Geography Final: Asian Diaspora

Front 1

What were the 3 periods of Asian migration? When did they occur?

Back 1

1839-1881 unrestricted immigration; 1882-1951 restricted immigration and new immigrants; 1952-present, changing.

Front 2

What were the opium wars? What were their effects?

Back 2

Wars between US & China over our ships bringing opium to their ports. Weakened China, led to tremendous upheaval and migration to the US.

Front 3

What was the significance of the gold rush for Chinese immigrants? What was their name for “Gold Mountain”?

Back 3

Chinese were attracted to it; Gum San.

Front 4

What was the significance of the transcontinental railroad for the Chinese?

Back 4

It provided them with hard, back-breaking jobs.

Front 5

What happened to Chinese immigration in the 1840s in San Fransisco?

Back 5

It picked up tremendously.

Front 6

What did the Chinese do after the railroad was complete?

Back 6

They moved to other areas of hard work, including road construction, dam building, and canneries.

Front 7

How did white people initially see Chinatowns?

Back 7

As moral sinkholes, and dirty places.

Front 8

What was the catchphrase of Kearney and the Workingman's Party?

Back 8

Bullets will replace ballots.

Front 9

What were the two enemies of the working class (in California)?

Back 9

The chinese (yellow peril) & capitalism.

Front 10

What Asian locations did white people attack?

Back 10

Businesses (especially laundries), and pacific steamship wharves.

Front 11

How did the Chinese react to white racism? Did everyone make these adjustments?

Back 11

They moved to the central valley and took up businesses like fishing. Some did not do this, and stayed in the ethnic businesses of Chinatown.

Front 12

What was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act?

Back 12

This directly attacked Chinese fishing camps.

Front 13

Were there a lot of women in early Chinese American locations?

Back 13

No, the few that were there were bought/sold into prostitution.

Front 14

What two additional Asian immigrant groups came in the 2nd period of Asian immigration (1852-1951)?

Back 14

Japanese & Filipinos

Front 15

What was Angel Island?

Back 15

This was the place where Asians were screened for entry into the US. They were treated poorly here.

Front 16

Did the Asians face restrictive deeds?

Back 16

Yes.

Front 17

What was the overarching society that became the important spokesman for the Chinese community in the US?

Back 17

Chinese Benevolant Society.

Front 18

How did WWII change things for the Chinese?

Back 18

Chinese and US against Japan as a common enemy, Chinese worked hard in factories and raised money for war bonds, some even fought in US military with distinction.

Front 19

What was the significance of the 1920s INA for Asians?

Back 19

It eliminated Asian ethnics.

Front 20

What was the 1945 War Brides Act?

Back 20

This admitted foreign wives and children on a non-quota basis for the Chinese.

Front 21

What type of immigration has dominated the years from 1952-present for the Asians?

Back 21

Favorable but controlled.

Front 22

What significance did the 1980 Refugee Act have for Asians?

Back 22

Vietnamese and Hmong came over.

Front 23

What were the top 3 Asian ethnic groups in 2010?

Back 23

Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipino.

Front 24

After the first 3 Asian ethnic groups in 2010 (Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinio), what were the next 3?

Back 24

Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese.

Front 25

Where are the two cultural hearths of US Asian geography?

Back 25

West & East coasts.

Front 26

Which region of the US was growing fastest in Asian population by 2000?

Back 26

South.

Front 27

Which region of the US has the greatest number of Asians?

Back 27

West.

Front 28

In the 3rd period of Asian immigration (1952-present), which two waves have occurred and why?

Back 28

1952-1965 professional class (McCarran Walter AcT); 1965-present poorer (Hart Celler & Refugee-based legislation).

Front 29

What type of cultural geography does Eden Center display? Where is Eden Center? What ethnicity of Asians does it hold?

Back 29

Heterolocalism. Vietnamese in Fairfax, VA.

Front 30

What were push factors for Chinese coming to the US?

Back 30

Chronic poverty, strife.

Front 31

What effect did the Panic of 1873 have for the Chinese?

Back 31

Led to negative sentiment that had been positive before.

Front 32

What effect did the 1877 depression have for the Chinese?

Back 32

It provided the context for racial oppression.

Front 33

What was the 1878 California Constitution Convention?

Back 33

This led to laws against Chinese civil rights, employment, etc.

Front 34

What effect did the ruling in People vs. Jones (1869) have for the Chinese?

Back 34

Chinese couldn't be witnesses or give testimony in court.

Front 35

What was the 1868 Burligame Treaty?

Back 35

This confirmed US trading privilege but also protection for the Chinese immigrants. It made a lot of Californians angry.

Front 36

What is meant by “demonization permits depersonalization” in the context of Chinatown?

Back 36

By pointing out the negative traits of Chinatown, white people justified racism, thus excluding them even more, leading to a vicious cycle.

Front 37

When did the Japanese legalize emigration?

Back 37

1885.

Front 38

What were the push and pull factors for the Japanese?

Back 38

Push: poor agricultural conditions, poverty. Pull: jobs.

Front 39

What significance did the Hawaiian sugar plantations have for the Japanese?

Back 39

These were a stepping stone for the Japanese to get to the US.

Front 40

What was the effect of the San Fransisco fire for the Japanese?

Back 40

This caused the Japanese to flee, causing disruption in white communities.

Front 41

What barred Japanese immigration in 1924?

Back 41

The 1924 Federal Immigration Act.

Front 42

What was the effect of WWII internment camps for the Japanese?

Back 42

The US government pushed Japanese into the internment camps, even though they were US citizens, as a measure of national security, during WWII. They were not treated well here.

Front 43

What was the effect of the 1899 Treaty of Paris for Filipinos?

Back 43

This transferred the Philippines to the US, which increased migration.

Front 44

In which 2 distinct waves did the Filipinos migrate to the US?

Back 44

1903-1942 seeking education; 1907-1935 stepwise movement form HI.

Front 45

What effect did the Great Depression have for Filipinos by 1932?

Back 45

Stopped migration.

Front 46

What was the meaning of the term “American National” for Filipinos?

Back 46

This meant they could migrate freely, but weren't allowed to be citizens.

Front 47

What was the effect of the 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act for Filipinos?

Back 47

This recognized Filipino independence, thus stopping Filipino entry to the US by reclassifying their status.

Front 48

Which occupations dominated each Asian ethnicity (Chinese/Japanese/Filipino) at the beginning of the 20th century?

Back 48

Mining/service = Chinese, Farm labor/service/manufacturing = Japanese; agriculture/service = Filipino.

Front 49

What has happened to the US Asian population since 1965?

Back 49

It has grown. A lot.

Front 50

What are the biggest two Asian ethnic groups in the US contemporarily?

Back 50

Chinese & Filipino.

Front 51

Describe the Asian ethnoburb in Los Angeles' San Gabriel Valley.

Back 51

It is diverse in SES, had a large influx of Chinese in the 1960s, and became Chinese majority in 1980.

Front 52

Describe the Korean places in Metropolitan Los Angeles.

Back 52

Ethnic enclaves, ethnic attachment, outward mobility.

Front 53

Describe the Vietnamese in Northern Virginia.

Back 53

Heterolocal, acculturation, ethnic retail activity, transnationalism.

Front 54

Describe the Asians in Flushing, NY.

Back 54

Restructuring the economy there, Asians likely to choose Asian places that will stay Asian, division from white residents.

Front 55

What cultural geography best describes Little Tokyo in LA?

Back 55

Urban ethnic enclave.

Front 56

Urban ethnic enclave.

Back 56

Nichomachi = Japan Towns, Nikkei = overseas Japanese, Issei = 1st Gen, Nisei = 2nd Gen.

Front 57

From the 1861-1924 period, when did most Japanese come?

Back 57

1900-1924.

Front 58

What types of jobs did the Japanese find when they first came to CA?

Back 58

Their skills in farming pushed them towards jobs like winter fruit and vegetable farming in CA.

Front 59

When and why did racism begin for the Japanese?

Back 59

When they moved towards agricultural self-employment; they could no longer be controlled.

Front 60

What were picture brides?

Back 60

Women who came from Japan for arranged marriages?

Front 61

Where did the Japanese settle after the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s? What happened to Little Tokyo?

Back 61

South Bay Region & San Gabriel Valley. Little Tokyo deteriorated.

Front 62

What significance did religious social institutions have for the Japanese, prewar, during the war, and postwar?

Back 62

Prewar: houses of worship were central.

During war: blacks from south overtook.

Postwar: temporary homes, reclaimed by Japanese.

Front 63

What is the Nisei Week Festival?

Back 63

This is an annual beauty pageant for the Japanese.

Front 64

What problems did Asian Indians face entering the US?

Back 64

They were established as nonwhite in US vs. Bhagat Singh Thind, there were the 1907 racial riots, Asiastic Exclusion League.

Front 65

When did Asian Indians first arrive in the US?

Back 65

Mid-19th century.

Front 66

What effect did the Luce Celler Bill have for Asian Indians?

Back 66

Granted right for natural citizenship.

Front 67

After Mexico, what is now the 2nd largest country for the source of US immigration?

Back 67

India.

Front 68

What region of the US do the largest percent of Asian Indians live? Why? What is the second biggest area for them?

Back 68

Midatlantic is #1. Opportunities in health/education/service occupations. Pacific is #2.

Front 69

What type of area do Asian Indians largely live in?

Back 69

Metro areas.

Front 70

What type of cultural geography best describes Asian Indians? How is this maintained?

Back 70

Heterolocalism. Internet, social & religious gatherings.

Front 71

Why are Asian Indians recognized as an unnoticed minority?

Back 71

Political passivity, heterogeniety (diversity), calculating maneuvering, geographical settlement of heterolocalism.

Front 72

The Chinese considered themselves “sojourners” to California. Why? What name did they give to California?

Back 72

They intended to return to China even though they were traveling to the US; they called California “Gold Mountain”.

Front 73

What were the Pig Traders and what danger did they pose to the Chinese?

Back 73

The Pig Traders collected Chinese from China and shipped them all over the world to work either as slaves or as wage slaves.

Front 74

What is the origin of the word “coolie”? Give its meaning and describe the “Coolie Trade”.

Back 74

Comes from a Chinese word for slave or worker; Coolie Trade involved shipment of Chinese all over the world as slaves.

Front 75

Describe the “Credit Ticket System.” What contemporary operation is run by Snakeheads?

Back 75

Allowed the Chinese tickets on loans to be rapid once they got to the US; Snakeheads provide expensive illegal transportation to the US.

Front 76

Approximately 40,000 Chinese arrived in the 5 years of the Gold Rush period. What social institutions supported them?

Back 76

District Associations, Tongs, CCBA, Bachelor Societies.

Front 77

Describe Chinatown as a place.

Back 77

Food, art, architecture, role of women, thriving business & economy, children in business, fish, Rafu Shimpo, gambling.

Front 78

How did Chinese shrimpers make a profit?

Back 78

They sold their shrimp to the Chinese in California and back to California.

Front 79

What did “China Camp” symbolize?

Back 79

Making a huge industry out of nothing, survival, making it.

Front 80

What discrimination did the Chinese of China Camp face?

Back 80

Miscegenation laws, discrimination in workplace, basic rights violations.

Front 81

What were Paper Sons? Were all of them legitimate?

Back 81

Paper sons were a way around the exclusion act; they gained citizenship by bringing their “children” or “grandchildren”. Many people forged birth certificates or bought their way into the US.

Front 82

How did Chinese immigrants help transform California's landscapes and agricultural history? Where did they settle in central California?

Back 82

Created farming lands in San Fransisco delta, created vineyards & caves to stre wine, settled all over central California.

Front 83

Locke, California: why was it a unique Chinese settlement?

Back 83

First town built by the Chinese with entirely Chinese money.

Front 84

Describe Chinatown East's (NYC) growth. Why did it occur?

Back 84

Explosive; occurred due to discrimination from whites. Only option for Chinese.

Front 85

Why did the Tong Wars occur in Chinatown East?

Back 85

Fights between two main businesses became territorial, fought over Mott Street.

Front 86

What was the significance of 32 Mott Street?

Back 86

Symbolizes unification of Chinese no matter where they were in the US, served as a mailing address, herb market, and bank.

Front 87

When was the Chinese Exclusion Act repealed? What was the significance of that action?

Back 87

1943. Allowed citizenship.

Front 88

The Asiastic Coolie Invasion refers to which groups?

Back 88

Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos.

Front 89

What were the attitudes of Presidents Hayes and Garfield toward the politics of Chinese exclusion?

Back 89

Opposed restricting Chinese Immigration as they feared it would negatively impact global trade.

Front 90

What were the first and second gentleman's agreements and why did they occur?

Back 90

1st: Japanese response to racialized “health scares” in CA → tightened immigration.

2nd: segregation of Japanese in American schools → Roosevelt got school board to scrap; Japanese restricted emigration to the US.

Front 91

How did Japanese-American settlement patterns change after the gentlemen's agreements?

Back 91

Moved away from urban centers → countryside.

Front 92

What were the Alien Land Laws and why were they passed?

Back 92

1913: restricted “non-citizen” land ownership.

1923: closed loopholes, added penalties.

Front 93

In the first wave of Filipino migration to America (1903-1942) there was an American acceptance of Filipinos as the “White Man's Burden”. Why did this group come and why could Americans accept them so readily?

Back 93

Came due to economic hardship. Americans saw it as their duty to teach them American values to return home with.

Front 94

The second wave of Filipino migrants came for a distinct purpose. What was it and why did the US government allow their recruitment by corporations?

Back 94

Employment opportunities in Hawaii. US allowed this because workers were needed to replace Chinese/Japanese.

Front 95

Describe the early settlement pattern of Filipinos around 1910 and how it changed by the 1920s as the flood of Filipino migrants expanded.

Back 95

1910: small, scattered, concentrations in CA/AL/LO

1920: huge, bigger concentrations in CA/NE/AL/WA

Front 96

What is meant by the “color line” for Filipinos and what impact did it have on their characterization by Anglos around the time of the Great Depression?

Back 96

Association of Filipinos with the color line of Asians, caused them to be scapegoats during depression, led to laws → economic hardship.

Front 97

What observation did Mears & Woo make regarding the second generation of Asian ethnic groups in the US?

Back 97

Second gen still had problems with SES despite good English skills, stuck in parents' jobs.

Front 98

What are the significant post-1960 Asian-American trends? What is the model minority myth?

Back 98

Growth & diversification, economic bifurcation. Not everybody is doing well with SES.

Front 99

Which group of Asians experienced the largest percent increase since 1960?

Back 99

Filipinos.

Front 100

What is the glass ceiling?

Back 100

Blocks promotion and associated status.

Front 101

What 3 Asian groups have brought considerable change to Flushing?

Back 101

Chinese, Koreans, South Asians.

Front 102

Which areas have emerged as the latest destinations for Asian-Indian immigrants? What seems to influence the destination choice of this group?

Back 102

Pacific (CA, WA, OR, AL, HI); information tech industry.

Front 103

Describe the changes in the number of Asian Indians living in Phoenix and Austin since 1980. What type of settlement is in Phoenix?

Back 103

Dramatically increasing. Heterolocalism.

Front 104

What was the urban center of the Gold Rush that led the surge in the Chinese population increase in California?

Back 104

San Fransisco

Front 105

How did the Japanese react to white oppression in the 1900s?

Back 105

They were motivated to build a strong ethnic economy that proved to be resilient.

Front 106

What is an example of Japanese Americans maintaining ethnic persistence as their ethnic identity became more multi-ethnic?

Back 106

Allowing those of only partial Japanese ancestry to participate in their annual beauty pageant.

Front 107

What permitted Asian Indians to become naturalized US citizens?

Back 107

Luce-Celler Bill.

Front 108

Where do Asian Indians live within metropolitan regions?

Back 108

Suburban areas with better schools and nicer neighborhoods.

Front 109

By the year 2000, which 3 metro areas contained more than 100,000 Asian Indians?

Back 109

San Fransisco, New York, & Chicago