Grade 11 World History Mid-Term

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Anthropology

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The study of cultures and of social interaction within a society

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Archaeology

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One who studies the past through the collection of physical specimens (artifacts, fossils, etc)

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Artifact

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An ancient object created by humans (tools, jewelry, etc.)

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Fossil

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The remains of a prehistoric plant or animal preserved in rock

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Hominid

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A primate belonging to the Hominidae family (including humans)

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Neolithic Era

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The last period of the Stone Age (12, 000- 7000 years ago) when humans domesticated animals, began planting crops, and had mastered fire

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Paleolithic Era

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The second period of the Stone Age (2.5 million- 3 million years ago) when primitive humanity began to manufacture stone tools

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Paleontologist

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A person who studies prehistoric life through the study of plant and animal fossils

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Primate

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An order of animals that includes monkeys, apes, and humans

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When Earth Was Created

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5 billion years ago

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When the earth was ready for humans

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Between 4 and 6 million years ago

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Ardipithecus Ramidus

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Discovered in Ethiopia in 1994, had chimp-like and human features, about 3.5 feet tall, hips thrust forward, spine is curved, possibly walked on 2 legs, first step in human evolution documented

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Australopithecus Anamensis

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Discovered in 1995 in Maeve, ape-like teeth, 4 feet tall, hips shifted slightly back, spine is straighter, walked on 2 legs, second step in human evolution

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Australopithecus Afarensis

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Discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, more-human like features, 4.5 feet tall, brain 1/3 the size of humans, jutting jaw, stronger muscles, third step in human evolution

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Australopithecus Africanus

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Discovered in South Africa in 1975, hips, legs and feet like humans, 5 feet tall, brain size is growing, huge jaw, 4th step in human evolution

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Homo Habilis

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Discovered in Kenya in 1972, human-like features, just over 5 feet tall, large brain, began to make tools, 5th step in human evolution

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Homo Erectus

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Discovered in Kenya in 1984, "human" brain, 5.5 feet tall, use of fire and speech is evident, 6th step in human evolution

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Homo Sapien (Cro-Magnon)

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Human features, 5.5 feet tall, large brain size, cooperative communities emerge, what we are today (some say were more advanced and call us Homo Sapien Sapiens)

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Neanderthal

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More human-like features, 5 feet tall, short limbs, low forehead, large jaw, strong muscles, competed with homo sapiens but eventually died out because they weren't as smart

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Radio-Carbon Dating

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When an organism dies, the C-14 begins to decay; the fewer the C-14 atoms, the older the organism

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Natural Selection

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The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

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Charles Darwin

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Came up with the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection

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The Great Leap Forward inventions

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spearheads and bows and arrows (hunting), needles and awls (clothing), mortars and pestles (grinding food), axes and hammers (building), and polished and shaped stones/metals (jewelry)

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Nomadic

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Meaning a society of hunter and gatherers where tribes would move around constantly in search of food, paleolithic era practice

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Civilization Classification Needs

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Government

Agricultural Intensification

Religion

Class Structure

Occupational Specialization

Merchants and Traders

Science and Writing

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King Sargon of Akkad

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Took over Sumer and unites the Sumerians and the Akkadians in the Kingdom of Sumer

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King Ur-Nammu

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The Kingdom of Sumer reached it's peak under him

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Sumerian Inventions

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The wheel, Cuneiform writing, mathematics, and the Lunar Calendar

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The Epic of Gilgamesh

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First ever narrative, written by the Sumerians in Cuneiform writing

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King Hammurabi

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The Babylonians reached their peak under him

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Hammurabi's Code

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The first written code of law

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The Assyrians major cities

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Ashur and Nineveh (capital of the Empire)

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King Assirnassirpal II

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Feared Warrior-King of the Assyrians who made the Kingdom of Assyria reach it's peak

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The Palace at Nineveh

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Assirnassipal II built this huge palace, it included a garden (to study botany), a zoo (to study biology) and a library (to study literature)

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Downfall of the Assyrians

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The Empire grew to large and Assirnassirpal II could not defend the invasions at his borders or the uprisings from within

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King Nebuchadnezzar

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The Chaldeans reached their peak under him

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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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Built by Nebuchadnezzar, became one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World

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Downfall of the Chaldeans

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The Persians conquered them

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Anthropomorphic

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Belief that gods had the traits and appearances of humans

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Polytheistic

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Belief in more than one god

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Major Sumerian Gods (4)

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Enlil- God of air

An- God of heaven

Enki- God of earth and water

Ninhursag- Mother Goddess of all living things

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Ziggurat

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A terraced pyramid topped with a shrine used for being dedicated to the God's honour; food was placed their daily for the gods to eat while in the tomb

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Abraham

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Led the Jews to Canaan, patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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Jacob

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Organized the Jewish people into 12 tribes and took the name of Israel

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Moses

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Led the enslaved Jews out of Egypt

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The Israelites

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Established themselves in Palestine in 1230BC

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Saul

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First king of the Israelites

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David

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Led the Jews to Jerusalem

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Important rivers to know

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The Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia)

The Nile (Egypt)

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King Menes

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Unites lower and upper Egypt, he is the first leader of the Egyptians and ruled with absolute power as he was considered a god to his people

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Pharaoh Djoser

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First pyramid was built for him during the Old Kingdom era of Egypt

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Imhotep

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A respected advisor of Dsojer who oversaw the first pyramid and was considered a genius for founding Egyptian medicine and hand-carving stone sculptures of historic events

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The three Great Pyramids

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Made at Giza for Pharaoh's; Kufu, Khafre, and Menkure

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The First Intermediate Period

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During this time, local and provincial leaders had become too greedy and powerful leading Egypt into 150 years of civil war and turmoil

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The Middle Kingdom

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Egypt is reunited under a series of kings from Thebes, capital city is called Memphis

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Amon-Re

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National god that arose in the middle kingdom, mix between Theban God of Amon with Egyptian God Re, the God of the sun, considered the God of all gods, had the head of a falcon and the headers with a sun disk, believed he was born every sunrise and died every sunset

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The Hyksos

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War-like people from Syria who invaded and took over Egypt for a while using their bronze weapons and wheeled chariots outmatching the Egyptians copper weapons

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The Valley of Kings

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Pharaohs were now buried here to prevent grave-robbing, they switched pyramids to Mastabas

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Hatshepsut

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First female leader of Egypt who made peace treaties with former enemies leading Egypt into 12 years of peace

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Tuthmosis III

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Pharaoh who was believed to have killed his mother Hatshepsut, he attacked allies and increased wealth and the size of the Empire

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Akhenaton

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Made Egypt polytheistic by making one unpopular god Aton the only God angering his people, was believed to have been assassinated due to poor leadership

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Tutankhamen

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Becomes Pharaoh at age 12, dies young (about 18-21) causing the Egyptians to bury him in another nobles Mastaba, famous because we found him with all his riches

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Howard Carter

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British archaelogist who found Tutankhamen

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Lord Carnarvon

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Funded Howard Carter's expedition

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Ramses II

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Made Egypt very wealthy, know for being egotistical due to the large amount of states and other monuments made in his name

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The Pharaoh

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The Pharaoh was looked at as a God, they believed their ruler was a descendant of the sun god Re, they believed Horus (sky god) entered the Pharaoh when he or she sat on the throne, and the Pharaoh was known as Osiris when he/she died due to them believing he/she was one with the god of the dead

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Vizier

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The Pharaoh's deputy in all affairs of state, in charge of almost all administrative affairs from collecting taxes to overseeing judges, scribes, and treasury officials

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Shaduf

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A crane-like device that would collect water from the Nile in a jug and swing it around and deposit the water into irrigation ditches

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Egyptian Art

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Individuals were portrayed with their feet, hips, and head turned to the side but their shoulders faced forward, most statues and paintings were rigid, looking straight ahead and rarely in motion

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The Pyramids

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Were tombs for the Pharaohs made of limestone that took about 20 years to construct (35 have been discovered), last remaining wonder of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World

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The Temple of Karnak

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Built by the Pharaohs Seti and Ramses II for the God Amon, future Pharaohs added to it until it reached to 2 hectares in size

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Mastabas

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Rectangular tombs for Pharaohs and other people of importance in the hopes that grave robbers would not find them

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The Sphinx

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An architectural mystery that has the body of a lion and the head of a Pharaoh, nobody knows who the Pharaoh is or who built it

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Osiris

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Egyptian God who was the first ruler of earth until after his death he became the God of the underworld, a mummified man with a white cone headdress and feather, is the symbol of eternal life

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Horus

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Egyptian God, called the "One Far Above", God of the sky, had the head of a falcon, protector and ruler of Egypt, all Pharaohs were a physical manifestation of him

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Anubis

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The Egyptian God of mummification and the dead, guided the dead through the underworld, priests often wore masks of him when performing the embalming rituals, had the head of a Jackal

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Seth

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Egyptian God of Chaos, had the head of a "Seth" (animal), represented everything that threatened balance and harmony in Egypt, associated with royalty

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Thoth

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Egyptian God of knowledge and writing, married to Ma'at, represented as a man with the head of an Iris bird, associated with the moon, believed Thoth gave the Egyptians hieroglyphics

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Ma'at

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Egyptian Goddess of truth, harmony and justice, married to Thoth, kept balance in the universe, judged whether one would make it to the underworld by weighing their heart compared to a feather (lighter than the feather made it, those who didn't were killed for a second and final time)

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Canopic Jars

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Alabaster jars that had special spells and incantations so that the organs could rejoin with the body in the next life

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Ostraca

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Smooth pottery Egyptian students used to write on

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Papyrus

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Strips of papyrus reed pressed together and then dried to make an early form of paper

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Hieroglyphics

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First form of writing in Egypt that was very popular up until the New Kingdom, it was pictographs and signs (by the end there was over 700)

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Hieratic

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The second more simplified version of Egyptian writing where pictures were replaced with a pattern of lines

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Demotic

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The third more simplified form of Egyptian writing

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The Rosetta Stone

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The key to deciphering Hieroglyphics and Demotic, had three scripts; hieroglyphics, demotic and Greek, one of the greatest archaeological finds of all time

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Jean-Francois Champollion

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French linguist who deciphered the Rosetta Stone

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King Minos

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Greatest king of the Minoans who established the kingdom at the city of Knossos

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Minoan Inventions

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Created bronze using 9 parts copper with one part tin

Created Linear A (their language and writing)

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The downfall of the Minoans

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After 2 devastating natural disasters (a massive earthquake and a volcanic eruption on the island of Thera) the Mycenaeans conquered them

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King Agamemnon

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The Mycenaeans reached their peak under him, his magnificent residence overlooked the Plains of Argos

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Downfall of the Mycenaeans

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Unclear how but theories suggest civil war, an outbreak of disease, or foreign invasion

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How the Trojan War Began

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Paris, the Prince of Troy, abducted Queen Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, he demanded her return but the Trojans refused causing his brother Agamemnon to attack Troy

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Heinrich Schliemann

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Convinced that Troy was real, uncovered 4 cities stacked up on top of each other, carried out great expedition and claimed to have found the city Fortress of Agamemnon

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Wilhelm Dorpfeld

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Takes over from Schliemann and finds Troy VI matching Homer's description, later discovers evidence of a great fire (Homer claimed Troy had burned down)

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Arthur Evans

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Claimed the Minoans were the "first great European civilization", excavates the island of Crete and finds King Minos' palace at Knossos, states the Minoans were the dominant force in Greece meaning the Trojan war could not have happened

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Carl Blegen

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Discovers Troy VII and claims this is Homer's Troy, finds evidence of an earthquake that destroyed Troy VI so it couldn't be Homer's Troy, discover 600 Linear B (Mycenaeans language) tablets

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Michael Ventris

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Decipers Linear B and reveals Mycenaean's were the stronger force proving there was most likely a war

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Thucydides

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Ancient Greek historian who is responsible for most of the information we have on the Minoans through his ancient writings

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Homer

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Ancient Greek poet who gave us the first hand account of the Mycenaeans through his famous epics the Iliad and the Odyssey