Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Esophageal diverticula? Def?… Zenkers...Sx's?…
|
Pouch in esophageal wall; just above esopohageal spincter says what; - lump, halatosis, regurg.
|
|
|
Hiatal Hernia? 1. %, loc., --> 2. define…
|
1. Sliding 80-90%, cardia (stomach) --> esophageal hiatus; 2. Rolling (para-esophageal) stomach protrudes along side esophagus
|
|
|
Achlasia? Define… lead to…
|
Idiopathic lack of relaxation --> spasms, disphagia, dialated esophagus
|
|
|
Esophageal webs (upper) and rings (lower) ? Define.. Lead to… risks…
|
Cirumfrential mucosal folds --> dysphagia in middle aged woman
|
|
|
Esophageal varices ? Define.. Due to…
|
Dialated submucosal esoph viens due to hypertension & liver cirrhosis, fatal rupture
|
|
|
Mallory Weiss syndrome ? Path/location… due
|
Severe vomiting -->Linear, longitudinal, lacerations of distal esophagus and proximal stomach mucosa (alcoholics)
|
|
|
Inflamatory esophageal disorders 1-3
|
1. GERD 2. Barret's esophagus 3. Infectious esophagitis
|
|
|
Gastro-esophageal reflux (GERD) ? Assoc. w/… leads to…
|
Most Common w/ hiatal hernia, assoc. w/ alcohol/tobacco, precipitated by reclining position --> esophagitis & Barrett's
|
|
|
Barrett's esophagus? Path… etiol… % --> adenocarcinoma
|
Distal metaplasia (squam --> columnar ep), due to long term GERD, 10% precurse adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Esophagitis? Causes… Precursers…
|
Ulcers due to immunocomprimised infection, irritants (alcohol, hot tea), chemo, desquamative disease pemphigus/goid, EB
|
|
|
Esophageal neoplasms? 2 types Benign
|
Papillomas, leiomyoma
|
|
|
Esophageal neoplasms? Malignant 1. type, %, loc., risk… 2. Sx's, risk
|
1. Squamous cell carcinoma (90% of esoph cancer), upper 2/3 esoph, inc risk males, black, china, russia, iran. 2. Adenocarcinoma lower 1/3 <-- Barrett's, more common in US than SCCA, Sx = dysphagia, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting blood. Inc risk middle age (50) white males.
|
|
|
Pyloric stenosis? Signs…leads to…
|
Palpable hypertrophy of pyloric circular muscle --> obstruction, congenital projectile vomiting @ 3 wk age.
|
|
|
Acute gastritis? Path… causes…
|
Acute Mucosal inflam. --> erosions and hemorrhage (usually transient); causes: alcoholics (major cause of vomiting), NSAID's, cigarettes, chemo, burns, trauma, infections
|
|
|
Chronic gastritis? Cause…
|
Helicobacter pylori (gram - non-invasive rod) --> inflam --> atrophy of mucosal glands (diff. From acute) --> meta/dysplasia/atypia of surface epithelium --> peptic ulcer development & gastric carcinoma; types of ulcers: (Cushings = stress, brain tumors; Curling's = shock, bleeding) common (50%) adults > 50 (few symptoms)
|
|
|
Autoimmune gastritis; Path… leads to… affected..
|
Antibodies to chief/parietal cells (localized in fundus) --> Achlorhydria (gastric acid loss) & loss of intrinsic factor --> pernicious anemia. Older paients w/ atrophic mucosa
|
|
|
Peptic ulcer disease? Path… relapse? Precurser to cancer? Causes…
|
Defined, round, punched out lesion near lesser curvature. Relapses, NOT precursor of carcinoma. Inc risk w/ O blood; inc. gastric acid plays a role but not the only role. Pathogenesis: Mucosal exposure to HCl and pepsin, assoc. w/ H pylori (prote/ureases break down mucous) & NSAID toxicity, alcohol/cig, gastric hyperacidity; TX: Antibiotics to eliminate H. Pylori.
|
|
|
Peptic ulcer complications? 1-4…
|
1. Hemorrhage 2. Penetration to pancrease 3. Perf peritoneum 4. Cicatrization --> stenosis
|
|
|
Zollinger Ellison syndrome? % cancerous… path… Tx…
|
50% cancerous tumors (in pancreas, stomach, & duodenum) (abnormal tummor upressor gene, 30-60 yrs. age) = tumors secrete gastrin --> more painful hard to treat ulcers. Tx = gastrectomy.
|
|
|
Stomach carcinoma? Common in… etiology.. Loc…
|
Common in males > 50, blood type A, poor prognosis etiology: H pylori, Nitrosamines (smoked meats), few fruits/vegies, achlorhydria distal stomach --> lymph, Danish countries / Japan (smoked fish?)
|
|
|
T or F: Most Stomach Carcinomas are poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Lymphoma of Stomach? % of total malignant tumors… type of lymph…assoc. w/…
|
total 4% of malignant tumors; MALT type; assoc. w/ H pylori; better prognosis than adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Meckel's Diverticulum def… Sx… rule of 2's…
|
5 cm (2 in.) intestinal blind pouch; asymptomatic usually in ileum; 2% pop. = 2 in., 60% under age 2 = 2 feet from end of ileum
|
|
|
Hirschprung disease? Path… leads to… affects hom… assoc. w/…
|
Eric's Congenital megacolon ; **Lack ganglion cells; causes colic obstruction and distention proximal to affected segment; 4:1 males; assoc. w/ other congenital abnorm.'s
|
|
|
Developmental abnormalities of the intestines? 1-5
|
1. Atresia / Stenosis; 2. Duplictation; 3. Meckel's diverticulum; 4. Malrotation; 5. Hirschprung's disease
|
|
|
Intestinal vascular disorders? 1-3
|
1. Ischemic bowel disease; 2. Angiodysplasia; 3. Hemorrhoids
|
|
|
Ischemic bowel disease? Cause… loc… types…. 90% ,mortality in…
|
atherosclerotic occ. of 2+ mesenteric arteries; most often affects the spleenic flexure & rectosigmoid junction; mucosal, mural, or transmural infarction; transmural=90% mortality rate
|
|
|
Angiodysplasia? Path… Sx…
|
dialation of small vessels in mucosa/submucosa; unexplained lower bowel bleeding
|
|
|
Hemorrhoids? Path… causes…
|
dialated int/external anal venous plexus; constipation, low fiber
|
|
|
What 2 types of GI infections are there?
|
Diarrhea (increase in stool mass, frequency, fluidity); Dysentary (low volume, painful, bloody diarrhea)
|
|
|
GI infections? Conditions… types…
|
1. ecosystem disturbances (antibiotic tx = overgrowth of C. difficile --> pseudomemb. colitis) 2. New pathogen (virus, protozoa, bacteria) 3. Location small intest --> watery, large vol., rare bleeding; large int --> mucoid, small Vol, blood, leukocytes. Diarrhea & Dysentary
|
|
|
Bacterial Diarrhea? Path… food poisoning caused by… which is more severe…
|
toxin prefromed in food or by lytic action in intestine; E. coli, S. aureus usually; botulism also (rare); Sx severity: bacterial > viral
|
|
|
Psuedomembraous colitis Path… etiol… Sx..
|
Psuedomembranes cover ulcers; overgrowth C. difficile (exotoxins) (antibiotic Tx esp. Clarythtromycin); Acute diarrhea may be bloody, fever, toxicity
|
|
|
Vibrio cholerae define… path… source…
|
G-, non-invsive enterotoxin, 50% mortality w/o fluid replacement; bacteria colonize on surface --> fluid loss + electrolytes = "rice water stools"; H20, shell fish, person - person
|
|
|
Shigella path… spread…
|
Invades epithelium of distal colon --> mucosal inflam & erosion --> dysentary; Person to person = epidemic
|
|
|
Viral Gastroenteritis 2 types… path…
|
1. Rotavirus = small intestine, children 6-24 mo.'s; 50% acute childrens diarrhea US; fecal oral; 2. Caliciviruses (Norwalk) --> large intestines,; most common NON foodborne enteritis (older children/adults)
|
|
|
Protazoal enteritis 3 types… invasive?… %, spread..
|
1. Giardia lamblia - NON-invasive, small intest, fecal-H2O; 2. Entamoeba histolytica - Invasive, colon --> flask shaped colic ulcers ; 40% embolize --> liver --> abcesses 3. Cryptosporidosis - 20% of all childhood diarrhea in developing countries; H2O borne, petentially fatal complication of AIDS
|
|
|
Malabsorption syndromes; clinical features;1-3
|
deficiency in nutrients; a. proteins --> anemia, hypoalbuminemia --> edema; b. Lipids --> steatorrhea, def. Vit.K --> bleeding probs, Vit.D --> osteomalacia; 1. Intraluminal; 2. Uptake; 3. Transport
|
|
|
Intraluminal malabsorption def… 3 causes…
|
Maldigestion; 1. pancreatic insuff.; 2. red. bile salts; 3. post-gastrectomy (gastric bypass)
|
|
|
Uptake malabsroption def.. Causes…
|
Intrinsic bowel disease; sprue, enteritis, Whipple's, resections
|
|
|
Transport malabsroption to… 3 causes…
|
Liver: 1. Lymphoma (lymphatic obstruction) 2. CHD 3. ischemia
|
|
|
Celiac (sprue) disease def… path.. affects… Sx's… Tx…
|
gluten (H2O-insoluble gliadin) sensitive enteropathy (oats, barley, rye); flattening of intestinal villi --> red. absorption in proximal small intestine, large # B & plasma cells sensitive to gliadin; 1:300, inc. rate of lyphomas; infancy (may cause growth retardation or failure to thirve) then 50-60 yrs. Weightloss, steatorrhea, anemia.; 80% cured by gluten-free diet
|
|
|
Tropical sprue etiol… loc.. Tx…
|
bacterial; all levels of intestine affected; responsive to antibiotics (tetracyclines)
|
|
|
Whipples disease etio… path… @ risk..
|
Trophyeryma whippeli (G+ actinomycete) --> malabsrop --> chronic diarrhea.; PAS + organism containg macrophages in intestinal mucosa + joints & brain --> arthralgia, polyarthrits, hyperpigmentation, lymphadenopathy, CNS complaints; males 40-50 yrs.
|
|
|
Appendicitis path… Sx'x… @ risk
|
obstruction, neutrophilic infiltration of muscularis, rupture --> peritonitis; acute RLQ abdominal pain, sudden fever, elevated WBC's; 5:1 males 10% population
|
|
|
Peritonitis etiol.. Path… Tx…
|
enteric bacteria; local/diffuse inflem of abdominal cavity; a. infectious = rupture of stomach, abcess, fallopian tubes, prexisting ascites; b. sterile = chem irritation, ruptured pancrease or gallbladder; surgery, high mortality
|
|
|
Inflamatory bowel disease; chron's vs. ulcerative colitis similarities
|
idiopathic; 15-25 yrs; genetic predispostion; dec. mucosal immunity; ag = microbes; relapse/remission; colic pseudopolyps; fibrosis (> in chron's); oral snail tract pustules
|
|
|
Chron's disease
|
mouth --> colon; skip lesions; oral = linear ulcers, cobblestone; transmural; non-caseating granulomas 50% ; deep linear "rose thorn" ulcerations; thickened intestinal wall --> small lumen; fistulae; creeping fat; cancer short term risk = 5-6 x >; recurrance after surgery; women affected more often; smoking inc risk
|
|
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
colon only; continuous/diffuse distribution; crypt abcesses; mucosa/submucosa inflam; shallow ulcerations; thin intestinal wall --> dialated lumen; higher long term cancer risk; unisex; smoking dec. risk
|
|
|
Diseases and obstruction of the bowel; 1-5
|
1. Diverticulosis; 2. Diverticulitis; 3. Intussusception; 4. Volvulus; 5. Hernia
|
|
|
Diverticulosis Path… @ risk…
|
mucosa lined false pockets (85% sigmoid) herniating --> muscle layer; older patients US & W. Europe
|
|
|
Diverticulits Sx's… complications…
|
bright red rectal bleeding, fever, inc WBC's, lower abdominal pain; complications = abcsess, fibrosis, rupture, stenosis
|
|
|
Obstruction (Ileus); def… 4 types
|
adynamic (paralytic) ileus-disruption of innervation w/ fecoliths; 1. Intussusception = telescoping of intestines; 2. Volvulus = twisting; 3. Hernia = --> peritoneal wall (inguinal / umbilical); 4. Adhesions
|
|
|
Intestinal neoplasms 3 types… terms…
|
1. non-neoplastic; 2. benign 2.5:1 out # malignant; 3. malignant **found in ALL large intestine or rectum; 3rd most common cancer after lung and breast; sessile = broad based; pedunculated = narrow stalk
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Intestinal neoplasms; factors… genes involved…
|
1. Genetic 2. diet = western; inactivation of p53, activation of oncogene (ras)
|
|
|
non-neoplastic polyps; etiol.. 3 types…
|
hyperplasia, inflam, abnormal mucosal maturation: 1. Hyperplastic 2. Inflammatory 3. Hamartomatous
|
|
|
Hyperplastic polyps path… malignancy…
|
80% recto-sigmoid, < 5mm d., multiple; no malignant potention
|
|
|
Inflammatory polyps path… caused by…
|
inflam and lymphoid infiltrates; chronic inflammatory bowel disease
|
|
|
Hamartomatous polyps; 2 types
|
1. Juvenile 2. Peutz Jeghers
|
|
|
Juvenile polyps path… age…
|
1-3 cm, solitary; <5 yrs
|
|
|
Peutz Jeghers path.. Sx'x… inc risk…
|
multiple in small intestine and colon; perioral melanin pigmentation; non-polyp cancer, intussusception, NO malig transformation
|
|
|
Neoplastic polyps: etiol… path.. @ risk…
|
premalignant epithelial dysplasia / prolif.; 70% in rectosigmoid area, often multiple --> adenocarcinoma; Males 2:1, inc w/ age
|
|
|
Neoplastic polyp adenomas: 3 types…
|
1. Tubular adenoma = small stalked, 20%; 2. Tubulo-vilous = 20-50%; 3. Villous > 50%, > 2 cm
|
|
|
Multiple polyposis syndromes: malignant potential; 3 types…
|
increase: 1. Familial adenomatous polyposis 2. Gardner's 3. Turcot
|
|
|
Familial adenomatous polyposis; etiol… #… Colon cancer risk…
|
autosomal dom; 500-2500 adenomas; 100% colon cancer risk
|
|
|
Gardner's syndrome; etiol.. Sx'x… inc risk of…
|
autosomal dom; osteomas, epidermoid cysts, supernumerary teeth cretanaceous crap; thyroid cancer, 50-100% risk colcon cancer
|
|
|
Turcot syndrome
|
rare, colon polyps + brain tumors
|
|
|
Colon adenocarcinoma; location… age… gene mutations…
|
50% recto-sigmoid area; 10 x more common in US than Asia, 50-70 yrs age; mutations in APC, K-RAS, 18Q21, P53
|
|
|
Dukes stages (colon cancer): A-D
|
A. not through muscularis >90% survive; B. --> muscularis, nodes involved 70%; C. bowel wall involevment 30%; D. distant metasteses 5-10%
|
|
|
Colon adenocarcinoma R vs L; right colon… left… tests…
|
proximal right = polypoid exophytic masses w/ surface ulceration, obstruction not common; dital left = annular "napkin ring"constricitons; CEA (released by tumor = marker), Fe deficiency in males
|
|
|
Predisposing factors for colon cancer: 1-5
|
1. low fiber-high fat diet; 2. adenomatous polyps; 3. inherited polyposis; syndromes; 4. genetic tendencies; 5. longlasting ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
Carcinoid tumors? def.. Loc… size… carcinoid syndrome?…
|
neuroendocrine tumors of low malig; 90% in intestines (appendix); <2cm, >2cm --> metast; metast --> liver = blushing, wheezing, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain
|
