Geography Notes Of Midterm One

Front 1

What three branches is Geography divided up into?

Back 1

1. Physical
2. Human
3. Geographic Information System (GIS)

Front 2

Distinct areas of the earth's surface that have things in common that sets them apart from other areas of land.

Back 2

World Regions

Front 3

What are the common criteria for determining world regions?

Back 3

1. Culture (language, religion)
2. History
3. Political
4. Physical

Front 4

The four geographic scales?

Back 4

1. Global
2. National
3. Regional
4. Local

Front 5

King of Bhutan comes up with this as a counter-measure to a low scoring GNP.

Back 5

Gross National Happiness Index (GNHI)

Front 6

Bhutan's GNHI scores were because:

Back 6

1. Environmental beauty and protection
2. Cultural pride
3. Family values
4. Low crimes/stress

Front 7

Increased connections among the world's people and places, that makes distances seem to shrink and life speed up.

Back 7

Globalization

Front 8

Globalization is distinctive in what ways?

Back 8

1. Communications
2. Transportation

Front 9

Dimensions of Globalization?

Back 9

1. Economic
2. Political
3. Cultural
4. Environmental

Front 10

A country's gross national product divided by its population. Shows the income each person would have if gross national product were divided equally.

Back 10

GNP per capita

Front 11

HDI

Back 11

Human Development Index

- USA Ranks #10 in the world
- Canada ranks # 5 but was #1 from 1996-2000

Front 12

HPI

Back 12

Human Poverty Index

- USA ranks #17
- Canada ranks #12

Front 13

What are two ways poverty is defined?

Back 13

1. Absolute
- Lack of Wealth
- Lack of Basic Needs met

2. Relative
- Social exclusion: the inability to lead a socially "normally" life

Front 14

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, how many people in the U.S. are poor? (2008)

Back 14

40 million

Front 15

Most poor in U.S. and Canada are not destitute (Unable to fulfill basic needs). But social exclusion is a big issue in what ways?

Back 15

1. Immobility due to lack of car ownership.
2. Ongoing payment problems
3. Occasional Hunger
4. Lack of access to adequate health care and public education.

Front 16

The U.S. and Canada are changing because of immigration. Where are the immigrants coming from for each country?

Back 16

U.S.: Latin America and Asia
Canada: Asia

Front 17

Where is the source of globalization?

Back 17

North America

Front 18

Globalization leads to improved quality of life in what ways?

Back 18

1. Free market economy: prosperity
2. Democratic government: freedom
3. Development geography

Front 19

Total dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country within one year.

Back 19

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

- Within the borders of a country
- Includes production of foreign-owned companies operating in the U.S.

Front 20

Total dollar value of all goods and services produced by a country within one year.

Back 20

Gross National Product (GNP)

- Includes production of companies producing abroad.

Front 21

The GDP of the U.S. in 2008 was $14.2 trillion. The GDP of Congo in 2008 was $14.2 billion. Explain why the US. economy is 1000 times bigger than Congo's.

Back 21

The U.S. has more people and a bigger economy.

Front 22

GDP tells you nothing about... what?

Back 22

Relative levels of development.

Front 23

Take a country's GDP and divide it by the country's population

Back 23

GDP per capita.

- Provides a measure of GDP for everyone if it were divided equally.

Front 24

PPP

Back 24

Purchasing Power Parity

Front 25

GDP per capita figures are typically standardized to eliminate... what?

Back 25

Costs of living from country to country.

Front 26

What is the benefit of GDP per capita?

Back 26

Almost all nations gather data on GDP and population.

Front 27

What are the problems with GDP per capita as a measure of wealth?

Back 27

1. Tells you nothing of actual distribution of wealth.
2. Doesn't count goods and services produced "off the books" (non-market transactions)
3. Says nothing about the social value or ecological costs of what's being produced to generate that GDP.
4. Money isn't the only important part of development.

Front 28

Development includes more than wealth. What are the other things it includes?

Back 28

1. Basic needs
2. Human rights
3. Cultural Heritage

Front 29

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures... what?

Back 29

1. GNP per Capita
2. Life expectancy
3. Infant mortality
4. Literacy

Front 30

Looks at how the basic needs (measured in HDI) are provided to men and women.

Back 30

Gender Development Index (GDI)

Front 31

GEM

Back 31

Gender Empowerment Measure

- A measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country.

Front 32

HPI

Back 32

Human Poverty Index

Looks at what percent of a country's population is deprived of basic needs.

- Cuba: 10%
- U.S. + Canada: 15%

Front 33

Physical environments shapes, but does not determine, what's possible in terms of human activities.

Back 33

Possibilism

Front 34

The world average of population density is 48 per square kilometer. What is East Asia's population density?

Back 34

130 people per kilometer.

Front 35

Why is East Asia's population so high?

Back 35

1. Longstanding river-based civilizations.
2. High birth rates.
3. Not because of in-migration.China is a major sender of migrants.

Front 36

What is East Asia's global challenge?

Back 36

Tradition versus change.

Front 37

How do you find the rate of population increase?

Back 37

Birth Rate - Death Rate = Rate of Population Increase

- To find the percent, move the decimal one place to the left.

Front 38

What is the "Rule of 72" used for?

Back 38

To find out how many years it takes for a country's population to double.

- Divide 72 by the population increase percent.

Front 39

Why is Europe the wealthiest region?

Back 39

Resources are obtained outside the region because the local resource base was depleted by the mid-1800s.

Front 40

Taking political control of a territory for your own economic benefit.

Back 40

Colonialism.

Front 41

Europe: Uniqueness Versus Togetherness

Emphasis on distinctiveness in what ways?

Back 41

Languages and cultures

Front 42

Europe is a culture hearth for the idea of the __________.

Back 42

Nation-state

Front 43

A geographic area where an important idea originates and from where it spreads.

Back 43

Culture Hearth

- Religion for example: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all originate and spread from Southwest Asia ("Desert Monotheism Culture Hearth").

Front 44

A sense of "we-ness", of a shared past and common destiny.

Back 44

Nation

- Rooted in ethnicity: language, religion

Front 45

The institutional features that allow this sense to be manifest: borders, capital cities, politics and laws, etc.

Back 45

State

Front 46

European Union threatens "uniqueness" how?

Back 46

Asks European nation-states to give up a lot of their autonomy.

Front 47

Name three "European" countries that have chosen to not join the EU.

Back 47

Norway, Ireland, and Switzerland.

Front 48

When and why did the EU form in the first place?

Back 48

After the devastation of World War II. If economic and political systems of Europe locked together, war would become more difficult.

Front 49

In 1946, who wanted the creation of a "European Family"?

Back 49

Winston Churchill

Front 50

How was the EU improved from 1949 to the present time?

Back 50

1. Membership has grown (The EU has broadened).
2. Scope has increased from economic to governmental and military.

Front 51

In January 1st, 2007, two new countries joined the EU. Which two where they and what is the membership number now at?

Back 51

- Bulgaria and Romania
- Membership now at 27

Front 52

Many countries in this region are declining economically instead of growing and it is 10% of the world's population and produces 1% of the world GNP.

Back 52

Africa

Front 53

What is the cause of short doubling rates in population in Africa?

Back 53

High fertility

Front 54

This area is to increased from 11 million to 17 million from 1996 to 2001. It is projected to hit 20 million in 2010 and it will be one of the 5 largest world cities.

Back 54

Logos, Nigeria

Front 55

What are some specific problems in Africa?

Back 55

1. Famine
2. Civil warfare
3. Disease (Malaria, HIV/Aids)

Front 56

This region is the least integrated into the new global order. Why is this region the least integrated?

Back 56

Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Poorest
2. Most rural
3. Most local in peoples' outlook
4. Least "plugged-in" to global communications network.
5. Least able to form successful trading blocks.

Front 57

What are some ancient world empires of Africa?

Back 57

1. Carthage, Nubia, and Egypt in North Africa.
2. Timbuktu in Southern Sahara.
3. Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa.

Front 58

In 1884, German Chancellor, Otto Von Bismark establishes this for Africa.

Back 58

Berlin Conference

Front 59

Under what ruler did half of Belgium Congo died?

Back 59

King Leopold II

Front 60

What were some flaws of the results of the Berlin Conference?

Back 60

1. Boundaries lacked any rhyme or reason.
2. Didn't consult Africans living there.

Front 61

In the 1950s and 1960s, a major wave of decolonization occurred in Africa. Colonial borders became borders of independent countries. Various colonial powers meant various:

Back 61

1. Languages
2. Currencies
3. Units of measurement

Front 62

How has Africa been stereotyped?

Back 62

1. Terms of crisis.
2. Dependent and unproductive.
3. Chaotic.
4. Ill and weakened.