Geography Test 1 Milburn

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A Method of distance measurement using the straight line mileage between two places.

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Absolute Distance

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Dictates where each place exists on a reference system.

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Absolute location

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Indicates ease of movement between places.

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Accessibility

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A functional region in which individual activities occur.

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Activity Space

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The dominant characteristics found within a space.

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Aggregate Characteristics

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A line that distinguishes the area within the region from the area outside the region.

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Boundary

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A type of map showing quantity or type of phenomena by area. It uses shades or colors to show class intervals and is often used for maps displaying density.

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Choropleth Map

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On a map, grouping of data assigned different shades or colors.

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Class Intervals

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A distribution in which data show distinct pockets of concentration.

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Clustered

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A discipline that is in some way affiliated with a branch of human geography; for example, political science is a cognate of political geography.

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Cognate

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A measure of distance based on perceived distance, rather than physical distance.

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Cognitive Distance

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Data that occur everywhere, beyond observations.

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Continuous Data

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The relationship between the spatial distributions of two or more phenomena that tend to vary in the same way.

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Covariation

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An established set of conditions that helps categorize and compare information.

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Criteria

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The number of some phenomenon divided by some sort of control group.

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Density

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Always resulting in a particular pattern.

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Deterministic

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A type of distribution in which there does not seem to be any type of agglomeration and incidences are well separated from one another.

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Dispersed

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A factor that heavily influences spatial interactions and can be measured in several ways.

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Distance

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The idea that, all else being equal, as distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases.

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Distance decay

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The spatial arrangement of a phenomenon.

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Distribution

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A method of distance measurement using the straight line mileage between two places.

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Eudidean Distance

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A measure of space in which space operates as an area in which activities take place; also known as absolute space.

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Euclidean Space

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A type of map that is often used to depict the interaction between places.

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Flow Map

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Places that have one or more characteristics in common.

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Formal Regions

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The amount of time it takes to get from one place to another.

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Friction of Distance

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Regions constructed out of places that interact.

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Functional Regions

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A type of reference system in which each place is given a unique value based on it's latitude and longitude.

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Geographical Coordinate System

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A geographical spreadsheet in which places are represented in rows and have specific geographical location.

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Geographical Grid

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Where a place is located.

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Geographical Location

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The elimination of national boundaries through ever greater integration of people, companies, and governments across the world.

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Globalization

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A class of distinctive landscapes that bring to mind images and symbols essential to identity.

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Iconic Landscapes

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Landscapes found inside a building, house, or other structure.

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Interior Landscapes

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A line of longitude that is the other side of the prime meridian and is 180 degrees.

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International Date Line

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A map that is used to display distributions. It consists of lines that connect points of equal value.

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Isoline Map

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An area that is less defines than a region and is described in an abstract manner.

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Landscape

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A measured distance north or south of the equator, with the North and South Poles as key reference points.

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Latitude

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A measured distance east and west of the prime meridian.

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Longitude

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Taking place at different spatial scales.

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Multiscalar

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Involves several different factors, and it can be hard to untangle the relative significance of each.

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Multivariate

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A landscape that people encounter in their daily experiences.

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Ordinary Landscape

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The arrangement of various geographic phenomena at a given point in time.

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Pattern

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A way to slice up time. It is essential to historical understanding.

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Period

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Any attribute that can be considered geographically.

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Phenomenon

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A basic unit and key concept in geography that indicates where something exists.

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Place

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A wide variety of activities that occur between places.

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Place Interaction

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One or more attributes that places have in common.The distribution of points on a map, which can be analyzed to determine patterns.

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Point Pattern

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The key reference line for longitude that is 0 degrees, an arbitrary line that crosses through Greenwich, England, and connects the poles.

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Prime Meridian

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Tending to result in a pattern.

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Probalistic

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An action that brings about a particular pattern.

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Process

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A characteristic that can be applied to an entire place.

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Pure Characteristic

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A phenomenon that is neither clustered or dispersed.

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Random Distribution

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A way of subdividing space into categorizable geographical units.

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Region

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The location of a place compared to other places.

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Relative Location

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The level of significance a characteristic has depending on scale of analysis and the topic of interest.

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Relative Significance

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This determines the frame of reference and shows which characteristics are especially important.

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Scale

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A scale that determines what is being studies based on the size of the area being examined.

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Scale of Analysis

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A set of meanings attached to an area, particularly to the people who know that place well.

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Sense of Place

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The immediate environment of a place.

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Site

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A way in which a particular place relates to the space that surrounds it.

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Situation

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A two-dimensional area that contains a number of places and boundaries that may or may not be clearly defined.

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Space

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The network created by spatial interactions, which geographers attempt to understand.

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Spatial Connectivity

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The movement and interconnections between places.

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Spatial Interaction

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Maps that show the distribution, flow, or connection of one or more characteristics and are used to show distribution.

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Thematic Maps

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The distance traveled between places based on existing transportation routes.

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Travel Distance

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The time it takes to get from one place to another, allowing for different levels of connectivity.

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Travel Time

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A region that people construct in their mind, making them difficult to dissect.

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Vernacular Region

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Within social theory, the human capacity to make free independent choices; often contrasted with structure.

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Agency

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A Prussian explorer and naturalist (1769-1859) who traveled widely, especially in the Americas, categorizing natural objects and writing about the importance of scientific inquiry.

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Alexander von Humboldt

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A Muslim geographer and cartographer (1100-1165) educated in Spain who improved geographic knowledge by merging ancient knowledge with first hand accounts by Muslim and European traders of his time.

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Al-Idrisi

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A branch of human geography that focuses on the psychological process that underlie human geographic decisions.

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Behavioral Geography

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A German geographer (1779-1859) who emphasized observation of the landscape and who argued that geography must focus on understanding the interconnections among phenomena on the earth's surface and not just basic description.

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Carl Ritter

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An Italian-born explorer (1451-1506) known for exploring the Caribbean and for erroneously believing that Asia was closer to Europe than it was.

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Christoper Columbus

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The interaction between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, including the sharing of cultural ideas as well as plants and animals.

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Columbian Exchange

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The recording of knowledge about the peoples and environments of the Earth In ancient times, many geographers simply described what they saw in the world without attempting to explain it.

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Description

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The controversial idea, popular in the early twentieth century and largely discredited today, that climate or other physical qualities of an area dictate the culture of the people who live there.

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Environmental Determinism

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The geographer and thinker (~276-195 BC) who is best known for his remarkably accurate calculation of the circumference of the Earth.

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Eratosthenes

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In the social sciences, theories and philosophies that focus on the status of, contributions, and rights of women.

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Feminism

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Computer systems that can capture, store, analyze, and output geographic data; commonly referred to as a GIS.

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Geographic Information Systems

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The Greek historian (~550-476 BC) credited with writing the book Ges Periodus, a descriptive account of the ancient world.

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Hecataeus

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The historian (~484-425 BC) who included geographic descriptions in his writings.

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Herodotus

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The writer often considered the father of geography.

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Homer

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A sub-branch of human geography that grew out of behavioral geography but put less emphasis on explaining the the world and more focus on the meaning that humans place on the environment and their surroundings, as well as how people perceive the world around them.

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Humanistic Geography

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A Moroccan Muslim (1304-1368) who traveled over 75,000 miles and wrote an account of his journeys.

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Ibn-Battuta

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In social theory, such as in structionalism, the hidden ideas and theories that help create the visible world around us.

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Infrastructure

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The British clockmaker (1693-1776) who invented a chronometer that worked while at sea, thus allowing accurate measurements of longitude to be determined.

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John Harrison

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The unit of speed used by sailors; equal to 1 nautical mile an hour which is equivalent to approximately 1.151 miles an hour, or 1.852 kilometers per hour.

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Knot

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Places where societal structures intersect with human decisions, according to structuralists.

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Locales

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Related to the work of the nineteenth-century thinkers Karl Marx and Frederich Engel.

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Marxist

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In geography, human understanding about the size and shape of the world as well as where things are located.

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Measurement

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A representation of the real world that humans have in their minds.

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Mental Map

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Twentieth-century trends in art, architecture, and literature that represent a break from traditions of the past.

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Modernism

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A belief that all knowledge can be pursued by the scientific method. It puts a strong emphasis on observation.

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Positivism

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The viewpoint that arose as a criticism of environmental determinism, holding that human populations develop their own cultures within constraints set by the environment.

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Possibilism

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A complex set of ideas that arose as a criticism of modernism and that, in general, rejects that everything in the world is rational or neatly categorized.

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Postmodernism

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A broad term that refers to social theories that questioned structuralism's search for deep structures and that focused on individuals and local differences. In geography, many poststructuralists focus on how marginalized groups view and use landscapes.

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Poststructualism

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A Portuguese royal (1394-1460) who contributed to European exploration and geographic discovery by employing cartographers, geographers, and other experts to further Portuguese maritime interests.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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A geographer, mathematician, and astronomer (90-168 AD) who wrote a long geography of the world. Versions of Ptolemy's maps were used for 1,500 years despite serious errors.

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Ptolemy

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In geography, the movements that grew in strength in the 1950s and 1960s and that focused on statistics, positivic techniques, and the search for universal laws to explain geographic patterns and processes.

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Quantitative Revolution

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A type of geographic inquiry that focuses on the region as a main way to classify and understand the world. Regional geographies tend to focus on broad, holistic descriptions of regions.

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Regional Geography

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A movement that arose in the nineteenth century and focused on sending teams of scientists to explore certain parts of the world.

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Scientific Exploration

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A vitamin C-deficiency disease common among sailors in pre-modern times.

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Scurvy

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A set of social theories that generally look for deep structures or theories that guide human actions and societies.

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Structuralism

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A social theory that human action is partly constrained by social structures governed by laws and social norms and that societies can choose to either reproduce or change their behaviors.

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Structuration

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In social theory, social, political, or economic systems that might limit or constrain the human capacity to make independent decisions; often contrasted with agency.

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Structure

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A social theory that argues that society has rules that humans can choose to act on or not.

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Superstructure

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An approach to studying geography that focuses on specializing in one subfield of the discipline and then applying that knowledge to a variety of regions or places.

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Systematic Geography

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A type of medieval map that was based on Christian Theology, showed the world as three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe), and resembled a "T" inside an "O."

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T-O Map

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A love of a place.

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Topophilia

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A fear of a place.

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Topophobia

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Something that has happened recently that is to do with geography,

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Topical Geography

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A statistic of population density calculated by dividing a country's population by it's total land area. In other words, it is the number of people per square kilometer or square mile.

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Arithmetic Density

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A simple equation that holds that a country in a future time period will equal births minus deaths plus immigration minus emigration.

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Basic Demographic Equation

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A simple measure of fertility that represents the number of children born per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

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Crude Birth Rate

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A measure of mortality that represents the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

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Crude Death Rate

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A model of demographic change based on Europe's population in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. It argues that, as a country modernizes, its fertility and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Because death rates drop before birth rates, population increase will occur.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

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A statistic that shows how many years it will take for a population to double.

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Doubling Time

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The Danish economist (1910-1990) who argued that rising populations will stimulate human societies to produce more food through innovation and technology.

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Ester Boserup

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Population theorists who believe that the world will continue to see rapid population growth far decades to come.

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Explosionists

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How many people are born in a given time period.

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Fertility

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The mass destruction of a population.

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Genocide

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Population theorists who believe that declining fertility rates indicate that the Earth has turned the corner on population growth.

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Implosionists

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A series of agricultural and technological innovations that transferred European society beginning in the 18th century and eventually spread to much of the world.

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Industrial Revolution

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The number of babies who die before the age of one per 1,000 births.

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Infant Mortality Rate

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The average life spans of persons in a particular population.

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Life Expectancies

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The period in ancient times, approximately 12,000 years ago, when livestock and agriculture were domesticated, leading to the establishment of more permanent settlements and a rise in global population.

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Neolithic Revolution

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Modern population theorists that carry on Malthus' idea that population growth will lead to global chaos.

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Neo-Malthusians

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Begun by the Chinese government in 1979, a population control policy that restricts most couples to just one birth without special permission.

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One-Child Policy

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A statistic of population density calculated by dividing a country's population by its area of arable land. In other words, it is the number of people per square mile or kilometer of farmable land.

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Physiologic Density

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Government attempts to increase or decrease the birth rate in the country

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Population Planning

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A graphic that shows the number or percentage of men and women in a population per year group or range of years; sometimes called a population pyramid.

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Population Profile

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The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; doesn't take into account migration into and out of an area.

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

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A statistic, expressed as a percentage, that indicates the growth rate of a population at a given time period that includes not only births and deaths but also migration.

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Rate of Population Increase

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The total fertility rate necessary to keep a population at a constant size over time, assuming no migration; usually between 2.1 and 2.3.

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Replacement Level in Fertility

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The Englishman (1766-1834) who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population and argued that population growth would lead to famine or disease.

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Thomas Malthus

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The number of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime, given current fertility rates.

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Total Fertility Rate

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See replacement level in fertility.

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Zero Population Growth

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An organism that causes disease; such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or flukes.

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Agent

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In the triangle of human ecology, the effects of cultural norms or societal organizations on human health.

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Behavior

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Factors, such as drugs, dangerous gases, or harmful liquids, that negatively affect on human health.

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Chemical Insults

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A symptom of various viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, killing more than 2 million people each year.

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Diarrhea

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The relationship between plants or animals and the environment.

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Ecology

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A disease, such as chicken pox, that is always present at some level in a population.

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Endemic

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An outbreak of a disease.

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Epidemic

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Whether or not someone can afford health or medical care.

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Financial Factors

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In regard to access to health care, the presence or absence of health care resources.

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Functional Factors

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In regard to access to heath care, ow close or accessible facilities are to users.

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Geographical Factors

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Also known as Dracuncaliasis, this disease causes an infection by a roundworm that gets into humans when they drink water containing water fleas carrying the worm's larvae.

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Guinea worm Disease

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The natural characteristics and cultural aspects of an environment.

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Habitat

Front 149

A worldwide disease caused by a virus that can cause a progressive breakdown of the human immune system.

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HIV/AIDS

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A life form that has a disease.

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Host

Front 151

The interconnections between human population and the physical world.

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Human Ecology

Front 152

The effects on a person caused by viruses, bacteria,or other physical insults.

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Infectious Stimuli

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Commonly known as the flu, a disease caused by a virus that affects humans, animals, and birds. Flu outbreaks can be regional or even global.

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Influenza

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A disease caused by a parasite and spread to humans by mosquitoes. About 40% of the world's population is at risk of contracting this disease.

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Malaria

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The sub-branch of geography that studies the pattern of and transmission of diseases as well as the spatial pattern of health care.

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Medical Geography

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A worldwide outbreak of a disease.

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Pandemic

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Traumatic events, such as accidents, shock, or radiation poisoning that negatively affect human health.

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Physical Insults

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The cultural practice of a husband having multiple wives.

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Polygyny

Front 159

The number of people in a given area as well as the age, gender, and genetic characteristics of a society.

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Population

Front 160

the effects of things such as crowding, anxiety, belonging, or love on a person's health.

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Psychosocial Insults

Front 161

An endemic infectious disease caused by a fluke, which also lives in snails for part of its life cycle. The infection causes a massive immune response, affecting about 200 million people worldwide.

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Schistosomiasis

Front 162

Societal realities such as racist or sexist policies, that might limit a person's access to health care.

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Social Factors

Front 163

A potentially deadly lung disease, also known as TB. there are 9 million new cases each year.

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Tuberculosis

Front 164

The means by which a disease agent is transmitted to a host,such as a mosquito, tick, fly, or rodent.

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Vector

Front 165

A mosquito-transmitted viral disease that causes an acute hemorrhagic fever,affecting about 200,000 people worldwide each year.

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Yellow Fever

Front 166

A migrant hoping to be declared a refugee to a foreign country.

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Asylum Seeker

Front 167

Places that attract migrants, according to Ravenstein.

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Centers for Absorption

Front 168

Youth that are either forced or impelled to join as fighters or members of a militia.

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Child Soldiers

Front 169

In U.S. history, the period from about 1600 until the American Revolution.

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Colonial Period

Front 170

A pattern of migration in which migrants move back and forth between two or a small number of places, such as their home and a distant worksite.

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Cyclical Movements

Front 171

Changes in a society's population caused by a large influx or outflow of migrants.

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Demographic Consequences

Front 172

The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases.

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Distance Decay

Front 173

The positive or negative financial effects of immigration.

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Economic Consequences

Front 174

An economic model that argues that differences in wage rates cause people to migrate from low-wage areas to high-wage areas.

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Factor Mobility Model

Front 175

The period from 1800 to 1880, when large numbers of Europeans, particularly from northern and western Europe, moved to North America.

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First Wave of European Immigrants

Front 176

The situation in which migrants have no choice but to move or else face death or other severe penalty.

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Forced Migration

Front 177

The decision to relocate permanently to another location without coercion, support, or compulsion by any group.

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Free Migration

Front 178

The model that defines the interaction between two cities in terms of each city's population and the distance between the two locations.

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Gravity Model

Front 179

The total number of people who leave and enter a country in a given time period.

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Gross Migration

Front 180

Laborers allowed to enter a country for a specific job and for a specified period of time.

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Guest Workers

Front 181

A theory of migration that argues that people move not just for macroeconomic reasons but also for individual reasons.

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Human Capitol Model

Front 182

Transportation of people against their will through the use of force, coercion, fraud or other means.

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Human Trafficking

Front 183

Migration in which a person fears that failure to move will likely result in negative consequences or because of persecution.

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Impelled Migration

Front 184

The total number of immigrants who arrive in a country in a given time period.

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In-Migration

Front 185

People forced to leave their homes but who settle in another part of their own country.

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Internally Displaced Persons

Front 186

The movement of people within a country.

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Internal Migration

Front 187

The movement of people between countries.

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International Migration

Front 188

Factors that a migrant must consider when weighing the pluses and minuses of a potential move, such as the cost or ease of crossing a border.

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Intervening Obstacles

Front 189

Places along a migrant's route that might cause that person to stop and settle before reaching his or her final destination.

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Intervening Opportunities

Front 190

The series of changes a person undergoes throughout their life.

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Life Cycle

Front 191

Population movements of a large number of people.

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Mass Migration

Front 192

The permanent relocation of one's place of residence, usually implying a long distance move.

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Migration

Front 193

The difference between the number of people who leave and the number of people who arrive in a country.

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Net Migration

Front 194

The total number of immigrants who leave a country in a given time period.

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Out-migration

Front 195

Population movement, often over long distances, that occurs from time to time but is not permanent, such as going away to school or joining the armed forces.

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Periodic Movement

Front 196

Human movements that occur when a population runs out of food.

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Primitive Migration

Front 197

A model of migration that argues that people are pushed from their homes by certain negative factors and pulled to other locations by positive qualities.

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Push-pull Model

Front 198

A set of theories about migration developed in the late nineteenth century by Ernst Georg Ravenstein.

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Ravenstein's Laws

Front 199

A person living outside of his or her own country who cannot return home because of fear of injury or persecution.

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Refugee

Front 200

The long-term housing of refugees in a specific location without letting them assimilate into the receiving country.

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Refugee Warehousing

Front 201

Payments made by overseas migrants to their families back home.

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Remittances

Front 202

The process of moving refugees back into their home country or region.

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Repatriation

Front 203

The fact that, in the modern world, there is very little "free" migration because of laws and border regulations. Thus, even when people make a free decision to move, they may not be able to migrate.

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Restricted Migration

Front 204

The movement of people from the countryside to the city.

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Rural-to-Urban Migration

Front 205

The period in U.S. history between 1880, and 1921, which saw millions of immigrants from Europe arrive in America.

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Second Wave of European Migration

Front 206

The positive or negative effects of migration when two or more societies come together.

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Social Consequences

Front 207

When migrants move from a small town to a larger town, then stop and work for a while before moving to an even larger town, and so on.

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Step Migration

Front 208

The idea that places or things that are further apart will have less interaction between them.

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Zipf's Law

Front 209

Any physical artifact that a culture produces.

Back 209

Artifact

Front 210

Things that slow or stop the spread of an idea.

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Barriers to Diffusion

Front 211

The transition of a phenomenon through close contact with nearby places, such as with many diseases.

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Contagious Diffusion

Front 212

The process by which two cultures become similar.

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Cultural Convergence

Front 213

The movement of culture traits from one place to another.

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Cultural Diffusion

Front 214

The cultural impacts on an area, including buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, signs, and nearly everything else that humans have created.

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Cultural Landscape

Front 215

Shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge.

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Culture

Front 216

A group of interrelated culture traits.

Back 216

Culture Complex

Front 217

An area from which important culture traits, including ideas, technology, and social structures, originated. Ancient Mesopotamia is an example.

Back 217

Culture Hearth

Front 218

Culture regions grouped into larger areas.

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Culture Realm

Front 219

An area defined by a large number of common culture traits.

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Culture Region

Front 220

A single component of a culture; can be a thing, an idea, or a social convention.

Back 220

Culture Trait

Front 221

The movement of a phenomenon from one location to another.

Back 221

Diffusion

Front 222

Culture traits that are traditional, no longer widely practiced by a large number of people, and generally isolated in small, often rural areas.

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Folk Culture

Front 223

How a culture prepares and consumes food.

Back 223

FOOdways

Front 224

The place where something begins.

Back 224

Hearth

Front 225

A pattern whereby things move from one place to other places that have similarities or are otherwise going to be more receptive, such as from a large city to smaller cities or from a boss to a subordinate.

Back 225

Hierarchical Diffusion

Front 226

The ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture.

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Ideological Subsystem

Front 227

Individual culture traits of the ideological subsystem such as an idea.

Back 227

Mentifacts

Front 228

The aspects of a culture that are wide-spread, fast changing, and transmitted by the mass media.

Back 228

Popular Culture

Front 229

The diffusion of a particular phenomenon over a far distance as a result of migration.

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Relocation Diffusion

Front 230

Diffusion up a hierarchy, such as from a small town to large cities.

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Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Front 231

The idea that society shapes the spatial nature of our world.

Back 231

Social construction of Space

Front 232

A cultural trait in the sociological subsystem.

Back 232

Sociofact

Front 233

The part of a culture that guides how people are expected to interact with each other and how their social institutions are structured.

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Sociological Subsystem

Front 234

The material objects that a culture produces, as well as the procedures for using those objects.

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Technological Subsystem