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37 Cards in this Set
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The Neolithic Revolution |
Description- turning point in history, people began to change from hunter-gatherers yo producers of food. People learned how to grow food and herd animals. (domesticate animals)
Important Individuals/Examples- Anthropologists believe this change may have first occurred in the Middle East where wild wheat and barley were plentiful.
Significance- increase in population. Towns/villages were developed. Had an effect on people everywhere. Food was produced faster and easier. Resulted in building permanent homes and villages where different social classes emerged, such as warriors and priests.
negative effect= spread of diseases |
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River Valley Civilizations |
Description- First civilizations developed in river valleys. Yearly floods deposited fertile soil, allowing people to grow surpluses of food.
Important Individuals/Examples-
Mesopotamia- between the Tigris and Euphrates, archeologists call this area the Fertile Crescent. People of southern Mesopotamia were known as the Sumerians. developed cuneiform. first city builders. ziggurats(stepped pyramids). Hammurabi was the Babylonian leader. He developed the earliest know written law code: The Code Of Hammurabi.
Egypt- along the Nile, less prone to invasion because it was surrounded by desert. Social system. The Pharaoh(king) governed Egypt as an absolute leader. Egyptians considered the Pharaoh to be a god. Learned biology, geometry and astrology. Made the 365-day calendar, pyramids, and hieroglyphics.
Indus River Valley Civilization- along the indus river. Made public sewer and water system. People were known as Harappans. civilization collapsed suddenly and it is unknown why.
First Chinese Civilization- along the Huang He ( aka Yellow River). Shang Dynasty(ruling family) was in power. Developed writing system known as pictographs.
Significance- Put together a future of new technology and new ideas. First cities where people were together and helped out to create a caste system. New inventions that have been built off of todays technology and ideas.
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Judaism |
Description- the Ancient Hebrew religion(religion of the jewish people). Holy book is the Bible/Old Testament/Torah. Moses led the jews out of Egyptian slavery gave them the 10 commandments. Romans conquered Jerusalem forcing jews to flee to Europe, this period was known as the Diaspora.
Important Individuals/Examples- Their leader Moses, led them out of Egypt and slavery.
Significance- Monotheism, belief in one god rather than several, became the basis for later religions such as christianity and islam. |
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Ancient Greece |
Description- geography consisted of a mountainous peninsula and islands in the Aegean Sea. Depended on trade. Traded wine, olive oil, and pottery w/ other peoples of the Mediterranean. Learned astronomy, mathematics, navigation, and building techniques.
Important Individuals/Examples-
Sparta- located at southern part of Greece, Spartans were totalitarian leaders of helots(people).
Athens- developed gov. system democracy. Established a pattern for later democracies.
Significance- they developed the first known system of democratic government. Their belief in the power of human reason and their spirit of free inquiry led to important advances in mathematics, science, art, literature, and philosophy.
Wars~ The Persian Wars, The Peloponnesian War(Sparta vs. Athens, Sparta won)
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Ancient Rome |
Description- Located in the middle of Italy
Important Individuals/Examples- Roman generals such as Julius Caesar completed the conquest of Spain and Gaul; dominating the Mediterranean world. Julius Caesar defeated Pompey, instituted the modern calendar, and carried out reforms such as providing municipal constitutions, a jury system, and land grants to veterans and the poor. Augustus Caesar tried to revive the “old” Roman values of responsibility and self-discipline. He brought a long period of peace known as the Pax Romana. Emperor Constantine proclaimed freedom of worship for christians, making christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.
Significance- Roman concepts of justice, equality before the law, and natural law based on reason played a major role in shaping later Wester legal systems. Introduced the use of concrete and stone roads, aqueducts, temples, and pubic baths. New cities became outposts of Roman culture. Also developed the arc, the dome, latin (which languages Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian evolved from), and was a major turning point in the spread of christianity. |
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Dynasties of China/Dynastic Cycle |
Description- The Chinese believed that their ruler was closed by heaven, and that their heaven would also overthrow a bad ruler.
Important Individuals/Example-
Zhou Dynasty- Zhou ruler justified his rule as the Mandate of Heaven. Established a system known as feudalism(land was given to nobles in exchange for military service). Lao-zi was a Chinese philosopher who began Daoism(focused in the relationship between people and nature). Accept how things are rather than trying to change them.
Qin Dynasty- Shi-Huangdi began this new dynasty and was the first Chinese ruler to call himself an emperor. Followed the philosophy of legalism. All power should rest in the hands of a single, absolute leader. He formed the Great Wall Of China to protect his empire from invasion.
Han Dynasty- Han emperors weakened the power of nobles and encouraged the spread of Confusian ideas. Established trade routes such as the Silk Road. The end of the Han Dynasty was followed by a period of civil war and disunity.
Significance- Later Chinese rulers continued to use the Mandate of Heaven has the basis of their authority. |
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Hinduism |
Description- religion that was largely based on the beliefs on the aryans/invaders who came to the Indus River Valley. Believed in Gods(polytheistic), Reincarnation, sacred objects and karma. Upanishads were their scared books.
Important Individuals/Examples- No founder
Significance- Spread and became the major religion of India. |
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Buddhism |
Description- Major religion in China, Japan and Sotheast Asia. Believed in basic philosophy(self-denial, meditation, and reincarnation), polytheistic, the Four Noble Truths, the Eight-fold Path and nirvana.
Important Individuals/Examples- Siddhartha Guatama founded Buddhism. Became known as the Buddha/ “Enlightened One”
Significance- Spread throughout India and eventually to China, Korea, and Japan |
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The Byzantine Empire |
Description- The eastern half of the old Roman empire which survived for another thousand years. maintained the imperial system of government over diverse population. developed their own form of Christianity known as eastern orthodox Christianity. Orthodox Christianity is when the church split up into two from the Roman Catholic Church. Unlike Rome, the main language of the Byzantine Empire was Greek.
Important Individuals/Examples-
Significance- The Byzantine legacy continues today with the code of just Denian, preserved ancient cultures, new form of Christianity and the arts |
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Islam |
Description- One of the first monotheistic religions. believed in the five pillars of faith are the basic religious duties on Muslims must fulfill. The five pillars of faith consist of confession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Important individuals/Examples- Founded by a Arab merchant named Mohammed. He influenced the Jews and the Christians. The Islamic religion has a single God named Allah. The foundations of Islam consisted of Allah, Qu'ran, and Jihad.
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Islamic Golden Age |
Description- The Islamic golden age occurred with many great advances in culture and technology. Arabs observed the cultural achievements of the Greeks, Persians, Romans, Jews and the Byzantines. They controlled a vast treating area which was larger than the old Roman empire. became a crossroads of trade. Goods from India, China, Africa, Spain, and the Mediterranean crisscrossed Arab territories Important Individuals/Examples- Arab cultural achievements were preserved Greek and Roman culture, arts and crafts, medicine, architecture, and mathematics.
Significance- |
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Confucianism |
Description- A philosophy based on belief in the basic order of the Universe. Major Beliefs of Confucianism include: Natural order, Role of each person, Education, Mandate of heaven, and relationships. Its emphasis on traditional values such as obedience and order helped preserve the Chinese civilization. Also strengthened the importance of family value.
Important Individuals/Examples- founded by Confucius. |
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Christianity |
Description: Monotheistic religion. Major beliefs include the role of Jesus, Christian conduct, and the Christian bible.
Important Individuals/Examples- Based on the life and beliefs of Jesus Christ, who taught brotherhood, charity, and peace.
Apostles: helped spread the Christian religion
Significance- Spread and became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire |
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Feudalism in Europe |
Description- to protect themselves from violence and provide for basic economic needs, people throughout Western Europe adopted the Frankish system known as feudalism. It help people survived the breakdown of central government in order. Feudalism in Europe was characterized by a number of key social, economic, and political relationships.
Important Individuals/Examples-
Significance- During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church remained the single most powerful organization in Western Europe. Kept Europe in order. |
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Crusades |
Description- Wars to recapture the Holy Land from its Muslim ruler. Over two centuries 7 crusades were fought.
Important Individuals/Examples- in 1095 Pope Urban II called on all Christians in Europe to unite and fight a holy Crusade
Significance- cultural diffusion, increased trade, new learning, and growth of anti-Semitism (persecution of Jews) |
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West African Kingdoms |
Description- Because of the gold-salt trade several kingdoms arose in the Sahel region of Africa
Important Individuals/Examples- Kingdom of Ghana- used iron weapons to subdue neighbors, taxed the gold-salt trade Kingdom of Mali- adopted Islam, Mansa Musa made the city of Timbuktu, a center of learning Songhai, under Sultan Sunni Ali, grew rich from trade across the Sahara, captured Timbuktu and upper Niger
Significance- led to an exchange of ideas, the rise of cities, and increased wealth throughout Africa |
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Mongol Empire |
Description- Made up of the Mongols; tribes of skilled horseman and warriors from the steppes of Central Asia. The empire was so vast that is was divided into 4 kingdoms (khanates) each ruled by a different decendant of Chinggis Khan. They established the Pax Mongolia from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean
Important Individuals/Examples- Chinggis/Ghengis Khan a Mongol leader which united the Mongols, conquered Central Asia
Significance- Many of the Mongol’s words, customs, and clothing spread throughout Roman Culture |
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Feudalism in Japan |
Description-
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The Renaissance |
Description- Label for the multifaceted period between the heyday of medieval universalism, as embodied in the Papacy and Holy Roman Empire, and the convulsions and sweeping transformations of the 17th century.
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The Protestant Reformation |
Description- a religious revolt against the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and against the authority of the Pope at Rome. until the Reformation, the Roman catholic Church had been the only Christian Church in western and central Europe. With the Reformation, many protestant sects came into existence. A Protestant is a Christian not of the Roman Catholic (or Greek Orthodox) Church.
Martin Luther started the reformation. He began to question the granting of indulgences, as well as other Church practices and beliefs. Wrote the "Ninety-five Theses", a written statement of his religious beliefs. Luther's teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions (a broad movement composed of many congregations and church bodies).
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Meso-American Civilizations |
Description- 25,00 years ago, groups of Asian hunters crossed the land bridge following animal migration patterns. they created separate languages and cultures because they were separated by mountains and jungles. Had their own Neolithic Revolution (learned to grow corn and traded). Did not emerge in river valleys
Important Individuals/Examples-
The Maya (Guatemala)-
Significance- |
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The Transatlantic Slave Trade |
Description-
Important Individuals/Examples-
Significance- disrupted African cultures and delayed the growth of populations, encouraged warfare between African tribes, and Introduced African cultural influences to the Americas |
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England's Road to a Constitutional Monarchy |
Description- Government where power is shared by king or queen and Parliament. This emerged gradually in Great Britain.
Significance- |
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Mercantilism |
Description- European kings hoped to increase their power with the system of Mercantlism. Rulers tried to increase supply of gold and silver by achieving a favorable balance of trade-exporting goods of greater value than what they imported. Each 'mother country' exported expensive finished goods to the colonists and imported less costly materials
Important Individuals/Examples- Significance- |
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The Scientific Revolution |
Description-
Important Individuals/Examples- Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Bacon, Newton all established the laws of gravity
Significance- It made people question the church and search for answers about the world in a new scientific way |
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Enlightenment |
Description-
Rousseau- believed that the will of the majority should rule Voltaire- promoted the ideas of freedom of speech of religion
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The French Revolution |
Description- Causes: Inequality among the estates, unfair taxes, bankrupt government, spread of Enlightenment ideas . Third estate declared itself National Assmbly, issued Declaration of Rights of Man. Citizens seized bastille prison/revolution began; noble privelages ended
Important Individuals/Examples-
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Latin American Independent Movements |
Description-
Important Individuals/Examples- Jose de San Martin: worked to liberate Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule (1816-1818) Bernardo O'Higgins: liberated Chile in 1818
Significance- By early 1800s, most of Latin America had won the struggle for Independence from Europe |
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The Industrial Revolution |
Description-
Geographical Advantages: many harbors, plentiful coal and navigable rivers. Island (well protected from invasion). Close to European markets-well located for trade with other parts of the world
Significance- |
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Marx and Communism |
Description-
Communist Revolution: bourgeoisie will never willingly give up power so the workers will eventually join together and start a violent revolution
Important Individuals/Examples-
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles: creators of the Communist Manifesto and political system Communism
Significance- In the 20th century, several countries adopted communist systems (Russia, China, Cuba) |
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Unification of Italy and Germany |
Description-
Important Individuals/Examples-
Italy: Guiseppe Mazzini: Italian nationalist that wanted to unify Italy into a single country instead of many city states
Germany:
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Imperialism |
Description- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.Europes great powers gained colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific U.S and Japan also participated in Asia
-Technology(steamships, rifles, telegraphs, railroads and better medicines made it easier to conquer countries)
Significance- Led to flow of raw materials from the colonies to the imperial powers. Brought advanced technology, medicines and Christian beliefs to the colonies. Native populations treated as inferior; local boundaries and traditions disregarded; local people forced to work mines and plantations |
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Opening of Japan/Meiji Restoration |
Description- Tokugawa Shogunate had closed Japan to foreign trade, people and ideas. Once it was re-opened Japan became centralized.
Important Individuals/Examples-
Significance- Meiji emperor adopted Western technology, education and military tactics; Japan became the first non-western nation to successfully adopt western ways |
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Causes of WWI |
Description- WWI was a war between Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, U.S) and Central Powers(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire)
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: "the spark" Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of a Slav nationalist group. It caused Austria to invade Serbia and dragged Russia into the war because of alliances causing a chain reaction |
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The Treaty of Versailles |
Description- Treaty ending WW1. Eager for revenge, Allies made treaty very harsh on Germany. Germany was forced to take all blame for WWI, they lost territory in France, Poland and its overseas colonies
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The Bolshevik Revolution/Russian Revolution |
Description- Before WW1, most Russians lived in poverty; Tsar and nobles immensely rich.
• Civil war (1919-1921) won by Reds (communists) against Whites (anti-communists)
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The Rise of Fascism |
Description- -Extreme Militarism: uses violence and war to defeat political opponents -totalitarianism -extreme violence
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