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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for the physical and chemical alteration of materials near surface?
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Weathering
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What is the term weathered material and organic matter that supports plants?
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Soil
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What is the term sediment or pyroclastics or weathered residue?
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Regolith
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What is the term carbon from the decay of organic debris?
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Humus
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What is the term for rock texture made of clasts or fragments?
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Clastic
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What is the term for the accumulation of rocks broken off by frost wedging?
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Talus
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What is the term for the process that converts loose sediment to rock?
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Lithification
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What is the term for the reduction in volume of sediment as pore spaces close?
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Compaction
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What is the term the minerals precipitate in pore spaces and bind grains together?
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Cementation
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What is the term for the environment change when shoreline moves inland?
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Transgression
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What is the term for the environment change when shoreline moves seaward?
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Regression
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What is the term for the distinctive bodies of sedimentary rock unique to particular depositional environment?
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Facies
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What is the term for the beds or individual layers of sediment?
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Strata
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What is the term for the wearing away and removal of materials by geologic agents?
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Erosion
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What is the term for the remains or traces of ancient organisms?
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Fossil
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What are the sources for carbon dioxide to carbonic acid include :
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1. Air
2. Soil |
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In which horizon is subsoil found?
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Horizon B
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What does subsoil gradually accumulate?
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Subsoil gradually accumulates soluble minerals as time goes by.
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When do secondary sedimentary structures form, before or after, burial?
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Secondary sedimentary structures form after burial
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What are concretions and geodes examples of?
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Secondary sedimentary structures
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What are the minerals that form during chemical weathering?
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1. Clay
2. Oxides or hydroxides |
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What are the most common chemical cements:
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1. Silica
2. Calcium carbonate |
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What causes cemented rocks to be red or brown in color?
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Iron or Hematite
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How is Talus formed?
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1. Frost wedging or Frost weathering
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What type of weathering is frost wedging or weathering?
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Mechanical
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What type of weathering is common in mountains?
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Mechanical
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Why is water an important agent of chemical weathering?
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Water molecule is asymmetric
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What is the result of water coming into contact with carbon dioxide?
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Carbonic acid
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T or F
Ferrosmagnesium minerals are iron-rich. |
TRUE
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What does oxidation do to iron-rich minerals?
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Changes them into:
1. oxides 2. hydroxides |
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What was the Dust Bowl an example of regarding changes to the soil?
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Soil Degradation
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What caused the soil to degrade during the Dust Bowl?
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1. Drought
2. Erosion |
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T or F
Detrital sedimentary rocks are made of pieces of pre-existing rocks. |
True
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T or F
Detrital sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture. |
TRUE
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T or F
Detrital sedimentary rocks are major sources for oil and goundwater. |
TRUE
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T or F
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified by grain size. |
TRUE
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How doe all chemical sedimentary rocks form?
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From ions carried in solution
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What does the Rock Cycle explain?
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Sedimentary rocks from from pre-existing rocks
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What were the first rocks to form on Earth?
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Igneous
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Where is frost wedging most effective?
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High mountains
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T or F
Oxidation is an important weathering process in calcite. |
FALSE
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T or F
Minerals formed by oxidation include clays, calcite, pyroxene, and quartz. |
FALSE
Minerals formed by oxidation do NOT include any of these. |
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T or F
Minerals formed by oxidation include hematite. |
TRUE
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What are the 4 influences that control the rate of weathering?
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1. climate
2. particle size 3. parent material 4. amount of silica |
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Where is chemical weathering the most effective?
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The Tropics
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Out of the following, which is the most stable during weathering:
quartz muscovite olivine biotite pyroxene |
Quartz
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Which soil horizon has the least amount of organic material?
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Horizon C has the least amount of organic material
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Why is soil considered a nonrenewable resource?
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Soil forms very slowly
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Potential soil degradation can be the result of what 4 causes?
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1. physical compaction by machinery or cattle
2. increase in amount of salt 3. pollution 4. Erosion and soil loss |
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T o F
Lithification may include cementation and compaction. |
TRUE
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Based on grain size, which rock was probably transported for the shortest distance?
1. mudstone 2. siltstone 3. sandstone 4. conglomerate 5. sedimentary breccia |
Sedimentary breccia
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What chemical sedimentary rock is never formed by biological activity?
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Rock Gysum
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How are chemical sedimentary rocks primarily classified?
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By Composition
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What are the 4 ways geologists decipher depositional environment?
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1. Rock type
2. Rock texture, including soring and rounding 3. Fossil type 4. Geometry of Deposit |
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T or F
Primary sedimentary structures include strata. |
TRUE
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When does marine transgression occur?
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When the sea level rises
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What are the 4 results of weathering?
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1. alters rocks so they are more in sync with the surface environmental conditions
2. Disaggregates rocks 3. Chemically alters susceptible minerals like amphibole 4. Causes rust |
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Name 4 ways Nature can break rocks apart?
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1. Growing ice crystals
2. Growing salt crystals 3. RElease of pressure by removal of overburden 4. Plant roots |
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T or F
Mechanical weathering tends to form particles with sharp edges |
TRUE
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What is the key difference between regolith and soil?
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Soil includes organic material
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What is the term for soils that are rich in organic materils and aluminum?
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Pedalfers
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How does weathering form valuable ore deposits?
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By removing more soluble minerals and leaving behind residues.
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What is the most common method of sediment transport?
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Water
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How does Arkose differ from other sandstones?
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It contains at least 25% Feldspar
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Where does graded bedding form?
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In underwater landslides
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What is the term for a widespread unit of rock, that is distinct from the rocks above and below it?
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Formation
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T or F
Pure water is most effective at dissolving calcite. |
FALSE
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T or F
Oxidation is responsible for much of the coloration in rocks |
TRUE
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T or F
The more surface area exposed to the weather, the faster the rock or mineral will weather. |
TRUE
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T or F
Mechanical and chemical weathering work together to alter exposed Earth materials. |
TRUE
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T or F
The aluminum ore Bauxite is found in tropical soils. |
TRUE
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T or F
Sedimentary rocks are most common at the surface of the EArth. |
TRUE
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T or F
Ooids are secondary sedimentary structures. |
FALSE
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T or F
Mechanical weathering forms new minerals that are more stable under surface conditions. |
FALSE
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T or F
Chemical sediments are transported long distances by wind and ice. |
FALSE
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What are the 3 ways round shaped stones are formed
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1. Rocks are rounded during transport by water.
2. Spheroidal weathering creates rounded shapes 3. Concretions are often round |
