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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common and simplest reef |
Fringing Reef |
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Area where fringing reefs are found |
near shore near a hard substrate |
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fringing reef vulnerablilities |
sediment, freshwater runoff, human distrubance |
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Sections of a fringing reef |
hard substrate, beach, reef flat, reef crest, reef slope, bottom |
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organisms that live on the reef flat of a fringing reef |
soft coral, seaweed, sea grass |
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widest part of fringing reef |
reef flat |
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part of fringing reef sometimes exposed at low tide |
reef flat |
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part of fringing reef that gently slopes to the sea |
reef flat |
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part of fringing reef most subject to sediments |
reef flat |
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reef flat bottom is composed of |
sand, mud and coral rubble |
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strong waves on reef crest means |
algal ridge |
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light waves on reef crest means |
coral growth |
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densest coral cover is found on which part of the reef |
reef slope |
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part of the reef that goes from steep to vertical |
reef slope |
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most species of coral are found on which part of the reef |
reef slope |
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the reef slope has zonation that is dependent on what |
depth |
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the bottom of a fringing reef is composed of |
sediment and rubble |
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a barrier reef is separated from the shore by |
a deep lagoon |
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the different sections of a barrier reef |
beach, lagoon, reef flat, back reef slope, fore reef slope, bottom |
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the lagoon of a barrier reef is shallow or deep |
deep |
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is a barrier reef lagoon protected from waves and currents |
yes |
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what type of bottom does the lagoon have |
soft |
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which part of the barrier reef is the coral knolls or pinnacles present |
lagoon |
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sand islands may form on which section of the barrier reef |
reef flat |
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where is the richest growth found on a barrier reef |
back reef slope |
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where are buttress formations found on a barrier reef |
back reef slope |
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what are buttress formation |
finger-like projections, alternate with sand channels |
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how are buttresses formed |
wand/waves(only on reefs exposed to strong winds) |
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definition of an atoll |
ring of reef and often islands that surround a central lagoon |
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where are atolls found |
Indo-West Pacific, far from land, rise up from depths, lie in the zone of trade winds |
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trade winds that blow in one direction create |
algal ridge and buttress formation |
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who figured out how atolls were formed |
Charles Darwin |
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what is the mechanism for atoll formation |
island subsidence |
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what is the first step in atoll formation |
volcanic island formation |
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in the growth of an atoll what happens after the volcanic island formation |
fringing reef formation |
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where is the coral growth most vigorous on an atoll |
on the outer reef |
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what is the final step before the reef becomes an atoll |
form a barrier reef |
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where does most dissolved organic material (DOM) come from |
phytoplankton and grazers |
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how does DOM come from phytoplankton |
leaks out of their cells |
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how does DOM come from grazers |
spills when phytoplankton are eaten; excreted as waste |
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what is the microbial loop |
major energy pathway including DOM phytoplankton=1/2 DOM production Dom-->bacteria bacteria-->nanoplankton nanoplankton-->up the food chain |
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where does marine snow come from |
fecal matter, mucus, discarded larvacean houses |
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where does marine snow go |
sinks to deeper depths |
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who uses marine snow |
bacteria |
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how much of the food produced in the epipelagic zone sinks |
20% |
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why do organisms in the mesopelagic zone have small bodies |
they need more energy to grow |
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what kind of jaws do animals in the mesopelagic zone have |
hinged extendable |
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why do animals in the mesopelgaic zone have large mouths and extendable jaws |
so they can eat prey bigger than themselves |
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why do non-migrating animals in the mesopelgaic zone have soft, weak bones |
so they're more neutrally buoyant |
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why aren't animals in the mesopelagic zone streamlined |
they don't swim very much |
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what kind of muscle did animals in the mesopelagic zone lose |
energy consuming muscles |
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what kind of flesh do animals in the mesopelagic zone have |
flabby, water flesh |
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what kind of spines/scales did animals in the mesopelagic zone lose |
defensive |
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what kind of eyes do animals in the mesopelagic zone have |
large, sensitive to light |
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what do animals int he mesopelagic zone have lateral compression |
so they have a reduced silhouette |
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transparent fish are found |
upper mesopelagic |
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silvery fish are found |
middle mesopelagic |
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black fish are found |
lower mesopelagic |
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what mechanism do animals in the mesopelagic use instead of countershading |
counterillumination |
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what does counterillumination do |
underneath organism, break up silhouette, bioluminescence |
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how is bioluminscence produced |
photophores, scattered cells, fluids, ink |
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how does oxygen enter the ocean |
atmosphere and photosynthesis |
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how is oxygen used in the ocean |
respiration and bacterial decay |
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where does oxygen reach its minimum |
500m |
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what are adaptations for the oxygen minimum layer |
large gills, inactivity, special hemoglobin |
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deep sea divisions |
bathyl, abysso, hado |
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how much of the earth's water is in the deep sea |
75% |
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what is the temperature of the deep sea |
1-2C |
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what are the colors most often found in the deep sea |
drab gray/off white, black |
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where is bioluminescence found in the deep sea |
on the head |
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what is the function of bioluminescence in the deep sea |
not counterillumination; communication, courtship |
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how much of the food makes it to the deep sea |
5% |
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is there vertical migration in the deep sea |
no |
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deep sea animals have poorly developed |
respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems |
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how do deep sea animals reproduce |
hermaphrodites |
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deep sea animals lack what characteristics |
swim bladder, scales |
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do deep ocean floor bacteria grow slower or faster than bacteria on the surface |
slower |
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how much longer does it take material to decompose on the ocean floor |
1000x |
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what breaks down indigestible organic material |
chiton |
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what do cold water seeps produce |
hydrogen sulfide and methane |
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what do hot springs produce |
hydrogen sulfide |
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what are the characteristics of the hydrogen sulfide produced by hot springs |
toxic, energy rich, used by chemosynthetic bacteria |
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what do hte hydrothermal vent tube worms lack |
mouth and digestive tract |
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what does the plume of hydrothermal vent tube worms exchange |
oxygen, CO2, and H2S |
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what does the special hemoglobin in hydrothermal vent tube worms do |
binds H2S to protect, transports H2S to bacteria |
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types of plankton |
phytoplankton and zooplankton |
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define holoplankton |
permanently plankton |
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meroplankton |
larval forms are temporarily plankton |
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define neuston |
planktonic organisms that live at the sea surface |
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list order of plankton from smallest to largest |
ultra nano miscro mesi macro mega |
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what is the deep scattering layer |
dense material that scatters sonar signal |
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what makes up the deep scattering layer |
zooplankton |
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what causes the movement of the deep scattering layer |
the vertical migration of the zooplankton |
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benthic |
live on the bottom |
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pelagic |
live in the water column |
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sessile |
attached to one place |
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epifauna |
live on top of the sand or mud |
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infauna |
live in the sand or mud |
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necton |
free-swimming, oppose the currents |
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plankton |
unable to oppose currents, drift |
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seston |
all living/dead suspended microscopic material |
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neuston |
live on the surface film |
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what is the supralittoral zone |
the splashzone |
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what is the littoral zone |
the intertidal |
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what is the sublittoral zone |
the subtidal |
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which intertidal zone is rarely submerged |
supralittoral |
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which intertidal zone is uncovered/covered daily |
littoral |
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which intertidal zone is always submerged |
sublittoral |
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which benthic zone is the continental shelf |
subilittoral |
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which benthic zone is the continental slope |
bathyl |
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which benthic zone is the abyssal plain |
abyssal |
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which benthic zone never exceeds 4C |
abyssal |
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which benthic zone contains trenches |
hadal |
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how do barnacles solve the space problem |
undercut their neighbors |
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how do owl limpets solve the space problem |
bulldoze intruders |
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effects of overgrowing competition |
wave vulnerability smothering blacking sunlight |
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how is a drowned river valley estuary created |
melting ice sea levels rose invaded low lands/river valleys |
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what are examples of a drowned river valley estuary |
chespeake bay, mouth of thames river, pearl harbor |
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how are tectonic estuaries created |
sinking land crust movement |
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example of tectonic estuary |
san fransisco |
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fjord creation |
retreating glaciers cut deep, coastal valley |
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fjord example |
alaska BC norway NZ chile |
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bar-built estuary creation |
accumulation of sediments barrier btw ocean/river |
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example of bar-built estuary |
barrier island of NC |
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what are hermatypic corals |
reef builders |
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what do hermatypic corals contain |
symbiotic zooxanthellae |
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what do the symbiotic zooxanthellae do |
faster CaCO3 deposition nutrients able to live w/o feeding use tentacles to feed |
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what are ahermatypic coral |
non-reef building corals |
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examples of ahermatypic coral |
soft coral, black coral sea fan |
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sediment is broken pieces of |
coralline green algae (most) sea urchins bivalves snails crustaceans |
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what are the types of encrusting growth |
sponges bryozoans coralline red algae |
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what is the main component of the algal ridge |
coralline red algae |
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what does the algal ridge do |
absorb waves prevent erosion cement CaCO3 sediments in place |
