalatie foramen and runsanteriorly along the nasal septum (innervates postero -inferiorly nasalseptum), then it passes towards the incisive foramen as the Incisive nerve into the hard palate anastomising with the Greaterpalatine nerve. o Greaterpalatine nerve exits the pterygopalatine canal via the greater palatineforamen, then runs anteriorly along the hard palate innervating it andanastomosing with the incisive nerve

o Lesserpalatine nerve exits the pterygopalatine canal via the lesser palatine foramenand innervates the soft palate

Front 179

What does the Pharyngeal branch from the Maxillary nerve supply?

Back 179

The maxillary nerve appears to transmit the principal sensorysupply from the tympanic=auditory= Eustachian tube and middle ear cavity,presumably through the pharyngeal branch.

Front 180

What does the Incisive nerve anastomose with?

Back 180

Greater petrosal nerve in the hard palate.

Front 181

The area in red is known as the Kiesselback anastomoses area where all the 5 Arterial branch come together. What are the 5 branches?

Back 181

1. Anterior ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic artery)

2. Posteriro ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic artery)

3. Sphenopalatine artery (maxillary artery, 3rd part)

4. Greater palatine artery – incisiveartery (maxillary artery, 3rd part)

5. Septal branches of the superiorlabial artery (facial artery)

Front 182

Label this Oral Cavity

(Palatopharyngeal/glossal Arches)

Back 182

Front 183

Other than the tongue, where may there be other Taste buds?

Back 183

On the Mucosal lining of the

- Epiglottis

- Posterior Oropharynx wall

- Soft palate

Front 184

What are the innervation for the upper and lower lips?

Cheeks?

Back 184

Upper Lip: Infraorbital nerve (Maxillary nerve)

Lower lip: Mental nerve (Mandibular nerve)

Buccal branches from the Facial nerve (Pharyngeal Arch 2. The Somatic Sensory component of Buccal is from the Mandibular nerve)

Front 185

What is the Somatic sensory and SOmatic motor innervations of the buccal nerve?

What is the blood supply to the cheeks?

Back 185

Somatic sensory = Mandibular nerve

Somatic Motor = Facial nerve

Maxillary Artery, Buccal branch.

Front 186

What are the boarders of the Isthmus of the Fauces?

What is the Isthmus of the Fauces?

Back 186

The palatopharyngeal and Palatoglossal arches (lateral)

(Superior) Soft palate

Inferior) Tongue

The Isthmus of the Fauces is the short contricted space that connects the oral cavity with the oropharynx.

Front 187

What are the muscles that make up the Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches and where do they attach?

Back 187

Palatoglossal Arch = Palatoglossal muscle. Attches to the side of the tongue.

Palatopharyngeal Arch = Palatopharyngeal muscle. Attaches to the lateral side of the Oropharynx.

Front 188

The soft palate is movable fibromuscularposterior third of the palate and is suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. It attachesby its aponeurotic part (palatineaponeurosis) to the posterior edge of the hard palate. Its sides blend withthe pharyngeal wall, and its inferior border is ..... what?

Back 188

uvula

Front 189

When a person swallows,the soft palate initially is tensed to allow the tongue to press against it,squeezing the bolus of food to the back of the mouth. The soft palate is thenelevated posteriorly and superiorly against the wall of the pharynx, therebypreventing passage of food into the nasal cavity.

Back 189

Fact

Front 190

Sphenopalatine nn (branches ofNasopalatine nn CNV2) afte they innervate the nasal septum, traverse theIncisive canal as ....which nerve

Back 190

incisive nerve to supply the hard palate

Front 191

See where

Levator Veli Palatine &

Tensor Veli Palatine attach.

What are all the Palatine muscles?

What is the nerve that innervates the soft palate muscles?

Back 191

Levator palatine Veli attaches to the petrous part of temporal bone -> palatine apernousis (soft palate)

Innervated b the Vagus nerve (CN X)

Tensor Veli palatine attaches to the Medial pterygoid plate + Sphenoid spine + Cartilage of Euschian Tube.

Innervated by Nerve to Medial Pterygoid (CNV3)

Other muscles of the palatine are: Palatoglossal/pharyngeal and Uvulae.

The innervations for the soft palate msucles is the Vagus Nerve pharyngeal branches

Front 192

What muscles/landmarks is the root of the tongue attached too?

Back 192

Hyoid bone, mandible, mylohyoid and Genuhyoid.

Front 193

WHAT nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Anterior 2/3rds?

Back 193

Posterior 1/3rd is supplied by the Glossopharyngeal

Anterior 2/3rds by Chorda Tympani.

Front 194

General Visceral motor nerves to Salivary glands within the Oral Region:

Back 194

1. Chorda tympani CNVII preganglionic parasympathetic via lingualnerve innervates postganglionic parasympathetic Submandibular Ganglion and thenpostganglionic parasympathetic of Submandibular ganglion joining the Lingualnerve innervate Submandibular, Sublingual and Intralingual salivary glands andmucosal glands of the oral cavity. 2. Greater petrosal nerve CNVII pregagnlionicparasympathetic via the nerve of pterygoid canal innervates the postganglionicparasympathetic Pterygopalatine ganglion and then postganglionic parasympatheticaxons of this ganglion join the Greater and Lesser palatine nerves (CN VMaxillary nerve) to innervate the mucosal glands of the hard and soft palates. SSSSSSSSS5~WF

Front 195

What are the Extrinsic tongue muscles?

Which muscle does the Hypoglossus nerve decend superfically to?

Back 195

Genioglossus

Hypoglossus **

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus (Vagus, Pharyngeal branches innervation)

Front 196

What are the Intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

What is the innervation of all these muscles?

What things pass deep to the Hypoglossus muscle? (3 things)

Back 196

Superior Longitudinal

Inferior Longitudinal

Transverse

Vertical muscle.

Hypoglossal

3 things that pass deep Hypoglossus muscle are the

1. Glossopharyngeal n

2. Stylohyoid ligament

3. Lingual A.

Front 197

What is the path of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 197

Hypoglossalnerve CN XII leaves the cranium via the hypoglossal canal and passes deep tothe mandible to enter the tongue, where it supplies: all intrinsic andextrinsic lingual mm except the palatoglossus. CN XII is joined (distal tohypoglossal canal) by a branch conveying fibers from the C1 APR of cervicalplexus. These fibers hitch a ride with CN XII, leaving it as: a) superior rootof the ansa cervicalis/descending hypoglossi; b) nerve to thyrohyoid m; c)nerve to Geniohyoid muscle.

The Hypoglossal nerve arises aspurely somatomotor nerve by several rootlets from the medulla and leaves thecranium through the hypoglossal canal. It emerges from its canal in a planemedial to the internal jugular vein , internal carotid artery, ninth, tenth andeleventh cranial nerves to the interval btw the internal jugular vein andinternal carotid artery. It has connection with the inferior vagal ganglion. Itbecomes superficial below the posterior belly of the digastric emerging btwinternal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. Then, it loops round theoccipital artery, crosses lateral to both internal and external arteries andthe loop of the lingual artery a little above the tip of the greater cornu ofthe hyoid bone. It inclines up and forwards on the hyoglossus by passing deep to the digastrics’ tendon,stylohyoid and the posterior border of the mylohyoid. At this point the nerve is inferior to thedeep part of the submandibular gland, submandibular duct and the lingual nerve.It then passes on the lateral aspect of the genioglossus, continuing forwards in its substance as far as thetip of the tongue and distributing fibers in this muscle. CN XII ends in manylingual branches that supply all intrinsic and the extrinsic muscles of thetongue (styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, except the palatoglossus). v After exiting the cranial cavity, CN XII isjoined by the branches of the cervical plexus conveying general somatic motorfibers from C1 (small C2) spinal nerves and somatic general sensory fibers fromthe dorsal spinal ganglion C2. These spinal nerve fibers “hitch a ride” with CNXII to reach the hyoid muscles , with some of the sensory fibers passing retrograde along it to reach the dura materof the posterior cranial fossa. v A meningeal branch returns to the cranium through the hypoglossal canal and innervatesthe dura mater on the floor and posterior wall of the posterior cranial fossa.The nerve fibers conveyed are from the sensory spinal ganglion of spinal nerveC2 and are NOT hypoglossal nerve. v Branches continue:o Descending hypoglossi or superior root of the ansacervicalis (C1) leaves the hypoglossal nerve were it curves round the occipitalartery and then descends anterior to or in the carotid sheath. It contains only fibers from the first cervicalspinal nerve. After giving a branch to the superior belly of omohyoid, it isjoined by the inferior root of the ansa from the second and third cervicalspinal nerves. The two roots form the ansa cervicalis from which branchessupply the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and inferior belly of the omohyoid. o The nerves to the thyrohyoid andgeniohyoid arisenear the posterior border of the hyoglossus and cross obliquely the greatercornu of the hyoid to supply the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid; they contain thefibers of the APR of C1 spinal nerve.5V.&F@~Z@

Front 198

What does the Ans Cervicalis supply?

Back 198

Superior belly of Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and inferior belly of omohyoid.

Also Geniohyoid and Thyrohyoid.

Front 199

Which branches of the Lingual artery do not communicate with each other in the tongue?

Back 199

o Lingual artery brings the chief supply to the tongue and oral floorof the mouth, arises anteromedially from the external carotid artery oppositethe tip of the hyoid’ greater cornu. It passes medial/deep to the posteriorborder of hyoglossus muscle and then deep to it, and courses sinuouslyforwards on the tongue’s inferiorsurface as far as its tip. Branches:sublingual a, suprahyoid, and terminal: dorsal lingual and deep lingual aa. o Dorsal lingual aa supply the Root ofthe tongue; and Deep lingual aa supply the body of the tongue.

o The deep lingual aa communicate witheach other near the apex of the tongue.

o The dorsal lingual aa are prevented fromcommunicating by the lingual septum.

Front 200

When the Hypoglossal Nerve is lessioned, what side will the Apex of the tongue deviate too?

Back 200

The paralytic side, because of the actions of the Genioglossus muscle.

Front 201

Nerve supply to parts of Tongue:

Sensory Nerves:

1. Lingual nerve : somatosensory toanterior 2/3 of tongue

2. Chorda tympani via Lingual nerve:special visceral sensory for taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

3. Glossopharyngeal n CN IX (lingualbranches) : somatosensory and special visceral for taste to posterior 1/3 oftongue, including papillae vallatae

4. Vagus CN X (Internal laryngeal nerve): somatosensory and special visceral for taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue closeto epiglottis (epiglottis and oropharynx) ;

Motor nerves:

1. Hypoglossal nerve CN XII, somatomotorcomponent : to all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglosssus muslce;2. Vagus CN X (pharyngeal branch viapharyngeal plexus), branchiamotor component, from branhial/pharyngealmesodermal arch ## 4-6: to Palatoglossus muscle.;

Back 201

FACT

Front 202

What are the three Pharyngeal constrictor muscles? What are they innervated by? What are their attachments?

Back 202

Superior Pharyngeal constrictor -> Attaches to the Pterygomanidular raphe (Line after Buccinator) and attaches to the Pharyngeal raphe

Middle Pheryngeal constrictor -> Attaches to the Pharyngeal raphe and the Hyoid Bone.

Inferior Pharyngea lraphe -> Attaches to the Pharyngeal raphe and the Cricoid and Thyroid cartilage.

All three are innverated by the Pharyngeal branches of the Vagus nerve.

Front 203

What are the three Pharyngeal Diolatorss?

What are their origins, insertions and innervations?

Back 203

Palatopharyngeus - Hard palate & Palatine aponeurosis to the side of pharynx.

CN X brachial motor component

Salpingopharyngeus - Attaches to cartilaginous part of Eustichian tube to the side of pharynx.

CN X brachial motor component

Stylopharyngeus - attaches the styoloid process to in between inferior and superior pharyngeal constrictors. Innervated by the CN IX, brachialmotor component.

Front 204

Nasopharynx is home to which tube?

Back 204

Eustachian's tube.

Muscle that attaches to the carillagenous portion of this tube is the Salpingopharyngeus. The muscle opens the tube while sqallowing to help equilize pressure in the ear.

Front 205

What is Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring: compossed of? How many tonsils of the following; Nasopharynx tonsil, Tubular tonsils, Lingual tonsils, Palatine tonsils?

Back 205

Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring:1.Lingual tonsil (one)2.Palatine tonsils (two)3.Tubal tonsils (two)4.Pharyngeal tonsil=adenoids (at junction of roof &posterior wall of nasopharynx) (one).

Front 206

What is the blood supply to the tonsils?

Back 206

Tonsil’sblood supply:

1.Ascending pharyngeal a (Ext. carotid a)

2.Ascending palatine a (Facial a)

3.Tonsillar aa ( Facial a)

Front 207

How will you identify the Internal Laryngeal nerve (Branch off the Superior Laryngeal Nerve)

How will you identify the External Laryngeal nerve (Branch off the Superior Laryngeal Nerve)

How will you identify the recurrent Laryngeal nerve (Branch off the Superior Laryngeal Nerve)

Back 207

It pierces b/w the superior and Middle Laryngeal Constrictor muscles, providing somato-sensory branches laryngeal mucosa down to the vocal folds

The external laryngeal nerve also branches off the Superior Pharyngeal nerve and perforates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. It supplies the Cricothyroid Muscle

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off the Vagus nerve that supplies the intrinsic muscles, including the vocal cords of the Larnyx except the Cricothyroid muscle

Front 208

Where is the palatine fossa situated b/w?

Back 208

The palatine fossa is situated between the Paloglossal arch, and the palatopharyngeal arch.

Front 209

At what level does the Pharynx bec0me the Epiglotis?

Back 209

C6

Front 210

what brain nuceli contains the cell bodies of nerves that deliver Brachial Motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate,pharynx, and larynx which are strongly associated with speech and swallowing.

Back 210

the nucleus ambiguous which arries from the medulla and roots from the accessory nerve

Front 211

What 3 muscles are supplied by the Medial Pterygoid nerve, from the Mandibular branch?

Back 211

Tensot Veli Palatini, Tensor Tymapni, Medial pterygoid.

Front 212

What are the Nucela associated with the Vagus nerve? (4 Nuceli in Medulla, 3 ganglia)

Back 212

Afferent General Somatic Sensory from the Auricle (Meningeal and Auricular branches) -> Superior Vagal ganglia -> Spinal trigemental Nuceli

Afferent Sepecial visceral sensory + General Visceral sensory from the Trachea mucosa, Soft palate, Oropharynx, Root of tongue, Larynx, esophagus and thoracic viscera -> Inferior Vagal ganglia -> Solitarius nuceli

Special visceral motor from Nuceli Ambiguous --> Muscle of soft palate (except Tensor Veli palatine), muscle of pharynx, muscles of larynx.

General visceral motor preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Dorsalis nucelus --> glands and smooth muscle of the trachea/larynx/pharynx.

Front 213

What artery does the vertebral artery branch from?

What artery does the Inferiorthyroid artery branch from?

Back 213

THe veretebral artery branches off the subclavian artery.

The Inferior thyroid artery is a branch off the Thyrocervical trunk that branches from the Subclavian aa off of the Brachiocephalic artery.

Front 214

At what level does the Common carotid artery split?

What branches come off the External carotid artery? The internal carotid artery?

Back 214

The coomon cartoid splits at the level of C4, where chemo (CAROTID body) and baroreceptors (Carotid sinus)

The BODY is innervated by the Vagus nerve.

The SINUS is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve, which relays information fro the NTS (Nucelous tractus soltarius) to modulated blood flow and reads 02 content in blood.

Off the external carotid Artery branches the Superior thyroid artry to supply the anterior aspect of the Thyroid cartilage and the Superior Laryngeal branch.

Superior to these branches, branch above the hyoid bone is the Superior Hyoid Branch, the Deep Lingual artery and the Sublingual Arteries.

The next main branch off the External Carotid Artery is the Facial Artery, Posterior Auricular, Occipital branch, and Maxillary Branch

Off the Internal Carotid artery is the Opthalmic artery to supply the eyes.

Front 215

What major artery is the Facial artery branched from?

Back 215

External Carotid Artery