Glgy 209 Final

Front 1

Fossil

Back 1

older than 11 700 years, when the last ice age ended

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subfossil

Back 2

younger than 11 000 years, often studied by archeologists

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1. Buried Rapidly

2. isolated from destructive factors (scavengers)

Back 3

two Most important conditions for fossilization

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Oxic Conditions

Back 4

Benthic organisms destroy dead organism

low fossilization chance

Front 5

Anoxic Conditions

Back 5

toxic dissolved gasses, high chance of fossilization, only anaerobic bacteria can exist

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Body fossil

Back 6

direct or altered remains of ancient organisms, most common form of fossil

Front 7

trace fossils (ichnofossils)

Back 7

evidence of activity

Front 8

chemical fossils (biomarkers)

Back 8

organic compounds produced by various organisms. Used to recognize the prganism evolution on earth

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Recrystallization

Back 9

conversion of the organic minerals of the test into a different mineral

aragonite --> calcite

Front 10

Mold

Back 10

Preserves internal features

Front 11

CAst

Back 11

preserves external features

Front 12

replacement

Back 12

moldic preservation where the space from the dissolution is filled by a new mineral

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carbonization

Back 13

common in plants, algae, and fish

buried deep into earth's crust, all organic material except carbon is expelled

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congealment

Back 14

high latitudes, thick layer of frozen rock and soil

Front 15

Tar Pits

Back 15

toxic gasses kill and preserve the organism

Front 16

force

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push or pull that result in the change of motion of a physical body of given mass

change in place, position, shape

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stress

Back 17

amount of force per unit area

Front 18

confining stress

Back 18

layer is buried deeply in the crust with no magma, motionless stress, equal force

Front 19

differential stress

Back 19

compression(push), tension (stretch), shear (opposite directions), forces are diffrent

more common then confining stress

Front 20

folds

Back 20

result of brittle deformation, rocks break frequently

Front 21

faults

Back 21

result of ductile formation, rocks bend instaed of breaking

Front 22

Review kinds of folds and faults***

Back 22

***

Front 23

Layer of superposition

Back 23

younger layers sit atop older layers

Front 24

original layer continuity

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layers of rock are continous until they encounter other solid bodies that block despostion

Front 25

original layer horizontially

Back 25

sediments are originally deposited flat

Front 26

John Strachey

Back 26

Layers terminate at margins of basin and form all over the basin (rivers, valleys)

Layers terminate abruptly at the fault

Strachey said Pinchot and inter tonguing occur because of the sea, rock changes at their position.

Front 27

mudcracks, ripple marks

Back 27

used to recognize the original position of the sea bottom

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conformable succession

Back 28

strata without depositional breaks

Front 29

non-conformable succession (unconformities)

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strata separated by surfaces of discontinuity

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disconformity

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sediments below and above and parallel

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angular unconformity

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erosional surface on tilted or folded starta over which younger strata have been depostited

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nonconformity

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erosion surface that cuts into metamorphic or igneous rocks covered by sedimetary rocks

Front 33

Review L 19 diagrams

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Lecture 19

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radioactive decay

Back 34

unstable isotope nucleus can be trasnformed spontanesosly into an isotop with a stable nuclueis configuration

Front 35

half-life

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time it takes for one half of the atoms of the unstable parent element to decay to the atoms of the more stable daughter element

Front 36

deep sea drilling project

Back 36

wells drilled to examine sediments at the deepest part of the planetary ocean

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solar wind

Back 37

determined the formation of the earth magnetic field

Front 38

younger sediments

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found near the central parts of the oceans

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older sediments

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found in the proximity of continental margins

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change in polarity

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Due to a mass of extremely mobile iron in liquid state

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pre-rifting

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stretched continental plate begins to rift

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continental uplift

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rising currents in asthenosphere

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continental rift

Back 43

rising hot rocks

Front 44

East African Rift

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example of a young ocean formation

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consumption

Back 45

subduction zones where oceanic crust is subducted below another oceanic crust, create a deep trench at the bottom of the ocean

Front 46

Wilson Cycle

Back 46

alternative way to present tectonics → basin lifespan that begins with rifting of continental and expansion and ends with its closure

Front 47

Primordial soup

Back 47

was not alive, mixture of organic molecules in ocean water

Front 48

Oparin

Back 48

model on earlier evolution of life, molecules cannot be combined, very accurate, provided the succession of evolution phases on earth

Front 49

Isua supercrustal group

Back 49

3.7 - 3.8 billion years of age, first vestiges of primordial soup

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Miller and urey experimen

Back 50

elements subjected to electricity resulted in amino acids

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Polymerization

Back 51

organic molecules combine to make larger molecules

Front 52

apex chart

Back 52

oldest unit that has vestiges of ancient life forms

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3.46 billion years

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age of fossil organisms, produce lots of oxygen through photosynthesis

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stromatolites

Back 54

clusters of organisms

Front 55

Modern stromatolites

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discovered in western australia shark bay

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Oldest stromatolites

Back 56

found in fig tree formation

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bdb

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dd

Front 58

Melanocyrillium:

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energy provided from other organism ingested (first predators)

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Bangiomorpha

Back 59

photosynthetic, marine, demonstrates appearance to sexual reproduction organism

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lysocline

Back 60

border between oxic and anoxic conditions,

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anticlines

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two branches converge upwards

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synclines

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two branches converge down

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James Hutton

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discovered natural selection

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Dynamos

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created magnetic fields

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Magnetic field

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In the northern region, the [articles were normally orientated. But as you move down, they start to lose their orientation

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Normal Polarity

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north geo/magnetic poles. Next to the mid-oceanic range are normal zones, parallel to the ridge are reversed magnetic fields

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Reversed Polarity

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magnetic zones upside down, return back to normal, then upside down

Front 68

magnetic lines

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influences the location and position of animals, lines become deformed during pole inversion

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Jurassic age

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evolution of the mid-oceanic range

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Formation of the Atlantic

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Breaking up of Pangea

Front 71

Ocean formation Model

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Ocean begin from a fracture in a continent Asthenosphere: ocean currents Depression zone strongly elongated over the continent resulting in a lot of plates. Sediments will be eroded from the slopes and deposited in extreme large valleys. Volcanism because hot matter is ejected to the surface. Gas emissions either at surface or arch plates. Africa has a very vast structure. Asthenosphere push causes a fracture on the continent. The two slabs start to move away.

Front 72

benioff plane

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oceanic rift is underneath another ocenaic or continental rift

Front 73

REVIEW L22

Back 73

L 22