Global Studies Unit 2

Front 1

Civilization

Back 1

Complex cultures with advanced cities, specialized workers, big institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

Front 2

City

Back 2

the middle of trade for a big area

Front 3

Specialization

Back 3

the development of skills in a specific kind of work

Front 4

Artisan

Back 4

Extremely advanced workers who make their goods by hand.

Front 5

Institution

Back 5

A pattern of organization in a community which lasts a long time

Front 6

Scribes

Back 6

people who work as record keepers

Front 7

Cuneeiform

Back 7

"wedge-shaped" symbols that represented different objects. This was a way of writing.

Front 8

stylus

Back 8

the scribe's tool

Front 9

pictograph

Back 9

sign that represented different objects. It was the earlier versions of the Sumerian writing.

Front 10

Bronze Age

Back 10

when people started using bronze for making tools and weapons.

Front 11

Ur

Back 11

One of the ealiest cities in Sumer. It stood on the banks of the Euphrates River

Front 12

Barter

Back 12

trading goods and other things without money

Front 13

ziggurat

Back 13

a pyramid shaped monumant. it means "mountain of God."

Front 14

Fertile Crecent

Back 14

a region with a curved shape and rich land.

Front 15

Mesopotamia

Back 15

A plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It means "land between the rivers" in Greek

Front 16

Silt

Back 16

a thick bed of mud that came from the flooding of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. It helpes farmers plant and harvest a lot of wheat and barley

Front 17

Irrigation

Back 17

a way to provide water from digging ditches which would carry water to the fields. It helped to produce a surplus of crops

Front 18

City State

Back 18

a city and the surrounding land it controlled. It functioned like an independent country.

Front 19

Monarch

Back 19

a commander with a lot of power (king/queen)

Front 20

Dynasty.

Back 20

rulers from a single family. Between 3000 and 2500 BC Sumerian city states were under the rule of dynasties.

Front 21

Cultural diffusion

Back 21

the process of making a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another.

Front 22

polytheism

Back 22

belief in many gods

Front 23

epic

Back 23

a poem, maybe decrived from oral tradition, a ledgend or history from a nation.

Front 24

Epic of Gilgamesh

Back 24

one of the earliest works of literature in the world. It is about the adventures of the hero Gilgamesth. It tells about his quest for immortality.

Front 25

Social structure

Back 25

slaves, then ordinary working class Sumerians, then wealthy merchants, and then priests and kings. Women were low.

Front 26

Cataract

Back 26

a point where pointed cliffs and boulders turn the river they are in into churning rapids.

Front 27

First Cataract

Back 27

a spot on the Nile River where boats could not pass to continue upstream

Front 28

upper Egypt

Back 28

a skinny strup of land from the first cataract to where the river fans out

Front 29

Lower Egypt

Back 29

consisted of the Nile Delta region and begins 100 miles before the Medeterranean

Front 30

Nile Delta

Back 30

a broad, marsh, triangular area. It is land formed by silt at the mouth of a river.

Front 31

Menes

Back 31

the king of Upper Egypt who united Egypt

Front 32

Memphis

Back 32

the capital, where upper and lower Egypt joined. it was also where the first dynasty was created

Front 33

Old kingdom

Back 33

a time period when the 3rd dynasty began. it set a pattern for the Egyptian civilization

Front 34

Pharaohs

Back 34

the Egyptian god-kings. They ruled Egypt

Front 35

theocracy

Back 35

a type of government in which the ruler is a divine figure

Front 36

Ka

Back 36

the eternal spirit, which helped the kings rule even after death

Front 37

Pyramid

Back 37

the resting place for kings after they died

Front 38

Great Pyramid of Giza

Back 38

the largest pyramid, completed in 2556 BC

Front 39

Horus

Back 39

the god of life

Front 40

Ra

Back 40

the god of the sun

Front 41

Osiris

Back 41

the powerful god of the dead who weighed each dead person's heart

Front 42

mummification

Back 42

embalming and drying a corpse to prevent it from decaying. this is how the Egyptians preserved the body of a dead person

Front 43

book of the dead

Back 43

the collection of texts wih hymns, prayers and magic spells which were believed to guide the soul in the afterlife

Front 44

Hieroglyphics

Back 44

a writing system that used symbols that stood for sounds

Front 45

Rosetta Stone

Back 45

a black polished stone with an inscribed message in 3 languages--hieroglyohs, a simpler form of hieroglyphs, and Greek.

Front 46

Papyrus

Back 46

made from the tall stacks of the papyrus plant, used for paper

Front 47

First Intermediate period

Back 47

the end of the old kingdom with a lot of weakness and turmoil in the government

Front 48

Middle Kingdom

Back 48

after the first intermediate period, when the Pharoas restored law and order

Front 49

Hyksos

Back 49

"rulers of hte uplands" who ruled from 1640 to 1570 BC. This was sometimes called the Second Intermediate Period

Front 50

Indian Subcontinent

Back 50

the land that includes modern India, Istrael, Nepal, and Bangladesh

Front 51

Monsoons

Back 51

seasonal winds which dominate India's climate

Front 52

Khyber Pass

Back 52

in the Hindu Kush mountains, migrants may have passed through it

Front 53

Harappa

Back 53

one of the largest cities along the Indus. A lot of archeological discoveries were made here

Front 54

Mohenjo-Daro

Back 54

another of the largest cities along the Indus. It had a lot of technology.

Front 55

CIty Planning

Back 55

one of the best achievements of the Indus Valley People. there were separate residential areas, an area with major buildings, and other buildings

Front 56

Citadel

Back 56

a fortified area that contained the major buildings of the city

Front 57

grid system

Back 57

a precise system which helped the people know where everything was

Front 58

Indus seals

Back 58

used by merchants to identify their goods. Many depict animals.

Front 59

Great Baths

Back 59

the earliest public water tanks in the ancient world. They were used for ritual bathing

Front 60

Aryans

Back 60

nomadic people from north of the Hindu Kush mountains

Front 61

Huang He River

Back 61

a major river system. It flows from the west to the Pacific Ocean

Front 62

Yangtze River

Back 62

another amjor river system. IT flows from the west to the Pacific Ocean

Front 63

Three Gorges project

Back 63

a dam that will provide electrical power to China, enough power equal to 10 power plants

Front 64

Middle Kingdom

Back 64

China's name for its own country because it saw itself as the center of the civilized world.

Front 65

Loess

Back 65

fertile soil deposited at the bank of the yellow river. It is blown by the winds from deserts to the west.

Front 66

China's sorrow

Back 66

the name for the floodds that destroyed the whole villages

Front 67

Xia Dynasty

Back 67

the 1st dynasty, which supposedly emerged around 2000 BCE

Front 68

Yu

Back 68

the leader of the Xia Dynasty. He was an engineer/mathematition who worked on flood control projects

Front 69

Shang Dynasty

Back 69

ruled in 1532 to 1027 BCE. It came to power when Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley fell.

Front 70

Anyang

Back 70

one of the capitals of the Shang dynasty. It was built mostly out of wood

Front 71

Shang Di

Back 71

the supreme God the Shang worshipped as well as many lesser Gods

Front 72

Oracle Bones

Back 72

animal bones and tortise shells on which there were questions scratched on them for communicating with the Gods.

Front 73

Huang He River

Back 73

a major river system. It flows from the west to the Pacific Ocean

Front 74

Yangtze River

Back 74

another amjor river system. IT flows from the west to the Pacific Ocean

Front 75

Three Gorges project

Back 75

a dam that will provide electrical power to China, enough power equal to 10 power plants

Front 76

Middle Kingdom

Back 76

China's name for its own country because it saw itself as the center of the civilized world.

Front 77

Loess

Back 77

fertile soil deposited at the bank of the yellow river. It is blown by the winds from deserts to the west.

Front 78

China's sorrow

Back 78

the name for the floodds that destroyed the whole villages

Front 79

Xia Dynasty

Back 79

the 1st dynasty, which supposedly emerged around 2000 BCE

Front 80

Yu

Back 80

the leader of the Xia Dynasty. He was an engineer/mathematition who worked on flood control projects

Front 81

Shang Dynasty

Back 81

ruled in 1532 to 1027 BCE. It came to power when Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley fell.

Front 82

Anyang

Back 82

one of the capitals of the Shang dynasty. It was built mostly out of wood

Front 83

Shang Di

Back 83

the supreme God the Shang worshipped as well as many lesser Gods

Front 84

Oracle Bones

Back 84

animal bones and tortise shells on which there were questions scratched on them for communicating with the Gods.

Front 85

Zhou Dynasty

Back 85

a dynasty who overthrew the Shang Dynasty, but adopted a lot of the Shang culture, so not much was changed in China

Front 86

Mandate of Heaven

Back 86

approval from the gods, saying that the king was just and fair and overall a good leader. A leader who lost the mandate would also lose the thrown

Front 87

Dynastic Cycle

Back 87

the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasies

Front 88

Feudalism

Back 88

a political system where the nobles or lords are granted use of the King's lands. In return, the nobles are have to be loyal and give the military service to the king.