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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descartes
Ramon y Cajal |
Neurons and basic elements
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Sherrington
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Synapse
lesions in dogs to study the importance of sensory feedback in motor control |
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Loewi
McGaugh |
Synaptic transmission and the function of the synapse
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Raichle
Petersen |
analyze speech and reading processes with PET
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Olds
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self administration to electrical stimulation of pleasure centers by rats
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Penfield
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Motor sensory homunculus
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Phineas Gage
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Natural Injury
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Sperry and Gazzaniga
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Surgical Ablation
Callosotomy (spilt brain) |
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Thompson
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Synaptic modification
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Kandel
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Long-term potentiation
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Ramachandran
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Cortical reorganization
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Two kinds of cells in the nervous system
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neurons (nerve cells)
Glial cells |
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Are all neurons the same
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no
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Prototypical neuron (parts)
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Cell body
Dendrites Axon |
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Dendrites _______signals
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recieve
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Soma ______ and ______ impulses from the dendrites
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collects and sums
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Axon transmits signal to the
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dendrites of other neurons
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Deterioration of Myelin Sheath
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MS
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Two kinds of neuronal communication
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Electrical
Chemical |
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Descartes formulated the concept of
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reflex action
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Who formulated the concept of reflex action
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Descartes
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Ramon y Cajal worked only with
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structure
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Ramon y Cajal advanced the concept of
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neural function
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Who is the father of modern day physiology
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Ramon j Cajal
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Sherrington introduced the concept of the __________
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synapse
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Loewi - the basis of communication across the synapse is
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chemical
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Loewi paved the way for the discovery of
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neurotransmitters
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Thompson was a leading researchers into neural substrates of
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behavioral plasticity
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Spencer developed criteria for
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habituation
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habituation is a form of synaptic
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depression
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habituation happens
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presynaptically
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Thompson's recent investigation - the neuronal substrates of
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associative learning
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Thompson - associative learning
Two critical systems |
hippocampus
cerebellum |
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Eric Kandel investigates the link between
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proteins, synapses and the formation of long-term memories
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Kandel's work demonstrates the capacity of proteins to
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strengthen synaptic connections basic to long-term memory storage
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McGaugh - why emotionally arousing events are so
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memorable
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why emotionally arousing events are so memorable - who?
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McGaugh
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Two ions responsible for synaptic transmission
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sodium
potassium |
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Membrane that regulates the passage of molecules is responsible for the
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electrical life of the neuron
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resting potential
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constant electrical differential between inside and outside of the neuron
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action potential is also known as
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impulse
signal firing |
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Action potential is when the neuron is
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communicating information
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Action potential electrical differentiation is
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different between inside and outside
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All or nothing
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Action potential is the same amplitude
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Can the speed of an action potential differ?
Why? |
yes
Presence of a myelin sheath |
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Saltatory conduction
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Action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another
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Lock and key
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neurotransmitters attach to dendrites
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EPSP (name)
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Excitatory post-synaptic potential
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EPSP - what is
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Binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter to a receptor that moves a neuron closer to threshold
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IPSP (name)
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Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
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IPSP - what is
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Binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter to a receptor that moves a neuron further from threshold
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EPSP and IPSP are referred to as ________
Why? |
graded potentials
they can different amplitudes |
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All inputs from EPSP and IPSPs are ________ by the cell body
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summed
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All inputs from EPSP and IPSPs are summed by the _________
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cell body
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If the net result of the EPSP and IPSPs are above threshold there will be a
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action potential
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Neurotransmitter categories
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Biogenic amines
amino acids peptides |
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Biogenic Amines
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dopamine
norepinephrine serotonin acetylcholine |
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Amino Acid
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glutamate
GABA |
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Peptides
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Substance P
endorphins |
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Peptides are often considered to be____________
Why? |
neuromodulators
because their effects are closer to hormones than other nt's |
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CNS - structures
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Brain
spinal cord |
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Spinal cord
Efferent Afferent |
motor
sensory |
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efferent information is being carried
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carried away from the CNS
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afferent information is being carried
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toward the CNS
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PNS - structures
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somatic
autonomic |
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PNS - somatic impulses travel from
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sense organs to CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles
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Autonomic controls the
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viscera
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viscera
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smooth muscles of the blood vessels, digestive system, and glands and the cardiac muscles
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Autonomic has two divisions
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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sympathetic
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fight or flight
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parasympathetic
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rest and digest
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Autonomic nervous system is the link between the
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nervous system and the endocrine system
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Three major divisions of the brain
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hindbrain
midbrain forebrain |
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hindbrain begins where the
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spinal cord ends
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hindbrain structures
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medulla
pons cerebellum |
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medulla and pons contain
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entry and exit points for cranial nerves
and reticular formation |
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How many cranial nerves
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12
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Reticular formation also known as
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
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RAS controls
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general arousal
Sleep, waking, and attention |
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cerebellum controls
and may also |
balance and coordination
skill learning |
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skill learning
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cerebellum
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midbrain contains
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some cranial nerves
parts of reticular formation and relay stations for sensory information Substantia nigra |
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substantia nigra is a
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group of neurons
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Substantia nigra produces
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dopamine
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Parkinson's Disease is the degeneration of the
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substantia nigra
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brainstem contains
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pons
medulla |
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forebrain is the ______ division
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the largest division
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forebrain structures (5)
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thalamus
basal ganglia hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala |
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Thalamus relays ___________ ___________ to the cerebral cortex
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sensory information
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Basal ganglia functions
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movement
speech and other complex behaviors |
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What part of the forebrain is damaged in Parkinson's and Huntington's
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basal ganglia
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hypothalamus motivates behaviors like
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eating
drinking, sex aggression |
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hypothalamus works with
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CNS and endocrine system
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Hippocampus - function
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learning and memory
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amygdala function
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emotional expression
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Limbic system
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amygdala
hypothalamus hippocampus |
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cerebral cortex
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tissue on the outside of the brain
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gyri
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hills of the brain
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sulci
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valleys of the brain
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left hemisphere processes
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language and calculation
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right hemisphere
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spatial and nonverbal functions
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somatasensation in what lobe
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parietal
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motor commands in what lobe
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frontal
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brocas what function
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speech production
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wernickes what function
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speech comprehension
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spacial organization in what lobe
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parietal
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Hypothalamus serves as the glandular system _______
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control center
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hypothalamus hormones
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oxytocin and antidiuretic
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pituitary stimulates _______ and produces the hormones (6)
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bone growth
growth, prolactin thyroid stimulating ACTH Follicle stimulating and lutenizing |
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Thyroid role
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metabolism
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thyroid hormones
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thyroxin
calcitonin |
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Parathyroid role and hormone
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calcium related
parathyroid |
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adrenal cortex role
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metabolism
salt/water balance |
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adrenal cortex hormones
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cortisol and aldosterone
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adrenal medulla role
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reduces heart rate
dilates and constricts blood vessels increase blood sugar |
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adrenal medulla hormones
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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pancreas role
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enzyme discharge to intestine
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Pancreas hormone
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insulin
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ovaries/testes effects
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sex characteristics and development
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ovaries and testes hormones
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estrogen/progesterone
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pineal gland produces
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melatonin
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When does pineal produce melatonin
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in response to daylight signals from the eyes to hypothalamus to pineal gland
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melatonin plays an important role in
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circadian rhythms
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Small electrode placed next to a neuron
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SIngle cell recording
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Most direct measure of brain activity
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single cell recording
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Single cell recordings records
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single action potentials
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Closest to Single cell recordings
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EEG
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EEG shows a fluctuating picture of
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voltage changes
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EEG - what kind of waves
awake asleep |
Beta
Alpha |
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Beta waves
________ frequency ________ amplitude |
high
low |
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Alpha waves
________ frequency ________ amplitude |
low
high |
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EEG can detect
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epilepsy
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Examination of EEG in relation to a stimulus
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ERP
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Averaged EEG's over many periods of time that are locked to a stimulus of interest
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ERP
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Neal Miller
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biofeedback
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Analyze brain function
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PET
FMRI |
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Analyze brain structure
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MRI
CAT |
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fMRI observation of magnetic properties of
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hemoglobin attached to oxygen
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CAT analyzes
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multi angle brain x-rays
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MRI
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Brain molecules respond to magnetic fields
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Delgado
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implanted electrodes to self stimulate brain areas to avoid depression or aggression
dominance and submission in animals` |
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Hoebel
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satiated rats
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Miller et al.
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drinking behavior similar to Hoebel
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Fisher
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mating and maternal sex behaviors in male rats
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Valenstein
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brain stimulation
psychosurgery |
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Magoun
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reticular formation
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Penfield
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mapped the cerebral cortex during surgery
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Ojemann
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used electrical stimulation to map language areas
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Why was the work of Ojemann important
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able to stay away from language and motor areas during surgery
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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magnetic fields alter electrical activity of neurons
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for
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severe depression
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Alzheimer's is the result of
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widespread cortical atrophy
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Alzheimer's has been linked to a deficiency in
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Acetylcholine
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Parkinson's disease is a degenerative loss of
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motor control
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Parkinson's disease results from a loss of
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neurons in the substantial nigra
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Neurons in the substantia nigra that are lost in Parkinson's disease produce
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dopamine
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Schizophrenia is thought to be caused from an ______ of dopamine
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excess
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Therapeutic lesions are typically used to reduce
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epileptic seizures
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Sleep stages
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Stage 1
2 3 4 REM |
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Stage 1 sleep
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some alpha wave activity
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Stage 2 sleep
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K complex
Higher amplitude, lower frequency |
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Stage 3 & 4 sleep
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slow wave
delta wave |
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REM
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irregular brain wave pattern
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how many REM cycles
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4-5
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After REM cycle - back to
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Stage 1
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Later REM cycles are
longer/shorter than earlier |
longer
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If REM is disrupted one night it will be ______ on the next night
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earlier and more often
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Physical characteristics of REM sleep
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irregular breathing and heart rate
dysregulation of body temp Sexual arousal loss of muscle tone |
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Sleepwalking, sleep talking and night terrors are associated with what type of sleep
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deep sleep
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Recordings of EEG during sleep is one part of a sleep test known as
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polysomnography
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brain structures involved in sleep and circadian rhythms
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reticular formation
pineal gland suprachiasmic nucleus of the hypothalamus |
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Is there an optimal amount of sleep that is constant throughout life?
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no
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flexibility that neurons have in their organization, connectivity, and function
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Plasticity
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All neurons start as one single
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stem cell
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process related to learning and brain plasticity
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long-term potentiation of a synapse
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The adult brain cannot _______ disorganize
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grossly
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Neurons make connections to new areas to change their connectivity
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Collateral sprouting
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What happens in response to amputation or learning
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cortical reorganization
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Changes in the brain can be observed in changes to the environment such as
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social dominance
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Drugs have their effects in the
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synapse
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drugs that enhance a NT's effect
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agonist
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drus that diminish an NT's effect
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antagonist
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blood brain barrier controls passage through
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capillaries
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Depressants
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Alcohol
Barbiturates Anxiolytics |
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Narcotics/Opiates
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Opium
Methadone |
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Psychedelics (5)
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LSD
Marijuana Mescaline Psilocybin PCP |
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Stimulants
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Amphetamines
Methamphetamines Cocaine Caffeine Nicotine |
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Antidepressants
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Tricyclics
MAO inhibitor Serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Antimanics
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Lithium
Valproic Acid Carbamazepine |
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Antipsyhcotics
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Phenothiazines
Butyrophonones Atypicals |
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agonist _____ _____ and establishes ______ ______
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plugs in
normal flow |
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Antagonist
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blocks flow like a child proof outlet plug
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Ratio when used for numbers in stats
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twice as much etc.
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Parameter v. statistic
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parameter describes the pop
statistic describes the sample |
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Binomial distribtution
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values are either a zero or a one
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Variability
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SD and Variance (SD squared)
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A high SD means
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widely scattered low bunched around the mean
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Mean follows the
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direction of the skew
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Negative skew
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Mean median mode
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Positive skew
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mode median mean
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Type I
Type II |
R - Reject null by mistake
A - Accept the null by mistake |
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.05 significance means
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5% chance of making a Type I or type II error
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Regression is a
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line drawn among a group of correlations to represent a trend
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