Hcom 352 Phonology Theories

Front 1

Jakobson in the 1930’s created what phonology theory out of the original phoneme concept?

Back 1

Distinctive Features

Front 2

Distinctive features was created by whom and uses what (+,-) system?

Back 2

Created by jakobson in 1930 uses the binary (+, -) system

Front 3

The binary system determines what?

Back 3

Specific properties of a sound that serve to signal meaning differences= Binary system

Front 4

Which term describes the smallest individual sound properties that make up phonemes and these components serve to distinguish one sound from another?

Back 4

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

Front 5

TRUE OR FALSE
SOUND COMPONENTS(FEATURES) Are considered distinctive if they serve to distinguish one sound form another.

Back 5

TRUE

Front 6

With distinctive features the clinical implications involve?

Back 6

Contrasts the features of TARGET sound to SUBSTITUTION. In regard to Therapy it can help the child differentiate between the presence and absence of these features.
(there is a belief that generalization will occur between sounds that have the same features)

Front 7

True or False
Distinctive features clinical implications involve contrasting the features of a TARGET sound to the SUBSTITUTION.

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

Higher frequency of sound production occurrences and a relative simplicity of the sound production of earlier developing sounds describes the concept of NATURALNESS OR MARKEDNESS?

Back 8

NATURALNESS: designates 2 sound aspects of earlier developing sounds/ high frequency across languages

Front 9

Sounds that are more difficult to produce such as later developing sounds are an example of NATURALNESS or MARKEDNESS?

Back 9

MARKEDNESS: later developing sounds, more difficult to produce, less frequent in languages.

Front 10

TRUE OR FALSE
GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY uses distinctive features.

Back 10

TRUE

Front 11

TRUE OR FALSE
GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY uses distinctive features.

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

What are the two levels of sound representation used in Generative phonology?

Back 12

Phonological representation, & Phonetic Representation

Front 13

What term describes the abstract underlying form(mental form) that underlies how people Use language?

Back 13

Phonological representation

Front 14

What term describes the modified surface form(what is actually produced)?

Back 14

Phonetic representation

Front 15

IS Phonological representation the mental form or the surface form?

Back 15

Underlying/MENTAL form

Front 16

Is Phonetic representation the mental form or the surface form?

Back 16

Modified surface form: how actually produced

Front 17

Generative phonology uses phonological rules to demonstrate the relationship between the ______________ and the ____________forms.

Back 17

Phonological and phonetic forms

Front 18

What term describes the differences in sound patterns that occur between underlying/mental form phonological representation and the surface level (phonetic) representation.

Back 18

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

Front 19

TRUE OR FALSE
Phonological Rules are used to explain changes in production based on and not related to morphology/syntax.

Back 19

TRUE

Front 20

What rule describes the disordered sound productions in comparison to the target form.

Back 20

Phonological rules.

Front 21

TRUE OR FALSE
GENERATIVE phonology uses MARKEDNESS especially when referring to Cognate pairs and sound classes.

Back 21

TRUE

Front 22

In regards to classes/features name the order in terms of which is more natural(unmarked)

Back 22

VL obstruents(fric,aff,stops) > V obstruents
OBSTRUENTS> more natural than SONORANTS(nasals,liq,glides)
Stops>fricative
Fricative>Aff
LOW-Front> other vowels
Close-Tense> OPEN-LAX
Anterior consonants> nonanterior consonants

Front 23

Concept of naturalness vs. markedness became clinically relevant when it was found that children with phonologically disordered speech usually replace _________ phonemes with more __________ phonemes.

Back 23

Marked replace w more, Natural phonemes

Front 24

Sonorants are produced with an open or closed tract?

Back 24

Sonorants produced with a more OPEN tract.

Front 25

Obstruents are produced with a complete/narrow constriction or Open tract?

Back 25

Obstruents= narrow constriction of tract

Front 26

Donegan & Stampe in 1979 came up with which theory of phonology?

Back 26

Natural phonology

Front 27

Which theory of phonology was created specifically to explain the development of children’s phonological systems?

Back 27

Natural phonology

Front 28

What is governed by an innate, universal set of phonological processes?

Back 28

PATTERNS OF SPEECH

Front 29

PATTERNS OF SPEECH govern what?

Back 29

An innate , universal set of phonological processes

Front 30

What type of process describes a mental operation that applies in speech to SUBSTITUTE for a class of sounds or sound sequences presenting a common difficulty to the speech capacity of the individual.

Back 30

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS: mental operation/ substitute sounds/ speech capacity of individual

Front 31

Name the mechanisms that account for changes in a child’s innate phonological system that is continuously revised in the direction of the adults phonological system.

Back 31

Limitation, Ordering, Suppression.

Front 32

TRUE OR FALSE
NATURAL Phonology assumes a child's Innate phonological system is continuously revised in the direction of an adult phonological system.

Back 32

TRUE. revision from child to adult phonological system occurs using LIMITATION, ORDERING, SUPPRESSION

Front 33

When does Limitation occur in Natural Phonology?

Back 33

LIMITATION: When differences between the child's and adult's system become limited to only SPECIFIC sounds, sound classes, or sound sequences

Front 34

When does Ordering occur in Natural phonology?

Back 34

ORDERING: Occurs when SUBSTITUTIONS that appreared to be Unorganized and random become more ordered

Front 35

When does suppression occur in Natural Phonology?

Back 35

SUPPRESISON : occurs when a PREVIOUSLY USED phonological process is NO LONGER USED. Child moves from INNATE speech patterns to adult form.

Front 36

What is occurring in natural phonology when a child's speech patterns move from the innate patterns to an Adult Form?

Back 36

Supression

Front 37

What is occurring when Substitutions that appeared to be unorganized and random become more ordered?

Back 37

Ordering

Front 38

What is occurring when teh differences between teh child's and adult's systems become LIMITED to only specific sounds, sound classes, or sound sequences?

Back 38

Limitation

Front 39

Which phonology theory was specifically designed to explain the development of children's phonological systems?

Back 39

NATURAL PHONOLOGY

Front 40

Name the phonological processes used in NAtural Phonology.

Back 40

Whole word and syllable processes, Assimilatory(harmony), & Segment change(Substitution),

Front 41

Who is 1987 made classifications to account for Differences found in children with disordered speech under Natural Phonology?

Back 41

Gromwell:1987/ Classifications for diff found in children

Front 42

Name the classification Gromwell used.

Back 42

Persisting normal processes, Chronological Mismatch, Systematic Sound preference, Idiosyncratic processes, Variable Use of processes

Front 43

Which classification according to Gromwell uses phonological processes BEYOND the age that is Typically Seen?

Back 43

Persisting Normal Processes

Front 44

Which classification according to Gromwell uses earlier developing processes that are still used along with Later Developing processes?

Back 44

Chronological Mismatch

Front 45

Which classification according to Gromwell uses a single phonetic realization for several different Phonemes?

Back 45

Systematic sound preference

Front 46

Which classification according to Gromwell uses patterns that are unusual in the speech of normally developing children?

Back 46

Idiosyncratic Processes

Front 47

Which classification according to Gromwell uses one target sound in 1 context that may be active but not in another or depends on context.

Back 47

Variable Use of Processes
(diff processes may be operating on the same target phoneme)

Front 48

What term describes A group of Phonological theories understanding SEGMENTS as Governed by more Complex LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS such as STRESS, Intonation, and Metrical/rythmical Lingusitic Factors?

Back 48

Non-linear (multi-linear) phonologies

Front 49

With Non-linear (muti-Linear) phonologies what linguistic Dimensions govern?

Back 49

Stress, Intonation, Metrical/Rythmical lingusitic Factors

Front 50

Name the Types on Non-Linear (multi-Linear) phonologies.

Back 50

Auto Segmental Phonology, Metric Phonology, Feature Geometry
(uses Stress, Intonation, Metrical/Rythmical Factors)

Front 51

What are the commonalities between the PHONOLOGY THEORIES?

Back 51

Differential between 2 levels of sound presentation.
Phonetic Level, & Phonemic Level

Front 52

HOW is a Phonetic LEvel described?

Back 52

Phonetic Level: with sounds (phones/ALLOPHONES) as CENTRAL UNIT ( can be verified acoustically)

Front 53

How is a Phonemic Level Described?

Back 53

Phonemic Level: Presented as Phonemes
In terms of LINGUISTIC FUNCTION ( ability to determine meaningful units in a language)

Front 54

Name the whole word and syllable processes.

Back 54

FCD, WSD, Reduplication, Consonant cluster simplification/(cluster reduction/substitution), Epenthesis, Metathesis, Coalescense, ICD

Front 55

Name the Assimilatory processes (Harmony)

Back 55

Progressive, Regressive, Velar, Nasal, Labial

Front 56

NAme the Substitution Processes (SEGMENT CHANGE)

Back 56

Fronting, Backing, Stopping, gliding, Affrication, Vowelization, Denasalization, Deaffrication, Glottal Replacement, Voicing, Devoicing

Front 57

Which assimilation occurs when sound causing sound change is PRECEDING affected SOUND?

Back 57

PRogressive Assimilation

Front 58

Which Assimilation process occurs when sound causing Change FOLLOWS affected sound?

Back 58

Regressive Assimilation

Front 59

Which assimilation occurs when a NONVELAR sound assimilates to a VELAR sound?

Back 59

Velar Assimilation

Front 60

Which assimilation occurs when a NONNASAL sound Assimilates to NASAL sound?

Back 60

Nasal Assimilation
ex. fun> NUN

Front 61

Which assimilatory process occurs when a NonLABIAL sound sound is assimilated to a Labial Consonant?

Back 61

Labial Assimilation

Front 62

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when a segment, usually schwa, is inserted in word other than in initial position

Back 62

EPENTHESIS

Front 63

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when there is a Transposition or Reversal of 2 segments (sounds) in a word.

Back 63

Metathesis

Front 64

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when features form 2 adjacent sounds are combined so 1 sound replaces 2 other sounds?

Back 64

Coalescense
Ex. Tree> fee

Front 65

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when there is Deletion of Consonant in Initial position.

Back 65

Initial Consonant Deletion

Front 66

TRUE OR FALSE
INITIAL CONSONANT DELETION can occur at the word or syllable level.

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when there is a deletion of FINAL COnsonant of SYLLABLE OR WORD

Back 67

FCD

Front 68

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when unstressed syllable is deleted

Back 68

WSD

Front 69

Which Whole word/Syllable process occurs when syllable or portion of syllable is repeated or duplicated

Back 69

Reduplication

Front 70

What are the 2 types of Consonant Cluster Simplifications? Define

Back 70

Cluster Reduction: reduce to 1 consonant
Cluster Substitution: Sub of 1 member of cluster

Front 71

A fricative being replaced by an Affricate occurs in affrication what phonetic term that describes consonants would describe this change?

Back 71

MANNER CHANGE

Front 72

Fronting is what type of Consonant change?

Back 72

Place Change

Front 73

Backing is what type of Consonant Change?

Back 73

Place Change

Front 74

Denasalization is an example of what type of consonant change?

Back 74

Manner change

Front 75

Cognate pairs differ in?

Back 75

Cognate PAirs differ only in VOICING

Front 76

Homorganic is defined as?

Back 76

Articulated in the same area of the vocal tract, as (t) and (n).

Front 77

HOMORGANIC

Back 77

Similar place of articulation