Hb

Front 1

What’s reception?

Back 1

The binding of chemical signal to receptior

Hint 1

Binding

Front 2

What’s transduction ?

Back 2

The conversion of chemical signal to intracellular changes

Hint 2

Trigger

Front 3

How many types of cellular communication are there?

Back 3

Direct contact , synaptic signaling, paracrine signaling and endocrine signaling

Hint 3

Contacts and signaling

Front 4

Briefly explain direct contact of cells

Back 4

Signal on the cell surface recognised by adjacent cell

Front 5

Briefly explain synaptic signalling

Back 5

Nerve cells release neurotransmitter which binds to receptors in nearby cell

Hint 5

Neurons

Front 6

Briefly explain paracrine signalling

Back 6

The signal released can affect neighbouring cells

Front 7

Briefly explain endocrine signalling

Back 7

Hormones released affect other cells throughout the body

Front 8

How many types of cell junctions are there ?

Back 8

4: Desmosome, gap junction, tight junction, adherens junction

Front 9

Explain desmosome

Back 9

Present in skin and urinary bladder, have protein fibers extend from cell surface across the cell to hold adjacent cell

Hint 9

Protein fibers

Front 10

Explain Tight junction

Back 10

Impermeable junction , protein molecules on cells fused with adjacent cell, block the flow of in and out of cell

Front 11

Gap junction

Back 11

Have channel between the cells to allow the passage of molecules and ions

-heart and smooth muscle

Hint 11

Channel

Front 12

Explain adherens junction

Back 12

Cadherin projected from Catenin( attached to actin filament) to attach with adjacent cell

-cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Front 13

Roles of membrane receptors

Back 13

Contact signalling(cells recognize one another) , chemical signalling (different cells response to same ligand)

Front 14

Explain what is 2nd msg

Back 14

Short lived intracellular signalling molecule

Non protein substance

Front 15

What is cyclic AMP

Back 15

-Made from ATP by Adenylyl Cyclase

-termination of signalling happens when the cAMP is converted to AMP by phosphodiesterase

Front 16

What is cyclic GMP

Back 16

-made from GTP by Guanylyl Cyclase

-activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G)

Front 17

What is DAG(diacylglycerol)and IP3(inositol triphosphate)

Back 17

The result of hydrolyse PIP2 by Phospholipase C

-IP3 will trigger Ca2+ releasing

-DAG will activate protein kinase C

Front 18

How Ca2+ enter cell

Back 18

Receptor activation: receptor binds with ligand, open Ca2+ channel. And the release of Ca2+ trigger by IP3

Voltage gated Ca2+ channel open

Front 19

Which type of ligand use intracellular receptor and and which type of ligand use extra cellular receptor

Back 19

Extracellular receptor: non lipid soluble ligand (hydrophilic)

Intracellular receptor: lipid soluble ligand (Hydrophobic)

Front 20

What response does intracellular receptors cause?

Back 20

Direct gene activation

Front 21

Does epithelial tissue contain blood vessels? How about nerve?

Back 21

Got nerve but no vessels

Front 22

Does epithelial tissue contain blood vessels? How about nerve?

Back 22

Got nerve but no vessels

Front 23

What is transition epithelium

Back 23

A Type of epithelium that can stretch

Front 24

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, explain the arrangement what’s

Back 24

Looks like multilayer but actually one , as all the cells can touch the basal membrane

Front 25

What’s on the lateral(side) surface of epithelium?

Back 25

Adhesion protein and cell junctions

Front 26

Basal surface of epithelium contains

Back 26

Basal lamina

non cellular sheet of protein + reticular fibers to form basement membrane

Front 27

what’s on the apical surface of an epithelial cells

Back 27

Microvilli , cilia and flagellum

Front 28

What is the polarity of a epithelial cells?

Back 28

Have two ends: apical and basal

Front 29

List the 3 shapes of epithelial tissue

Back 29

Squamous , cuboidal and columnar

Front 30

List the 3 types of thickness of epithelial cells

Back 30

Simple, stratified and pseudostratified

Front 31

Function of simple squamous cells and the location

Back 31

Filtration and diffusion, alveoli and blood vessels

Front 32

Functions of simple cuboidal cell and the location

Back 32

Absorption and secretion, ovary and kidney tubules

Front 33

Function of simple columnar cell and the location

Back 33

Absorption, secretion and protection, uterus, stomach and intestine

Front 34

Functions of stratified squamous epithelium cells and the two types of it

Back 34

Protection. Non kerotinized (oesophagus) and kerotinized (skin)

Front 35

Stratified cuboidal epithelium , functions

Back 35

Protection

Front 36

Stratified columnar epithelium. Functions

Back 36

Protection

Front 37

What’s glandular epithelium

Back 37

Epithelium that specialised for production and secretion of substances

Front 38

What’s glandular epithelium

Back 38

Epithelium that specialised for production and secretion of substances

Front 39

What are the two types of gland that based on different number of secreting cell

Back 39

Unicellular and multicellular

Front 40

What are the natures of secretion

Back 40

Serous- watery

Mucous- slimly

Mixed- mix of watery and slimly

Front 41

What are the mechanisms of secretion?

Back 41

Merocrine - cell remain intact

Apocrine - the top portion of cell is pinched off with the mucus

Holocrine - whole cell detached along with mucus

Front 42

What are the shapes of secreting units

Back 42

Tubular , acinar and tubular alveolar

Front 43

What are the arrangement of a duct system

Back 43

Simple gland , branched gland and compound gland

Front 44

What derm does connective tissue arise from

Back 44

Mesoderm

Hint 44

Starts with M

Front 45

Mesenchyme cells differentiate to form which 4 types of stem cells

Back 45

Fibroblast (to fibrocyte), chondroblast (to Chondrocyte), osteoblast (to osteocyte), and hematopoietic stem cells

Front 46

What cells contribute to connective tissue proper, cartilages and bone

Back 46

Connective tissue proper = fibrocyte

Cartilages = chondrocytes

Bone = osteocyte

Front 47

Function of connective tissue ?

Back 47

Protection, support, cushion of organs, insulation of heat and food stores, immune function

Front 48

Composition of ground substance

Back 48

Interstitial fluid, adhesion protein, proteoglycan

Front 49

3 types of connective tissue fibers

Back 49

Elastic (long and thin), collagen (thin and tough), reticular (branched)

Front 50

What derm does connective tissue arise from

Back 50

Mesoderm

Hint 50

Starts with M

Front 51

2 types of bone

Back 51

Compact bone and spongy bone

Front 52

Mesenchyme cells differentiate to form which 4 types of stem cells

Back 52

Fibroblast (to fibrocyte), chondroblast (to Chondrocyte), osteoblast (to osteocyte), and hematopoietic stem cells

Front 53

What cells contribute to connective tissue proper, cartilages and bone

Back 53

Connective tissue proper = fibrocyte

Cartilages = chondrocytes

Bone = osteocyte

Front 54

Function of connective tissue ?

Back 54

Protection, support, cushion of organs, insulation of heat and food stores, immune function

Front 55

Composition of ground substance

Back 55

Interstitial fluid, adhesion protein, proteoglycan

Front 56

3 types of connective tissue fibers

Back 56

Elastic (long and thin), collagen (thin and tough), reticular (branched)

Front 57

What fibers are present in connective tissue proper :loose, areolar and adipose?

Back 57

All 3 types of fibers

Front 58

What are the fibers that present in connective tissue proper: loose, reticular what

Back 58

Reticular connective proteins

Front 59

What are the fibers and cell that present in connective tissue proper: dense regular and irregular 3 t

Back 59

Collagen (arranged neatly in dense regular but arranged randomly in dense irregular), major cells is fibroblast

Front 60

3 types of cartilage and the order of them in flexibility

Back 60

Elastic —> hyaline —> fibro