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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social construction of bio medicine |
science as a cultural system |
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science |
knowledge about the natural world based orignially on empirical observation ie. from experience |
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modern science |
western based , becoming an international science with different styles, varying meanings according to different groups |
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mainstream science |
is systematized and institutionalized linked to universities, public and private funding, research institutes , business etc. |
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applied science |
has produced numerous benefits to society but distribution of scientific knowledge is unequal around the world ex. anti biotics |
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pure science |
assumed to be value free, value neutral , science is never removed from its social context to provide pure , unbiased results |
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illness |
patients subjective experiences and understanding of their conditions ex. mental illness |
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disease |
standardized clinical assessment of biological dysfunction ex. heredity |
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sickness |
impact of wider social relations on the definitions of disease and illness , health/ illness and suffering are not organically based but connected to social factors ex. homosexuality |
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manifest functions |
intended consequences of social actions |
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latent functions |
unintended consequences of social actions |
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traditional authority |
based on dominant personality eg. monarch or patriarch - legitimacy based on established rights and obligations within a social order - leadership based on custom , tradition and personal loyalty |
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charismatic authority |
based on a great figure or personality eg. political leader with extraordinary quantities and leadership skills - must be proven successful though achievements and prosperity to a community |
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rational / legal authority |
based on laws and rules and not on rulers - dominant in modern industrial society w/ formal rationality as guide to actions - bureaucracy as main force , creating universal rules and standards |
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disciplinary power |
power by governments and institutions to control individuals though productive rather than coercive means i.e. deemed to be desirable, natural and normative |
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regulatory power |
power underlying policies and interventions to regulate the biological processes of populations ex. birth/ health / longevitiy / mortality - deemed productive as it is meant to administer , optimize and categorize populations for greater collective good |
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social suffering
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results from what political, economic and institutional power does to people and reciprocally fro how these forms of people themselves influence responses to social problems |
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social suffering = |
structural violence |
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merton self reflection |
critical _______ helps overcome rigidity of habit |
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critical self reflection |
development of SAP's and their adverse effects on the health of poor populations demonstrate the unintended consequences that merton deemed inherent in social action |
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bio social approach to global health |
aspect of understanding cases of inequities and inequalities - a lot of the way we try to treat or minimize disease with certain programs stems from the way we socially construct disease and the responses to the diseases - product of history/ ideologies - must focus on individuals as a way to get to the root of the problem |
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horizontal |
general services, providing prevention and care for prevailing health problems - underlying issues of a population |
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vertical |
for specific health conditions - found more frequently where poverty prevails and epidemics flourish , general health services are weakly developed under such conditions |
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PHC |
promise of equity and a human right to health -divergent economic and political ideologies driven by the interest of the cold war influenced the discourse of international health |
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SPHC |
focused on the development of social services like education and health - emphasized the cost effective of vertical programs - created political will for funding opportunities ex. GOBI-FFF - these interventions were seen as easy to maintain |
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GOBI-FFF |
growth monitoring , oral rehydration therapy , breastfeeding , immunizations - launched in 1982 - goal of halving the mortality rate |
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GOBI-FFF |
offered a low cost high impact platform for internaitonal health - easy to monitor and measure, which attracted donors anxious to evaluate the effects of their aid dollars |
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FFF |
family planning and birth spacing , female literacy campaigns, food supplementation - people thought of these interventions as universal and not dependent on profound changes in values and priorities - program was quickly rolled out , menu of interventions were seen as less important |
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Jim Grant |
doc who worked for rockefeller foundation - executive director for UNICEF - urged for national immunization days to vac. to large populations of children who could face polio or other preventable diseases - promoted vaccinations and diarrehea treatments |
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halfdan mahler |
founder of primary health care -ran a red cross TB program - elected general of WHO - health for all by 2000 -disagreed with a emphasis on state- led health systems also wanted to prevent the devolution of international health policy - effort to combat TB |
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world bank |
promoted a new vision of health reform , resting on the notion that health care is a commodity not a right , that can be allocated by the market - greater reliance on the private sector to deliver clinical services |
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world bank |
promoted privitizing public health , charging patients for using the service , price varied from country to country - people couldn't afford it |
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3 aims of World Bank |
1: generate revenue for health services 2: increase effieceny by reducing over consumption 3: encouraing people to seek care at low cost primary care facilities instead of expensive hospitals |
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structural adjustment programs |
consists of loans provided by the international monetary fund and the world bank to countries that experience economic crises |
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SAP's |
goal of reducing the borrowing countries fiscal imbalances in the short term or in order to adjust the economy to long - term growth |
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SAP's |
allow the economies of developing countries to become more market oriented - focus more on trade/ production so it can boost their economy |
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implications of SAP's |
countries that fail to enact these programs include severe discipline , threats to poor countries amount to black maail and that poor nations have no choice but to comply - critizied for implementing generic - free market policy and for their lack of involvement ex. world bank implemented poverty reduction as a goal |
